Geological disposal of radioactive waste in Cumbria
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1 Geological disposal of radioactive waste in Cumbria Nuclear waste exists and has to be solved Nuclear power is likely to be part of the UK mix But HOW, WHEN and WHERE? homes/rsh/ Allerdale_and_Copeland.html Stuart HASZELDINE University of Edinburgh Professor of Geology Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
2 Nuclear power First civil nuclear power 1956, in west Cumbria High technology, jobs and skills But waste ignored until 1970 s IGS UK drilling nationally 1970 s Nirex UK survey 1980 s Nirex west Cumbria 1990 s MRWS west Cumbria 2010 s s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
3 Keeping hot fuel on the surface for years New Build: 3 x more radiation than already exists Plutonium, HLW, Spent fuel s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
4 Types of sites These are sites where water flow is favourable to disposal of radioactive waste. X Identified by the British Geological Survey in 1979 BGS 2010 does not consider favourable sites, just excluded sites s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
5 UK search! west Cumbria 65 x 60km investigated Nirex search UK, evaluated all west Cumbria, for one site s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
6 Lots of boreholes were drilled 17 bores, 10,000m rock core. Best studied site in world Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
7 The geology is complex 1 km Map of HardKnott and Eskdale showing BVG and granite, with many faults and 5 x 4 km repository (illustrative) 1 km Section at coast. Sediments overly BVG at 4 km repository (real). Just the biggest faults s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
8 2 4 The water flow was still unpredictable Measuring fracture shapes doesn t help flow modellng Current V future fractures? Explicit groundwater models NOT possible Degnan 2003 GSLSpec Pub km s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
9 Finland and West Cumbria Disposal in Finland is flat land, in uniform rock. Groundwater moves geologically slowly Disposal in Cumbria next to mountains, very complex faulted rock. Groundwater moves geologically very fast West Cumbria MRWS 146, Whitehaven 3 March
10 BGS exclusions MRWS asked BGS to map the excluded zones in 2010 mineral or water resource, shown That excludes most of the western coast Subsequently, a different part of UK Government have offered Shale-Gas and Coal-Bed-Methane exploration. That excludes the rest of the coastal zone for a 5x5km Repository Not many places left s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
11 Rain from the fells flows west BGS 2010 p 42 The accepted conceptual flow model for the saline interface is upward flow, with saline marine water flowing up and back into the sea and fresh water. discharge at or near the coast. s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
12 Chemistry of cumbria- iron oxide pyrite haematite Workington and Millom had 100 Mt iron ore. Groundwater is opposite to needs Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
13 Oxidising: uranium can dissolve Dissolves West Cumbria water Reducing Oxidising Uranium (spent fuel) can dissolve in oxidising groundwater Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
14 Spent fuel heat: water flow faster McKeown et al Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
15 Radioactive gas rises to surface Thus, the nuclear industry has calculated that the escape of radioactive methane would result in a dose four thousand times greater than the dose considered tolerable by the Environment Agency (NWAA March 2010) Corrosion of iron and organic waste, makes H2, CO2, CH4 radioactive 14C gas to surface within 60yr. 20yr research s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
16 Laboratory for these problems? Hot high-level waste and fuel in fractured rock does not have any UK disposal design. Site specific research needed. Other states have laboratories for 30 years Äspö, Sweden Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
17 Expert review 2012 MRWS 285 (Dearlove) There remain at least two potentially suitable rock volumes in West Cumbria that have the potential to be suitable GDF host rocks. Neither of these two rock volumes should be regarded at this stage as being particularly promising,. 8 Jan 2011 Inspector to Alun Ellis NDA: the PRZ had been chosen for these studies in an arbitrary manner, without conforming to internationally agreed, geological criteria.. It would not suffice in European Law to rely on the White Paper's voluntarism approach M science, 12M legal Geological Society 19 June 2012 the whole of West Cumbria cannot be ruled out at this stage". (MRWS 292) s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
18 Impartial Planning Inspector MacDonald The indications are, in my judgement, still overwhelmingly that this site is not suitable for the proposed repository, and that investigations should now be moved to one of the more promising sites elsewhere. Planning Inspector MacDonald 2012 (MRWS 267) Now seeking 3x the Nirex site.. Nirex was rejected at MRWS Stage 5 Planning Inspector MacDonald 2012 (MRWS 267) Look only for environments that show obvious promise in their geology and hydrogeology. Similar hydrogeology all along the coast probability of eventually identifying a really promising site is low Planning Inspector MacDonald 2012 (MRWS 267) Nuclear Decommissioning Authority is overly optimistic and so was Nirex. Government is setting a very low threshold. Planning Inspector MacDonald 2012 (MRWS 267) Would have expected that a fresh search would have started for simpler & better sites elsewhere in the UK, s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
19 Impartial II CALC 20 Aug 2012 CALC does not consider there is evidence of clear public support for proceeding into the next stage of the MRWS process.. What is missing is any substantial evidence showing that there is a sufficiently good prospect of finding a site in West Cumbria CALC 30 Aug 2012 We believe there are serious gaps in the information available to the councils. s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
20 The Choice Voluntarism without JUSTIFICATION and SEA (Strategic Environmental Assessment is not clearly legal in UK and EU planning law : Have alternatives been considered? s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
21 MRWS pathway What it means : The MRWS path of voluntarism was set by the White Paper 2008 A Community is defined, and a Decision Making Body, which comprises just a few Councillors Withdrawal is decided by the DMB, NOT Host Community. Subject to agreement from Govt (6.38) Withdraw before underground operations and construction due to begin 2008 (6.44) Before Stage 5 agree criteria for Withdrawal Intention to legalise Right of Withdraw but not yet s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
22 Who is the community? Parish Councils have voted RED = no, GREEN = Yes, Orange = Discussed undecided Government White Paper 1998 and MRWS 299 state the decisions are NOT made by a Host Community village or Parish. 18 May 2012 Arthur Mille Rural people can be over-ruled by the Borough Council, and by Government s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
23 Good regions are known hard sediment BUSC Stanford (Norfolk) is a military range, with six residents s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
24 Alternatives Cumbria Teesside Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
25 But is anybody looking? Ministers have revealed an "enduring ambition" for Britain's first burial of waste from nuclear power stations to happen as early as 2029, instead of 2040 as originally planned, [originally 2075, actually] Are these government officials looking after west Cumbria? Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
26 TRUST Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
27 A slippery slope, with no return MRWS 1 and 2 MRWS 3 MRWS 4 You Are HERE MRWS 5 MRWS 6 s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
28 The Choice 1) ACCEPT Move to Stage 4 desk studies Jobs and Benefits preeminent, but vague. Ignores geology advice. Ignores Parish votes. 2) DEFER Geology review Better benefits terms Criteria for PASS and FAIL 3) REFUSE Withdraw from MRWS Uncertain public support. Need secure withdrawal. Need benefits and pass/fail. No public majority. Geology risky. Lack of Trust in Govt. s.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Radioactive waste Cumbria 6, 7 Sept
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