(1)Background. (2)Methodology CURRENT SITUATION. Pollution situation report 2016, Pollution Control Department

Transcription

1 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis CURRENT SITUATION Pollution situation report 216, Pollution Control Department

2 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis POINT SOURCE Unexplained 37% Biomass Burning 26% Motor Cycle 19% 4% Automobile 32% Truck&Bus 7% 17% Private Car 7% % Sec. Aerosol 1% Rd. Dust Van&PickUp Levels and major sources of PM2. and PM1 in Bangkok Metropolitan Region Nares Chuersuwan et.al.(28) Air Pollution and Traffic Measurement in Bangkok Streets S.T. Leong et.al.(22) 1

3 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis IMPACT ON HEALTH 2

4 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis USING PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION Free buses Boat route Campaigns 3

5 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis CASE STUDY CASE STUDY : Bangkok Declaration on Mitigation of Climate Change Problem Bangkok s per capita CO 2 emissions(7.1 tons per capita) is higher than those of other major cities, such as London (.9 t/cap) and Tokyo (.7 t/cap). Raising Awareness Results Bangkok Declaration on Mitigation of Climate Change 1. Reduce energy and natural resources consumption 2. Reduce greenhouse gas Bangkok emissions 3. Promote lifestyles that uphold the sufficiency economy 4. Promote activities that help absorb greenhouse gases. Build public awareness of global warming. Thailand s national greenhouse gas emissions were.84% of global emissions in 212, and in 21 it was reduced to.64% of global emissions 4 REF : CLIMATE CHANGE INSTITUTE and Climatescorecard

6 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis RESEARCH QUESTION What is the main factor that leads people to use public transportation? HYPOTHESIS People who receive high environmental education will tend to use public transportation

7 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis RESEARCH GAP > The previous researches study about using public transportation by economic and social factors. But it is not involve about environmental factors. Explaining walking distance to public transport: The dominance of public transport supply R Daniels, C Mulley, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 213 >> The previous researches study in air pollution problems such as exceeded pollutants, effect to health etc. However, awareness were not included in the objectives. Assessment of potential cancer risk in children exposed to urban air pollution in Bangkok, Thailand M Ruchirawat, D Settachan, P Navasumrit, Toxicology letters, 27 >>> Many consumer analysis researches have been conducted base on economic and sociology aspects. A Study of Demographics Influencing on Consumer Behavior and Attitude towards Brand Equity of Optical Business in Thailand P Laoviwat, P Suppapanya, Journal of Trade, 214 6

8 Questionnaire Survey Data Collection Victory Monument Siam Square One Survey Locations: Victory Monument and Siam Square One Sample selection criteria: Economic Class (Low, Middle and High) Sample Size: 11 7

9 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis Questionnaire TARGET : People who own at least one car in their households (1)Basic Questions Gender, Age, Education, Number of person in household, Number of cars in household, distance from the station nearby to house, income, frequency of car use /week, frequency of Public Transport use (2)Education Questions To what extent did you receive knowledge on air pollution from school/mass media/government, NGO? Very low Very high 8

10 (1)Background Example (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis Questionnaire (3)Knowledge Questions asking knowledges about air pollution related mandatory, standards, regulations Do you know that Particulate Matter PM 2. in Bangkok has been above the standard limits for five years? Yes / No (4)Awareness Question Do you think that the ambient air quality in Bangkok needs to be improved? No Need Agree 9

11 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis Questionnaire ()Subjective Norm Questions Subjective norm is the perceived social pressure to engage or not to engage in a behavior I may start using public transportation more often if my friends and relatives use public transportation Disagree Agree (6)PBC Questions Perceived Behavior Control refers to people's perceptions of their ability to perform a given behavior I think using public transportation is (crowded/dirty/expensive/less accessibility) Disagree Agree 1

12 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis Questionnaire (7)intention Questions Reducing air pollution is the responsibility of the government and local authorities, not mine. / As an individual, my contribution to improving the air quality of the environment will be negligible and so I don t intend to make any special efforts toward it. Disagree Agree (8)Action Question I prefer to use my car even if there are options of using public transportation. / I use public transportation because it reduces Air Pollution. Disagree Agree 11

13 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysi s Demographics (N = 11) Gender Age Monthly Income male female > Thai Baht Household size Educational Level No. of People in the Household

14 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysi s Automobile Use (N=11) 6 4 No. of Cars in Household 2 36 Distance from Public Transport car 2 cars 3 cars 4 cars cars 1 1 < m m - 1 km 1 km - 2 km > 2 km Car-use Frequency Public Transport use Frequency once a week twice a week five times a or less week everyday once a week twice a week five times a or less week everyday 13

15 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysi s Education(Knowledge & Awareness Sources) To what extent did the government, NGOs or other organisations help you to gain better knowledge on air pollution through special events? To what extent did you receive knowledge on air pollution from the mass media (television/radio/newspaper )? To what extent did you receive knowledge on air pollution from your school? Very high High Medium Low Very low 14

16 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysi s Knowledge and Awareness According to Thai regulations, cars that are 3 older than seven years must pay more renewal fees Do you think that the ambient air quality in Bangkok needs to be improved? 78 Particulate matter PM2. in Bangkok has been above the 2 standard limits for five years Thai regulations mandate checking every car annually for their emissions of CO, 1 CO2, HC, NOx, and particulate matter don't know know 1

17 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysi s Actions / Intent / Behaviour I use public transportation because it reduces air pollution. 6 I prefer to use my car even if there is an option of using public transportation. As an individual, my contribution to improving the air quality of the environment 4 will be negligible and so I don t intend to make any special efforts toward it. Reducing air pollution is the responsibility 3 of the government and local authorities, not mine. 2 I use my car as it is a status symbol I may start using public transportation more often if my friends and relatives 1 use public transportation Strongly Agree Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly Disagree

18 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysi s Public Transportation I will use public transportation more often if they make it accessible in more areas Public transportation can be 3 expensive and so I don t use it too often Public transportation is very dirty and so I rarely use it. Public transport is too crowded 1 and uncomfortable for regular use 4 2 Public Transport Strongly Agree Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly Disagree

19 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis Analysis 1 Sum up scores [Education, Knowledge, Awareness, Subjective Norm, PBC, intention, action] (Translated Scores for negative questions into opposite) 2 Calculate correlation coefficient between each scores 3 Check the correlation with high correlation using graphs extract the path which leads to high Action Score and make decision Education Knowledge Awareness Subjective Intention PBC Action Education 1 Knowledge Awareness Subjective Intention PBC Action

20 (1)Background (2)Methodology Education Score (Ave.) (3)Results (4)Analysis Education leads to higher action People who received more environmental information from school/massmedia/government,ngos acted more environment-friendly (.) Action Score 19

21 (1)Background (2)Methodology Action Score(Ave.) (3)Results (4)Analysis PBC PBC was the most important factor for using public transportation PBC Score 2

22 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis Analysis Age Classification % % Education Score Awareness Score Edu Know Aware Sb N % % Knowledge Score Subjective Norm Younger people are more educated. 21 Score

23 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis Analysis % % PBC Score Action Score % Intent PBC Act Intention Score Elder people take more action than younger people. Middle aged people show low PBC. 22

24 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis Analysis % Gender classification Education Score Awareness Edu Awar Know e Sb N Male Female % Knowledge Score Subjective Norm 8 4 % 6 4 % Score Score 23

25 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis Analysis 2 PBC PBC Intent Act Male Female % % Score Action Score % Intention Score Females take more action than males. 24

26 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis People who Live at a Distance of 2 km or More From Public Transport Frequency of Car Use Frequency of Public Transport Use once a week or less twice a week five times a week everyday once a week or less twice a week five times a week everyday

27 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis People Who Use Car Everyday Gender 24 male 4 female Age > Education Level Income Distance from Public Transport Public Transport Use < 1, 4 1,1-1, 13 1,1-3, 7 3,1-, 19 2,1 - > 1, 1, < m m - 1 km 1 km - 2 km > 2 km once a week or less 12 twice a week 8 five times a week 13 everyday

28 (1)Background (2)Methodology (3)Results (4)Analysis People Who Use Public Transport Everyday Gender Age Education Level male female > Distance from Public Transport Income Private Car Use < m m - 1 km km - 2 km > 2 km < 1, 1,1-1, 4 1,1-3, 3,1-, 8,1-1, 7 > 1, once a week or less 3 twice a week five times a week 13 everyday

29 Conclusion Percieved Behaviour Control is the most significant contributor to behaviour change Middle aged people show low PBC. Females take more action than males. Access to Public transport is another significant factor that influences use of public transport People living more than 2 km away use more private cars 28

30 Recommendations Soft solutions Younger people are more educated, so more concentration on their behavioural measures may turn knowledge into action e.g. campaigns etc. Elder people take more action than younger people, so improvement on their knowledge levels may provide more effective pro-environmental actions Improve the participation of the females as they are more action oriented 29

31 Recommendations Access to Public Transport Make public transport more accessible in all areas of Bangkok The government s plan to add new train lines in the next decade may help improve the air quality in Bangkok 3

32 Thank You 31