Measurement of Governance and Corruption at the Municipal Level: some illustrations and challenges for the future

Transcription

1 Measurement of Governance and Corruption at the Municipal Level: some illustrations and challenges for the future Daniel Kaufmann, World Bank Institute Presentation in Workshop Session 3.3: Municipal approaches to internal corruption, XI IACC, Seoul, Korea, May 26 th, 2003

2 Some Key Issues -- Why is Distance Learning/IT so key in this area? -- Enormous Outreach program, with many partners --- Why Subnational approaches a priori can have advantages over national approaches in A-C? -- If real devolution to citizenry, then proximity and more effective voice for service delivery, etc -- Direct Contact -- Monitoring, through report cards, etc.: Visibility in the provision of public services -- Key Methodological Issues on Surveys, Diagnostics -- Conclusions for debate

3 Governance World Map: Control of Corruption Source for data: ; Map downloaded from : Colors are assigned according to the following criteria: Red, 25% or less rank worse ( bottom 10% in darker red); Orange, between 25% and 50%; Yellow, between 50% and 75%; Light Green between 75% and 90% ; Dark Green above 90%

4 Mexico States: Extent of Administrative & Bureaucratic Corruption (ITM Survey, 2002) Baja Media Baja Media Media Alta Alta Querétaro Aguascalientes Coahuila Michoacán Sonora Tlaxcala Baja Baja California Baja Baja California Sur Sur Morelos Nayarit Oaxaca Quintana Roo Roo San San Luis Luis Potosí Sinaloa Yucatán Campeche Colima Chihuahua Distrito Federal Durango Guanajuato Jalisco Nuevo León León Tamaulipas Zacatecas Chiapas Guerrero Hidalgo México Puebla Tabasco Veracruz Source: EGDE, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey, 2002.

5 Unbundling Corruption is Important: Bribery at the National vs. Municipal agencies (based on public officials' responses, a Latin American country, 2001) % reporting that this form of corruption i very frequent Bribes to obtain public contracts Bribes to change a legal decision Bribes to obtain a public service Municipal agencies National agencies

6 Municipal- Level Integrity: A major Challenge, even Compared with Central agencies Importance of Unbundling the problem through diagnostics Source: 1999 Bolivia Diagnostic Survey Of public officials Variables Municipal Agencies (n=16) Central Agencies (n=56) Service Perfrmnce Index Quality of Services Qty. of Public Services 51.34* Accessibility to the Poor 60.12** Control of Corruption Frequency of Bribery 40.43** % of Public Jobs Purchased % of Budget Diverted 11.82** 7.62 Bribe / Official Income Ratio 7.96** 11.17

7 Citizen Voice and Access to Public Services by the Poor (Bolivia illustration, each observation is a public agency) Accessibility to the Poor r = 0.54 Controlled Causal Link Voice / External Accountability Based on Public Officials Survey. The sample of institutions includes 44 national, departmental, and municipal agencies which are a prior anticipated to be accessible to the poor

8 Citizen Voice Helps Control Bribery in Bolivia Bribery Low Moderate_Low Moderate_High High Voice / External Accountability Simple Average Association Control Causal Link Margin of Error Based on 90 national, departmental, and municipal agencies covered in the Bolivia Public Officials Survey.

9 Transparency within Government Agencies Prevents Purchase of Public Positions Job Purchase Low Moderately Low Moderately High High Internal Transparency Simple Average Association Control Causal Link Margin of Error Based on 90 national, departmental, and municipal agencies covered in the Public Officials Survey.

10 Transparency and Control of Corruption Workers\Court Police-SantaCruz Customs-Cochabamba Court-LaPaz Justice-SantaCruz r = -.54 Bribery Tax-SantaCruz NationalCustoms Mun.LaPaz JudicialCouncil Court-SantaCruz Tax-Cochabamba 20 Min.ForeignAffairs Mun.Tarija 0 ElectoralCourt Pref.Tarija Ombudsman Transparency

11 Some Implications for Debate 1. Sobering Reality: Highly variable performance at the Municipal level but variance can be instructive 2. What distinguishes corrupt vs. non-corrupt cities? 3. Reporting on municipal corruption riskier, difficult? 4. How do reformists majors ensure sustainability of reforms they have started once they are gone? 5. How to Institutionalize Monitoring and Surveys at the local level for sustained progress: external accountability mechanisms; report cards, surveys 6. Role of NGOs, citizenry is crucial: institutionalize 7. Role of Leadership: Monitorable, Measurable? 8. Role of Competition: Attract investors, skills, etc

12 Data for Analysis and Informing Policy Advice; Not for Precise Rankings The data in this presentation is from aggregate and individual governance indicators, and as emphasized, is subject to a margin of error (as are many other similar measures). Thus, it is not intended for precise comparative rankings across countries, but to illustrate performance measures, assist in drawing implications for strategy, and an input to further research. Neither the data nor the presentation necessarily reflect official views by the World Bank or its Board of Directors. Errors are responsibility of the authors, who benefited in this work from collaboration from many experts.