NATIONALISTS AND THE STATE

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1 NATIONALISTS AND THE STATE

2 Issues between Quebec and Canada Abolish right to separate schools in New Brunswick (hurts Catholics) Hanging of Louis Riel (seen as anti-catholic and anti-french gesture) Abolish right to separate schools in Manitoba (hurts Francophone Catholics)

3 Issues between Quebec and Canada... Creates a strong nationalist sentiment in Quebec francophones & other catholic francophones in the country

4 First examples of Nationalism... Boer War (1899) South Africa England fighting with Dutch south-africans Wanted possession of mines (natural resources) England wanted help from canada Created divisions in Canada between english and french

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6 Boer War English canadians wanted to help England Wanted Wilfrid Laurier (Canadian Prime Minister) to adopt law to send troops to south africa

7 Boer War French canadians did not agree Boer war has no connection to Canada We re not sacrificing our lives for England!

8 Boer War Wilfrid laurier makes Compromise Volunteers can fight (7000 go) England is responsible $$$ French canadians still think it s too much

9 World War One Canada participates as part of Dominion of England Volunteers: 40% English Canadiens 55% British immigrants 5% French canadians Major loss of life => lots of canadian soldiers die

10 World War One 1917 => Canada needs replacement soldiers but no volunteers Robert Borden (Canadian PM) creates conscription Canada is divided once again

11 Opinions on Conscription French: NO Why should Canada have to fight a European war? English: YES We need to help our brothers Riots in Montreal!

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14 Henri Bourassa Against conscription Defends rights of french canadians in canada Tries to influence government through writings and political means

15 World War => no conscription promised by government 1940 => conscription for home defense only 1941 => volunteers diminishing 1942 => Mackenzie King (PM of canada) asks canadians to release him of his promise 1942 => plebiscite (vote) Majority of quebec says no, rest of canada says yes

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17 Reactions to plebiscite & conscription Coalition organized => Ligue pour la défense du Canada (Henri Bourassa, Michel Chartrand, Jean Drapeau, Andre Laurendeau, Maxime Raymond) Campaigns /demonstrations against conscription Group fights for right of french canadians Many arguments between english and french canadians

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19 Quebec Nationalism 1960 Post 1960s: Quebec starts to ask for change in political status Quebec wants to be considered distinct society Within Canada Quebec should have political autonomy from Canada (separate from Canada)

20 Quebec Nationalism New political parties in quebec 1963 Rassemblement pour l Independence Nationale (RIN) 1967 Mouvement Souverainete - Association (MSA) 1968 Both joined together to form Parti Quebecois (PQ) => Rene Levesque became leader of PQ in 1976

21 Quebec Nationalism Many debates between Rene Levesque (PQ leader) and Pierre Elliot Trudeau on Quebec and separation Trudeau and Levesque worked together as writers for cite libre magazine Trudeau was from Quebec and fought for united canada Levesque wanted Quebec to be politically independent from canada

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23 Quebec Nationalism PQ pushes for quebec sovereignty Rene Levesque calls 1st referendum for sovereignty-association in 1980 Non violent political measure Ask quebec population to vote No = 59.56% Yes = 40.46%

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26 Quebec Nationalism At the same time as separation movement, many conferences to discuss canada s constitution Where Quebec stands within canada Quebec wants more autonomy => distinct society in canada

27 Quebec Nationalism Other provinces wanted more power to decide on laws in their own provinces Canada proposes change to constitution => rejected by quebec Other provinces didn t want quebec to be a distinct society

28 Quebec Nationalism Other attempts to get quebec on board Meech lake accord 1987 Charlottetown accord 1992 Meetings fail Other Provinces refuse to sign agreement Canadian voters refuse to allow Quebec to be distinct

29 Quebec Nationalism => 2nd referendum for sovereignty-association Non violent political measure Ask quebec population to vote No = 50.6% Yes = 49.4%

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33 1995 Referendum and Consequences Because 1995 was close => canadian government creates clarity act in 2000 Questioning certain rules if any province wants to separate from canada Is 51% yes enough for a province to separate? Can parts of quebec rejoin canada? This makes it more difficult for official separation

34 FLQ Crisis early 1970s Front de Libération du Québec Group that wanted Quebec independence => violent measures to demand independence Bombings, molotov cocktails, kidnappings, murder October crisis begins Quebec minister Pierre Laporte was kidnapped and murdered on Oct

35 Mailbox bombs

36 m/watch?v=rxhbzcrl VVo 35 minutes

37 October Crisis After kidnap & murder, Premier of Quebec Robert Bourassa asked for help from PM Pierre Elliot Trudeau Trudeau enacted war measures act Army called into quebec Suspend rights of citizens Searches without warrants Stop people in the street to ask for ID Curfew

38 October Crisis Early 1970s

39 Just Watch Me Pierre Elliott Trudeau 1970

40 October Crisis In FLQ members arrested War measures act not always well received Some people thought it was too much Major difference to understand FLQ used violence to get independence PQ was political party that used NON violent measures to get independence