ESC Technology and Market Assessment Forum
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1 ESC Technology and Market Assessment Forum Hydraulic Fracturing A Historical and Impact Perspective Kent F. Perry Gas Technology Institute October 27, 2011 Hilton Rosemont Rosemont, IL
2 Topics > Hydraulic Fracturing Brief History Hydraulic Fracturing Research > Fracturing and Water > Water Required > Fluids Injected > Fluid Flow Back 71
3 Hydraulic Fracturing Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid In Flow Back Fluid Out Surface Fresh Water Aquifer Fresh Water Aquifer Fresh Water Aquifer Fresh Water Surface Casing and Cement to Surface Protects all Fresh Water Aquifers Brackish Water Geologic Formations Hydraulic Fracture Gas Zone Production Casing Cemented Across All Formations Required to Control Flow of Fluids in Wellbore Region 72
4 Hydraulic Fracturing Timeline + 1,000,000 Wells Hydraulically Fracture Treated First Treatment 1947 Hugoton 400,000 Treatments MHF s Treatments 800,000 Treatments Shale Gas Multistage HZ wells Patent 1949 Stanolind (Amoco) SPE Papers 801, 22392, 36166, IOGCC, Halliburton 73
5 Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids Average Job Size (Gallons Fluid) Fatty Acids and Caustic Crosslinked Gels Foams Movement Toward Simpler and Green Fluids Napalm for Gelling Post- WWII Kerosene & Diesel First Fluids SPE Papers 22392, 36166, Halliburton 74
6 Technology Development Technology Focus Trial and Error Equipment Theory Computerization Optimization Modeling Technology Simple Models 2D Fracture Models Psuedo 3D Full 3D Models Fracture Diagnostics Temp Logs Tracers Tiltmeters Microseismic SPE Wolhart et.al. 75
7 Multiple Wells Hydraulic Fracturing Research Staged Field Experiments M-Site Hydraulic Fracturing Research Mounds Hydraulic Fracturing Research Experiment Tilt meters Inclinometers Coring of Created Fractures Modeling Microseismic Full Geologic Characterization Multiple Fracture Treatments Seismic Colored Proppants Tracers 76
8 Depth Atoka Shale Stage OA Fracture Azimuth 2000 Perforations Fracture Xf, Length ft 77
9 Atoka Shale Stage OB Xf, ft 78
10 Atoka Shale Stage OC Xf, ft 79
11 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 80
12 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 81
13 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 82
14 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 83
15 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 84
16 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 85
17 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 86
18 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 87
19 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 88
20 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 89
21 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 90
22 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 91
23 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 92
24 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 93
25 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 94
26 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 95
27 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 96
28 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 97
29 Atoka Shale Stage Xf, ft 98
30 Atoka Shale All Formation Cored Above Formation Cored Within Fracture Zone 2100 Formation Cored Below Xf, ft
31 M-Site Hydraulic Fracturing Research Experiment Piceance Basin Creating Permeability Created Hydraulic Fractures Cored Multiple Wells Tilt meters Inclinometers Coring of Created Fractures Modeling Microseismic md 0.1 md.01 md.001 md.0001 md Full Geologic Characterization Multiple Fracture Treatments 4678 Seismic Colored Proppants 100
32 Creating Permeability 1960 s 1980 s 2000 s Wellbore Ideal World Pay Wellbore Real World Pay From Pinnacle Technology Nuclear Massive Hydraulic Precise Size & Precise Stimulation Fractures Placement SPE 3010; Low Permeability Gas Reservoir Production Using Large Hydraulic Fractures; 1970; S.A. Holditch.
33 Hydraulic Fracturing Issues Over 1 Million Wells Fracture Treated Billion s of Gallons of Fluid +60 Years of Experience Significant Technology Focus and Development Issues Why Now? 102
34 Issues Why Now? > Significant Activity in New and Populated Areas > Complex Process > Environmental Concerns The Water Science Usage of Human Behavior as Much as the Science of Fluid Rheology Chemicals > Press Good News is not News > Internet > Solution = Good Science, Transparency and Information that is Easy to Understand 103
35 Water and Hydraulic Fracturing Water Required Fluids Injected Fluid Flow Back 104
36 Barnett Shale Area North Texas Stages of Exploration + 14,000 Wells Perryman Group 105
37 Freshwater Users in the Barnett Shale Region Natural Gas Development Municipal Steam Electric Irrigation Manufac turing Livestock Mining Barnett Drilling 106 Annual Water Use 1000 s Acre-Feet
38 Marcellus - Susquehanna River Basin Source: SRBC, Aug
39 Hydraulic Fracturing What Goes In? Water = 90.6% NYSERDA
40 Fracturing Fluid Additives and Usage Additive Main Compound Common Use Diluted Acid Hydrochloric or Muriatic Acid Swimming Pools Biocide Glutaraldehyde Dental Disinfectant Breaker Ammonium Persulfate Bleaching Hair Crosslinker Borate Salts Laundry Detergents Iron Control Citric Acid Food Additive Gelling Agent Guar Gum Biscuits Scale Inhibitor Ethylene Glycol Antifreeze Surfactant Isopropanol Glass Cleaner Friction Reducer Polyacrylamide Water and Soil Treatment 109
41 What Flows Out New Data on Sampling and Analysis of Flowback Water > Sampling from 19 Locations in > Includes General Chemistry and Detailed Analysis of Constituents Interest. > Lists of Constituents of Interest Provided by the USEPA, WV-DEP and PA-DEP. > Over 250 Determinations Performed on Samples. 110
42 Metals > Mercury > Arsenic > Boron > Trivalent Chromium > Hexavalent Chromium > Copper > Nickel > Zinc > Lead > Selenium > Cobalt > Iron > Manganese > Lithium > Tin 111
43 Selected Metals in Flow Back Water - Samples from Two Location A Locations Location B Metal ** 14-d FB 14-d FB Median 95 th % ile Chromium ND ND (Cr 3+ ) Copper ND ,382 Nickel ND Zinc ,985 Lead ND ND Cadmium ND Mercury Arsenic * mg/l; ND=Non Detect 112
44 Selected Metals in Flow Back Water - Samples from Two Locations Metal ** 14-d FB 14-d FB Median 95 th % ile Chromium (Cr 3+ ) Location A Location B POTW Sludges** ND ND Copper ND ,382 Nickel ND Zinc ,985 Lead ND ND Cadmium ND Mercury Arsenic * mg/l; ND=Non Detect ** Penn State,
45 Flowback Summary 1 Appalachian Basin Well Measurement Value ph 5.89 Flowback Water is Consistent with Ranges Observed with Conventional Produced Water. Sodium, mg/l 54,629 Calcium, mg/l 15,200 Magnesium, mg/l 4,730 Barium, mg/l 98 Iron, mg/l 92 Produced Water is Salt Water Which is Managed Manganese, mg/l 1.8 Bicarbonate, mg/l 195 Sulfate, mg/l 60 Chloride, mg/l 125,000 Sulfide, mg/l na Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 200,006 SPE
46 20 Billion Pounds of Salt Spread per Year for Snow and Ice Control 115
47 Beneficial Use Deep under the flatlands of Midland, Michigan, lie salt-rich rocks, rich in magnesium, chlorine, calcium, sodium and bromine. Inside these rocks, Herbert Dow found the raw materials of creative chemistry (1897). Road Salt $56 per ton Road Brine $.63 per gallon Bromine - $1,128 per ton Fresh Water $? 116
48 What s Next > % of Present Recoverable Reserves Attributable to Fracturing will Grow > The Future Will see an Acceleration of Fracturing. > Research Currently Underway will allow Better Flow Capacity. > A Wider Range of Formations will be Treated. > Expansion of Fracturing in Foreign Countries can be Expected. SPE 801, 1964, Ft. Worth, TX 117
49 Summary > Hydraulic Fracturing is a Honed Science not a Black Art. > Hydraulic Fracturing Science is Challenging for the Public to Understand. > Hydraulic Fracturing has been Demonstrated to be Safe But Confusion and Questions Persist. With intelligent, good-faith communication, environmental and natural gas leaders are closing the perceived gap to thoughtful energy infrastructure development. 118
50 Thank You 119
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