Effectiveness of waste management in Mataram City

Transcription

1 IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER OPEN ACCESS Effectiveness of waste management in Mataram City To cite this article: B H Widayanti et al 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci View the article online for updates and enhancements. Related content - Implications of Pearl, Gold, Silver (PGS) craft industrial cluster towards settlements region in Karang Pule Village, Sekarbela District Of Mataram City I R Sushanti and I S Fitri - Waste management through life cycle assessment of products Yu V Borodin, T E Aliferova and A Ncube - The analysis of waste treatment methods and managerial skills towards the effectiveness of CO2 emmissions (an ex post facto study at TPA Bantar Gebang Bekasi) Jenni Ria Rajagukguk and Lestina Siagian This content was downloaded from IP address on 28/11/2017 at 17:42

2 Effectiveness of Waste Management in Mataram City B H Widayanti 1, F P Hirsan, and A Kurniawan Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram, Mataram 83114, Indonesia efpit_inter@yahoo.co.id Abstract. Mataram city as National Activity Center (NAC) led to increased of activity that occurs in this region. This condition impacted the increasing of population and the amount of waste. The amount of waste in Mataram City currently reaches 1,444 m3/day and that has been transported by the Sanitation Department as much as 1, m3 or 71.59%. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of community-based waste or waste management. The method that was used is quantitative descriptive analysis of waste heaps and analysis of waste management. The results of the analysis of waste heaps is that in the next 10 years (2026) the amount of waste will reach 2,019 m3/day. By using the analysis of waste management, if there are 25 units machines today and 48 waste management groups are effectively utilized, then 948 m3 amount of waste could be processed in a day or as much as 65.65% of the waste is managed by the community. So that, in order to get over this waste problems, collaboration between government and the community in Mataram City is needed. 1. Introduction According to the constitution number 18 / 2008, waste is the remnant of everyday human activities or natural processes in the solid form. Generally waste management technique in Indonesia are; solid waste generated, onsite waste processing, waste collection, waste treatment and landfill (Faizah, 2008 in Setiadi, 2015:2) Mataram city is the capital of West Nusa Tenggara, which became the National Activity Center (NAC) that has function as the central government, public service center in regional and national scale, trade and services center in regional and national scale, as well as a major ground transportation node in national scale. As National Activity Center (NAC) and as the central provincial capital city, Mataram conduced as the first choice in the move and reside. These conditions resulted annual increase of the number of people in the city of Mataram. The population of the Mataram city in 2015 as many as 441,064 inhabitants which is the number increased from the year 2010 as many as 402,843 inhabitants. Table 1. Total Population of Mataram 2014 Districts Area (Km 2 ) Population (inhabitant) Mataram 10, Ampenan 9, Cakranegara 9, Sekarbela 10, Selaparang 10, Sandubaya 10, Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Published under licence by Ltd 1

3 Districts Area (Km 2 ) Population (inhabitant) Jumlah 61, Source: Mataram in Figures, 2015 Increasing population and activities in Mataram have an impact on the amount of waste productions, which are increased the amount of waste up to 441,650 m3 in 2010 and increased up to 446,790 m 3 in This is in line with the average increase of solid waste every day, which reached 1,444 m 3 /day in The currently available infrastructures in Sanitation Department of Mataram City will be handling waste every day as much as 1, m 3 (71.59% ). Moreover, sanitary landfill is also a very important issue to be addressed in Mataram. Currently, the sanitary landfill site in Mataram City residents is at Kebon Kongok landfill, located in District Gerung, West Lombok Regency, within ± 29 km from the Mataram city. Mataram city has limitations in the provision of sanitary landfill in its jurisdiction because there is no decent location as sanitary landfill. Mataram City has km 2 of area, which is dominated by the use of plots in residential areas with amenities that the existences spread throughout the city of Mataram. At the same time, the requirements that must be met in building landfills are: 1. Landfills are not built near the sources of drinking water or other water sources used by humans 2. Not in a place often hit by floods 3. The place far from human residence The distances that are often used to measure the minimum distance of the location of landfills from residential areas is 2 km, 15 km from the sea, and 200 m of water resources, so that, there is no single location in the area of Mataram city which meet those requirements. The problem of waste in Mataram city requires a serious attention from either local governments himself or for environmentalists. Then this research will assess the potential of existing waste management groups and waste management infrastructure. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Waste definition Waste is a garbage in the form solid or semi-solid that comes from urban activity or daily activity of human, animals, and plants (Kodoatie, R. J, 2005: 216). The source of a municipal solid waste are mostly from residential, traditional market, trading estate, industrial park, animal husbandry and other public facilities. There are two types of solid waste (Kodoatie, R. J, 2005 : 216) : 1. Organic waste Organic waste is classified as biodegradable garbage, which is easy to decompose by bacteria. For instance: vegetables, leaves, timbers, etc. 2. Inorganic waste Inorganic waste also called non-biodegradable because it is hard to decay, for examples plastics, cans, irons, glasses, etc Waste Management Waste management is defined as every action which conducted to dispose the waste from its inception to its final disposal. In general, this action involving monitoring solid waste generation, waste collecting, transferring and transporting waste, treatment, and its final disposal (Kartikawan, 2007) : 1. Solid waste generation As it seen from its definition, the solid waste is generated not produced. Hence, to decide the perfect disposal management, the number of subjects and their activity are mattered the most. 2. On-site handling On-site handling is all waste management before it transferred to the landfill. This activity is encouraged by the fact that many wastes are possessed good value in an economic way. On-site handling will give significant influence to the next management step. This activity varies depend 2

4 on the types of waste, includes shorting, reuse and recycle. The aim of on-site handling is to reduce the amount of waste. 3. Collecting Collecting is a process to pile up the waste from the inception to the waste tanks or to the landfill. 4. Transfer and transport Transfer and transport are an activity to convey the waste and its tanks to the final disposal. 5. Treatment Based on the waste type and its compositions, waste management are divided into: a. Physical transformation It includes sorting and compacting to simplify the storage and the transport. b. Incineration Incineration is a technique that conducted to transform the waste into a flue gas, thus, it will reduce the waste volume up to 90-95%. Inceneration means the act of burning something until there is nothing left but only the ashes. An incinerator is a unit or facility that is used in other to burn used trash and some other different kind of waste until it is finally reduced to only ashes (Hickmann and Lanier Jr. 2003). An incenerator is built with strong and wellinsulated material so that during combusting the extreme heat is not lost but contained. The heat is left inside the furnace so that all the waste inside the incenerator plant could be burn very quickly and as well effecient. But when the heat is not well contained the waste will not be completely burn with level of effeciency expected of it. Incinerator is classified based on its utility and its feed system. There are two types incinerator based on its utilization, (Bagus T, 2002 : 19) : 1) Incinerator without heat combustion, this system usually constructed to burn small scale waste (0.2-1 ton/h). 2) Incinerator with heat and its conversion. The capacity of this incinerator is around 40 ton/h. c. Composting Compost is an organic fertilizer that made of a green compound and other organic matter which added to speed up the decomposing, for instance, livestock manure and urea (if it is needed). d. Energy recovery Energy recovery is a transformation from wasted into energy, either heat or electrical energy. 6. Final disposal In principle, final disposal must follow the health rules and environmental sustainability. Nowadays, the technique that has been used is open dumping, in which waste is placed on the specific place until its overload. This phenomenon has high probability in creating an environmental disturbance. To prevent the problem, another technique is recommended, namely sanitary landfill, where the waste stockpile is managed Effectiveness Effectiveness is a measurement to measure how far the target has been achieved (quantity, quality, and time) (Hidayat, 1986). Strees in Tangkilisan (2005:141) stated 5 (five) variables in measuring effectiveness, there are: productivity, working adaptability, job satisfaction, profitability, and resources capabilities. Thus, measurement is a value in target achievement that has been determined in the first place. If the aim is achieved, so the activity is effective. 3

5 3. Research Methodology 3.1. Types of Research This research uses a case study approach and field research, where the goal is to intensively study the background, the last status and environmental interactions that occur in a social unit. Case study investigates many variables and many conditions in a small sample (Azwar S., 2014 : 8) Research Focus The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of waste management in Mataram with a focus on community empowerment groups that have been formed in Mataram City. This study focuses on the ability of a group of communities in managing organic and inorganic waste. This research uses descriptive quantitative approach that the populations are the entire waste management groups in Mataram as many as 48 groups and the samples are as many as 10 groups with the classification of processing of organic waste and inorganic waste. The selected groups that are still active in waste management are: Komunitas Hijau Biru, Kimzeefarm, Muda Kratif, Pokja Lisan, Kampung Hijau, KSM Cinta Bersih, KSM Terampil Pagutan, Peduli Lingkungan, Banjar and TPST Sandubaya. To determine the effectiveness of 5 (five) concept of effectiveness criteria proposed by Sterss in Tangkilisan (2005), this research only uses the productivity criteria, because this criteria can be measured Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis This research uses data collection techniques such as: direct observation and interviews. Primary data collected in the form of information related to government policy about waste management in Mataram, while the methods of documentation are used to obtain secondary data like the number of population, waste infrastructure and the amount of midden. The analytical methods that is used are midden analysis and analysis of midden management. The measurement method and composition of midden are based on SNI M (02). To predict the midden, the following equation can be used Qn = Qt(1 + Cs) n (1) Which Cs = [1+(Ci+Cp+Cqn)/3] [1+p] Which are: Qn Qt Cs Ci Cp Cqn P = n midden in coming years = midden in the early years of calculation = increase / growth of the city = the growth rate of the industrial sector = the growth rate of the agricultural sector = the rate of increase in per capita income = population growth rate The analysis of the midden management is based on the results of a field survey carried out on samples that have been specified above. The result of the survey later will be accumulated as an average capability of processing waste per day. 4. Discussion 4.1. A General Overview Waste generated in Mataram city is derived from residential area, offices, commerce, education, markets, roads and others. Based on data from the Sanitation Department in Mataram city, average (2) 4

6 volume of waste per day is 1,444 m3. For more details, the volume of waste generated per day from each district in the Mataram City can be seen in the table 2. Table 2. Waste Volume in Mataram city No Districts Volume (m 3 /day) 1 Ampenan Sekarbela Mataram Selaparang Cakranegara Sandubaya 219 Total Source : Sanitation Department of Mataram City, 2016 The amount of waste is currently processed by the Sanitation Department in Mataram by dispose it straight to TPA Kebon Kongok. The transportation mediums and waste transportation personnel that are owned by the Mataram City can be seen in the table 3. Table 3. Waste Transportation Infrastruktur im Mataram City No Infrastructure Total Capacity 1 Dump truck 46 unit 8 m3 2 Armroll 19 unit 8 m3 3 Open pick up (without a basket) 9 unit 1,5 m3 4 Open pick up (with baskets) 6 unit 8 m3 5 Sweeping 300 day (25 day/month) 3 unit 8 m3 Total 83 unit Source : Sanitation Department of Mataram City, 2016 Table 4. Waste Transporter Officer in Mataram city No Transportation Type Status (person) Governent employees Honorary Contract 1 Dump truck Armroll Open pick up Total Source : Sanitation Department of Mataram City, 2016 With the current existing facilities and infrastructure conditions, Sanitation Department has been able to transport the waste every day as much as m 3 (71.59%) that are disposed in TPA Kebun Kongok, West Lombok regency. TPA Kebon Kongok is a regional landfill in accordance to memorandum of understanding between the West Lombok regent and the Mayor of Mataram in Kebon Kongok landfill has an area of 8.6 ha including facilities and infrastructure, with a controlled landfill system. Based on existing conditions and field observations, there are some problems in waste management in Mataram City, those are: 1. Limitations of waste transportation infrastructure 2. Community behavior that often throw garbage into the river and lack of attention to the environment 3. The emergence of temporary landfills or dumped in vacant lots 4. Waste management is still relying on the conventional scheme: stacks transport throw away 5. Lack of separation of organic waste - inorganic at the community level 6. Minimizing waste by 3R (reduce, reuse and recycle) is not rooted in the community. 3R movement has been implemented by most communities in each neighborhood. Recycling bins 5

7 are currently relying on informal waste processing subjects like scavengers, both located at the source, TPS and TPA 7. Not optimal market organic waste processing 4.2. Midden Analysis The midden in the city of Mataram is very closely related to the amount of waste generated by the sources of waste. Sources of waste may come from settlements, markets, streets, shops, offices, restaurants, hotels and hospitals. The largest source of midden in Mataram city derived from settlements (households), which are, based on existing documents, the amount of waste currently reaches 1.444m3/day. Total midden will be higher due to increased population and the number of activities undertaken by the community. By the availability of current transportation waste infrastructure, the number of trash capable of being transported to the landfill every day can reach 1.033,82 m3 (71,59 %) and the remaining still cannot be transported to the landfill. To forecast the amount of midden for the next 10 years by using the approach of measuring the composition and waste SNI M (02), the predicted amount of waste in the Mataram city as follows: Based on this formula, then: 1. The amount of midden in Mataram city on 2016 are = 1,444 m3 / day 2. The growth rate of the industrial sector = 7.22% 3. The growth rate of the agriculture = 2.67% 4. The rate of increase in income per capita = 7.67% 5. Population growth rate = 1.01% Based on the data above, the obtained increase / growth of the city of Mataram is: Cs = [1+(7,22%+2,67%+7,67)/3] [1+1,01] = 3,41% (3) So that, with the growth of Mataram City as much as 3.41 %, and using formulas Qn = Qt(1 + Cs) n, then obtained a projection of the amount of midden for next 10 years are : Table 5. Projections Of Midden Years The Volume of Midden (m 3 /day) Source : Analiysis, Community-Based Analysis Of Waste Management Government of Mataram City through various programs has been providing facilities and infrastructures to facilitate the public in waste processing. The infrastructure that has been available is in a form of a thrasher machine that converts organic waste into a smaller size. Those organic wastes that are processed and converted by the community become more useful materials, for example, that has developed today is the manufacture of compost. The number of waste processing machine in Mataram is 25 units of machines which are distributed around groups of waste processing community. Generally, the waste processing machine are in good condition, but the fact is, the machines are not optimally used by the 6

8 waste processing communities. The waste processing activities in Mataram city can be seen in the picture bellow: Figure 1. (a) Waste Processing Mechine (b) Waste Processing Activity Besides that, Mataram City Government has also trained several waste processing communities. There are some communities formed because of social concerns in the waste processing, aside of the governmental trained communities. On the figure bellow we can see the activity of waste processing of inorganic waste: Figure 2. (a) and (b) Inorganic Waste Processing by Waste Community Waste processing in Mataram City not only uses 3R concept, but also currently tries on Integrated Waste Processing. The location of it in Mataram City is at Sandubaya. At this location, besides of processing the waste into compost, this group is also decreasing the midden using the incinerator. The facilities that are provided at the location are waste conveyances with waste processing operator that can be seen in the table below. Table 6. Waste Conveyance Facilities at Integrated Waste Processing in Sandubaya No Facilities Number of Capacity Facilities 1 Open pick up 2 unit 1,5 m3 2 Waste conveyance (motorcycle) 7 unit 1 m3 3 Waste conveyance (cart) 8 unit 1 m3 Total 17 unit Source : Primary Survey, 2016 According to the table above, waste conveyance facilities (motorcycle and cart) are the most effective conveyances because those could pass through the narrow roads (less than 3 meters wide). Table 7. Operator at Waste Processing Location in Sandubaya No Employment Status Number of Employee (people) 1 Government employee 12 2 Honorary employee 7 Total 19 Source : Primary Survey, 2016 The number of operating employees at integrated waste processing in Sundabaya is 19 people which consist of 12 people of government employees and 7 people of honorary employees. In every fireplace of incinerator, there are 3 people is needed which their tasks are dry the waste and put it into the fireplace of the incinerator. 7

9 Figure 3. Fireplace of Incinerator at Sandubaya According to the result of the field survey towards determined samples, the total of midden that is processed by each group can be estimated as in the table below. No Group Table 8. Volume of Waste Processing Number of Members Processing Form Average Volume of Waste Prcessing (kg/day) 1 Hijau Biru 10 Organic into compost 80 2 Kimzeefarm 5 Organic into compost Muda Kreatif 12 Inorganic into craft 1 4 Pokja Lisan 20 Inorganic into craft 1 5 Kampung Hijau 5 Organic into compost KSM Cinta Bersih 14 Organic into compost KSM Terampil 15 Organic into compost 50 Inorganic into craft 8 Peduli Lingkungan 5 Organic into compost 50 9 Banjar 8 Organic into compost 150 Inorganic into craft 10 TPST Sandubaya 25 Organic into compost Incinerator Source : Primary Survey, 2016 The findings in the field for waste processing from inorganic forms into crafts did not done daily; this depends on the craft s raw materials that have to be sought, collected, and cleaned so that it can be processed into a craft. Besides, the activity of making a craft from scrap papers would be high when the groups got orders. While for the waste processing using incinerator can be operated using 3 (three) fireplaces daily with the size is 2 x 2 x 1.5 m which has capacity of 5 tons/2h with the operational duration is 8 hours/day and now has been processing 3,000 kg waste daily. For the organic waste processing into compost, the processing activity in some surveyed groups has gone down. This condition is caused by the heap of the compost that has not been marketed. The main cause of bad marketing is the quality of the compost that is not standardized by each group. The 3R processing machines in Mataram City are pk machines, with the capacity of 1.5 tons/h (4.5 m3/h) and some of it are pk machines with capacity of 3 tons/h (9 m3/h) with operational duration is 8 hours/day. With the potential that has been owned by Mataram City in waste processing, the number of groups that are concerned about waste are as many as 48 groups that are scattered throughout the Mataram City territory and as many as 25 waste processing machines, the calculation of each machine capacity that can be achieved if every machine can processing 1.5 ton waste hourly in average is 36 m 3 /day. 8

10 So that, according to the data available and the size of capacity of the machine with assumption that all of the machines available in Mataram City is working optimally, those machines can process as much as 36 m3 waste x 25 machines = 900 m3 waste daily. For the waste processing groups available in Mataram City, if there is assumed that all of the groups are active in processing the waste from inorganic waste into crafts or processing the waste becomes more valuable stuffs with a group is consisted of 5 people, so for each group, they can process 1 m3 waste daily. So that, according to the currently number of groups that are available, as many as 48 groups, the inorganic waste that can be processed is as much as 48 m3 daily. If we accumulate it, the waste in Mataram City can be processed daily by the social groups is 948 m3 (65.65%) compared to the total of current midden. But, by looking at how poorly the society in processing the waste in Mataram City, the alternative method of processing the waste is using incinerator. The capacity of incinerators that are currently available in Sandubaya District can be calculated is 180 m3/day. Based on that calculation, if all of the fireplaces that are available in Sandubaya District are used optimally, with current situation (total of midden reach 219 m 3 /day), the volume that can be cut is as much as 180 m 3 (82.19%) waste a day. Figure 4. Osamtu s Waste Sources Map. 5. Conclusion According to the discussion result above, can be concluded that: 1. Number of midden in Mataram City can be managed optimally by the waste concerned groups if there is an incentive supervising either from the government, private, or from the university is as much as 948 m3 waste a day or 65.65% of the total midden currently. While by using Integrated Waste Processing in Sandubaya District can reduce 82.19% of the midden there. 2. Total of the midden will increase in 10 years becomes 2,019 m3 midden in a day, so that, addition of either machine facilities or capacity reinforcement of waste concerned group are needed. 9

11 6. Recommendation 1. If Integrated Waste Processing will be replicated in Mataram City, the Integrated Waste Processing in Sandubaya District as the trial should be successful in keeping the temperature above 800⁰C so that perfect combustion can be achieved and poisonous gas that is harmful for human s health will not be produced. 2. In waste processing with Integrated Waste Processing technology, there should be waste separation first, so that the waste that will be put in to the fireplace is dry waste. For plastics and glasses waste can be separated from the waste sources, so that in the implementation of it, the clear and understandable SOP is needed for all of the operators. 3. The training and reinforcement of the capacity for the operators of Integrated Waste Processing technology are needed so that they can understand the ways of working and safety system in the implementation of waste processing with Integrated Waste Processing technology. References [1] Anonim. Mataram in Figures. Statistics of Mataram City. Mataram ; 2015 [2] Anonim. Rencana Aksi Komunitas Hijau, Kota Mataram ; 2013 [3] Azwar Saifuddin. Metode Penelitian. Yogyakarta : Penerbit Pustaka Pelajar ; 2014 [4] Setiadi Amos. Studi Pengelolaan Sampah Berbasis Komunitas pada Kawasan Permukiman Perkotaan di Yogyakarta. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan Volume 3 Nomor 1 April 2015, p [5] SK SNI-M Metoda Pengambilan dan Pengukuran Contoh Timbulan Komposis Sampah Perkotaan. [6] Tangkilisan, Hesel Nogi S. Manajemen Publik. Jakarta : Gramedia Widia Sarana ; 2005 [7] Undang-undang No 18 Tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah 10