Vol. 27, No.1 /2009. LUCRĂRI ŞTIINłIFICE (INMATEH)

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Vol. 27, No.1 /2009. LUCRĂRI ŞTIINłIFICE (INMATEH)"

Transcription

1 POSSIBILITIES OF USING SOLID BIOMASS, AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY FOR REDUCING POLLUTION SOIL AND WATER / POSIBILITĂłI DE UTILIZARE A BIOMASEI SOLIDE, AGRICOLE ŞI FORESTIERE PENTRU REDUCEREA POLUĂRII SOLULUI ŞI APEI ing. Danciu Aurel, dr. ing. VlăduŃ Valentin, ing. Voicea Iulian, ing. Postelnicu Elena - INMA Bucharest, Romania - Abstract. Following the analysis of potential biomass (estimated at 15 million tons) of agricultural and solid forest (equivalent to 6 million tons of oil) could be concluded that Romania has sufficient biomass to produce pellets at a industrial raw material being generally scrap agricultural (ca. 63%) and forestry. Exploitation and rational use of their energy production, give the premises needed to cover a significant part of energy needs necessary domestic and industrial needs, especially in rural areas. Rezumat. În urma analizei potenńialului de biomasă (apreciată la 15 milioane tone) solidă agricolă şi forestieră (echivalentă cu 6 milioane tone de petrol) s-a putut trage concluzia că România dispune de suficientă biomasă pentru obńinerea de peleńi la un nivel industrial, materia primă fiind în general resturi agricole (cca. 63%) şi forestiere. Exploatarea şi utilizarea rańională a acestora în producerea de energie, conferă premizele necesare acoperirii unei părńi semnificative a nevoilor energetice necesare nevoilor casnice şi industriale, în special în zonele rurale. Keywords: biomass, pellets, energy, potential Cuvinte cheie: biomasă, peleńi, energie, potenńial 1. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION - LEGISLATION AND METHOD FOR THEREOF IMPLEMENTING Pollution is a problem of all time, but especially for our times as the magnitude and severity of polluting processes, scientific and technical achievements of modern man has allowed the development pollution risks and therefore it is vital to establish very stringent measures to prevent and combat environmental degradation with the three components - air, water, soil. Introduction idea of environmental protection has led to the emergence restrictive legislation in this regard and to punish their violation. By mechanical processing of wood that produces industrial waste in the form of sawdust, shavings, wood flour approx. 15% of timber cut. A basic problem now is organic sawdust storage, recovery, treatment and reuse of industrial scale. The degree of recovery of waste in Romania is very low, around 4%, ie 10 times lower compared to western European countries. Wood industry is one of the most polluting, but to some extent has an impact on environmental factors (air, water, soil). Recovery of waste results in the production of wood to rest industries amounts to a percentage of 83.6%, that percentage drops, unfortunately, by the occurrence of small producers whose concern for the recovery of waste is low. In order to recovery of agricultural and forestry waste, but especially for depollution areas affected by this type of residue, which can be achieved through a process of collection of this product and transform them into fuel (pellets, agripeleńi or lighters). Forestry and agricultural wastes (derived from wood or harvesting agricultural products) can be transformed by a technological process (mincing, drying, compaction and refining (peletizare or briquetting), in pellets, or lighters agripeleńi combustible products which may be used for energy purposes. In this way, is made as a use upper forest and agricultural waste, nature protection and pollution of these products. 1. PROTECłIA MEDIULUI - LEGISLAłIE ŞI MODUL DE IMPLEMENTARE AL ACESTEIA Poluarea este o problemă a tuturor timpurilor, dar mai ales a timpurilor noastre pentru ca amploarea şi gravitatea proceselor poluante, realizările ştiinńifice şi tehnice ale omului modern au permis dezvoltarea riscurilor poluării şi în consecinńă este vitală stabilirea unor măsuri deosebit de severe pentru prevenirea şi combaterea degradării mediului cu cele trei componente aer, apă, sol. Introducerea ideii de protecńie a mediului a condus la aparińia de acte normative restrictive din acest punct de vedere şi totodată la pedepsirea încălcării acestora. Prin prelucrarea mecanică a lemnului rezultă ca deşeu industrial în formă de rumegus, talaş, făina de lemn cca. 15 % din masa lemnoasă tăiată. O problemă de bază actuală este depozitarea ecologică a rumeguşului, recuperarea, tratarea şi refolosirea lui pe scară industrială. Gradul de valorificare a deşeurilor în România este foarte redus, de aproximativ 4%, adică de 10 ori mai mic comparativ cu Ńările Europei Occidentale. Industria lemnului nu este una dintre cele mai poluante, dar într-o oarecare măsură are un impact asupra factorilor de mediu (aer, apă, sol). Valorificarea deşeurilor rezultate în procesul de producńie în industria lemnului fańă de restul ramurilor industriale se ridică la un procent de 83,6%, procent care scade, din păcate, ca urmare a aparińiei micilor producători a căror preocupare pentru valorificarea deşeurilor este scăzută. În vederea valorificării deşeurilor agricole şi forestiere, dar în special, pentru depoluarea zonelor afectate de acest tip de reziduu, care poate fi realizată printr-un proces de colectare a acestor produşi secundari şi transformarea lor în combustibil (peleńi, agripeleńi sau brichete). Deşeurile forestiere şi agricole (rezultate din exploatarea lemnului sau din recoltarea produselor agricole) pot fi transformate, printr-un proces tehnologic (tocare, uscare, rafinare şi compactare (peletizare sau brichetare), în peleńi, agripeleńi sau brichete combustibile, produse care pot fi folosite în scopuri energetice. În acest fel, se realizează atât o utilizare superioară a deşeurilor forestiere şi agricole, cât şi protejarea naturii de poluarea cu aceste produse secundare. 86

2 2. DETERMINE CHARACTERISTICS TERMO PHYSICO- CHEMICAL ON TYPE SOLID BIOMASS AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 2.1. Physical and chemical characteristics on types of biomass solid agricultural and forestry Biomass expressed total agricultural crop production that can be converted into different forms of energy. Agricultural production consists of primary production and secondary. Main production plant is converted into energy bioalimentară and vegetable production is the main secondary source of biomass that can be converted into the right heat. Under EU law, biomass is the biodegradable fraction of products and waste from agriculture and forestry industries related, and the biodegradable fraction of municipal waste and industrial. Chemical composition of the biomass is: lignin (C 40H 44O 6) = 15 30%; cellulose (C 6H 10O 5) = 40 45% hemi-cellulose = 20 35%. Limits of variation of the three principal components are determined by the species. Long cellulose polymers are used by plants to build the plant fibers that give strength and build plant fibers that give strength and lignin acts as a binder which keeps linked cellulose fibers. To manufacture the pellets of lignin should be higher. For a high calorific necessary reports O/C and H/C should be as small. The main agricultural products side can be transformed into heat is: - scum of straw and cereal grain (wheat, rye, barley, orzoică, rice and oats); - stems and stalk umb; - strains of sunflower and rapeseed; - haulm soybeans, peas and beans; - cords vine; - branches of fruit trees. The physical characteristics of solid fuels derived from biomass are: - size and shape; - moisture; - calorific power; - bulk density; - ash content; - grain; - abrasion resistance; - melting temperature of ash. Chemical characteristics of solid fuels derived from biomass are: - contents of C; - contents of O; - contents of H; - contents of N; - contents of S; - contents of Cl; - contents of K; - contents of Na; - contents of Mg; - contents of Ca; - contents of volatile substance; - content of heavy metals. Calorific value of biomass is related to its chemical composition. Thus calorific value increases with increasing lignin content. Cellulose has a lower calorific than because of high lignin oxidation. The hydrocarbons also increased calorific value of biomass. Table 1 are presented calorific values for primary solid biomass fuels: 2. DETERMINAREA CARACTERISTICILOR TERMO-FIZICO- CHIMICE PE TIPURI DE BIOMASĂ SOLIDĂ AGRICOLĂ ŞI FORESTIERĂ 2.1. Caracteristici fizice şi chimice pe tipuri de biomasă solidă agricolă şi forestieră Biomasa exprimă totalitatea producńiei agricole vegetale care poate fi convertită în diferite forme de energie. ProducŃia agricolă este formată din producńia principală şi din producńia secundară. ProducŃia agricolă vegetală principală este transformată în energie bioalimentară iar producńia agricolă vegetală secundară constituie principala sursă de biomasă care poate fi transformată de regulă în energie termică. Conform legislańiei UE, biomasa reprezintă fracńia biodegradabilă a produselor şi deşeurilor din agricultură, domeniul forestier şi industriile conexe acestora, precum şi fracńia biodegradabilă din deşeurile municipale şi cele industriale. CompoziŃia chimică principală a biomasei este: lignină (C 40H 44O 6) = 15 30%; celuloză (C 6H 10O 5) = 40 45%; hemi-celuloză = 20 35%. Limitele de variańie a celor trei componente principale sunt determinate de specie. Polimerii celulozei lungi sunt folosińi de către plante pentru a construi fibrele care conferă plantei soliditate iar lignina acńionează ca un liant ce Ńine fibrele de celuloză legate. Pentru fabricarea peleńilor conńinutul de lignină trebuie să fie cât mai mare. Pentru o putere calorifică ridicată este necesar ca rapoartele O/C şi H/C să fie cât mai mici. Principalele produse agricole secundare care pot fi transformate în energie termică sunt: - paiele şi pleava de cereale păioase (grâu, secară, orz, orzoică, orez şi ovăz); - tulpinile şi ciocălăi de porumb; - tulpinile de floarea soarelui şi de rapińă; - vrejii de soia, mazăre şi fasole; - corzile de vińă de vie; - crengile de pomi fructiferi. Caracteristicile fizice ale combustibililor solizi obńinuńi din biomasă sunt următoarele: dimensiunile şi forma; conńinutul de umiditate; puterea calorifică; densitatea în vrac; conńinutul de cenuşă; granulańia; rezistenńa la abraziune; temperatura de topire a cenuşii. Caracteristicile chimice ale combustibililor solizi obńinuńi din biomasă sunt următoarele: - conńinutul de C; - conńinutul de O; - conńinutul de H; - conńinutul de N; - conńinutul de S; - conńinutul de Cl; - conńinutul de K; - conńinutul de Na; - conńinutul de Mg; - conńinutul de Ca; - conńinutul de substanńe volatile; - conńinutul de metale grele. Puterea calorifică a biomasei este corelată cu compozińia chimică a acesteia. Astfel puterea calorifică creşte odată cu creşterea conńinutului de lignină. Celuloza are o putere calorifică mai mică decât lignina datorită gradului mare de oxidare. ConŃinutul de hidrocarburi creşte de asemenea puterea calorifică a biomasei. În tabelul 1 sunt prezentate valorile puterii calorifice pentru principali combustibili solizi din biomasă. 87

3 Nr. crt. Table 1 - Calorific values of key solid fuels from biomass / Puterea calorifică a principalilor combustibili solizi din biomasă Fuel Type / Tipul de combustibil Calorific values dry / Puterea calorifică substanńă uscată [MJ/kg] 1. Wheat straw / Paie de grâu 18,3 2. Barley straw / Paie de orz 18,0 3. Rice straw / Paie de orez 15,2 4. Cob (strains) / Coceni de porumb (tulpini) 16,2 5. Corn-cob / Ciocălăi 17,4 6. Sunflower stalks (bete) / Tulpini de floarea soarelui (beńe) 21,8 7. Peel of sunflower seeds / Coji seminńe de floarea soarelui 16,2 8. Haulm soybean / Vreji de soia 18,1 9. Shoots of vines (7% moisture) / Coarde de vińă de vie (umiditate 7%) 16,5 10. Branches of fruit trees (7% moisture) / Crengi de pomi fructiferi (umidit. 7%) 15,2 11. Strains of alfalfa / Tulpini de lucernă 18,4 12. Wood fire / Lemn de foc 15,5 13. Pellets of sawdust or brighete / Pelete sau brighete de rumeguş 17,1 14. Charcoal / Mangal 31,8 15. Waste plant (stems, leaves, rinds) / Deseuri vegetale (tulpini, frunze, coji) 12,6 Analyzing the data presented shows that the calorific value is obtained for large strains of sunflower (Table 1). Calorific power values of solid fuels from biomass is much smaller than the classic fuel (calorific value of diesel fuel averaged [MJ / kg]. Moisture content is an important feature influencing the physical preservation of biomass burning and the calorific value. In Table 2 are presented humidity at harvest for major solid fuels derived from biomass. Din analiza datelor prezentate rezultă că puterea calorifică cea mai mare se obńine pentru tulpinile de floarea soarelui (tab. nr.1). Puterea calorifică a combustibililor solizi din biomasă este mult mai mică decât a combustibililor clasici (puterea calorifică medie a motorinei 42,34 [MJ / kg]. ConŃinutul de umiditate este o caracteristică fizică importantă care influenńează păstrarea biomasei, procesul de ardere şi puterea calorifică. În tabelul nr.2 sunt prezentate umidităńile la recoltare pentru principali combustibili solizi obńinuńi din biomasă. Table 2 - Moisture at harvest of the main types of biomass / Umiditatea la recoltare a principalilor tipuri de biomasă Nr. Humidity / Umiditatea Fuel Type / Tipul de combustibil crt. (%) 1. Straw and chaff of cereal grains / Paie şi pleavă de cereale păioase Sunflower stalks / Tulpini de floarea soarelui Stalks and leaves of maize / Coceni şi frunze de porumb Corn cobs / Ciocălăi de porumb Haulm soybean / Vreji de soia Rope vine / Corzi de vińă de vie Leaves and parcel of sugar beet / Frunze şi colete de sfeclă de zahăr Branches of fruit trees / Crengi de pomi fructiferi Conversion of biomass into heat by burning impose fuel moisture values as follows: - maximum humidity of biomass for combustion in combustion plants classical: 25%; - maximum humidity for biomass combustion installations burning special: 60%; - optimum moisture biomass for combustion: 7 10%; - maximum humidity for biomass gasification: 35%; - maximum humidity biomass for processing into pellets or brighete: 10%. Analyzing data on the moisture that use the combustion of biomass is necessary to dry it. High humidity during biomass burning affect adversely the status of technical combustion plant. Ocean density for solid fuels from biomass and to allow automation of the combustion process is currently used in the conversion of biomass pellets or lighters. PeleŃii are obtained by mărunńirea sawdust, chip, peel or branches of the tree and pressing tocăturii produced by a mold. The heat resulting from friction înmoaie lignin that binds the cooling dust produced from biomass. As there is no cement used to manufacture pellets, is very important in lignin content of biomass used. Thus the composition of the pellets should not miss waste resinous. Transformarea biomasei în energie termică prin ardere impune anumite valori ale umidităńii combustibilului după cum urmează: - umiditatea maximă a biomasei pentru ardere în instalańii de ardere clasice: 25%; - umiditatea maximă a biomasei pentru ardere în instalańii de ardere speciale: 60%; - umiditatea optimă a biomasei pentru ardere: 7 10%; - umiditatea maximă a biomasei pentru gazeificare: 35%; - umiditatea maximă a biomasei pentru transformare în peleńi sau brighete: 10%. Din analiza datelor privind valorile umidităńii rezultă că pentru utilizarea prin ardere a biomasei este necesară uscarea acesteia. UmidităŃile ridicate ale biomasei din timpul arderii influenńează negativ starea tehnică a instalańiei de ardere. Pentru a mării densitatea combustibililor solizi din biomasă şi pentru a permite automatizarea procesului de ardere în prezent se foloseşte transformarea biomasei în peleńi sau brichete. PeleŃii se obńin prin mărunńirea rumeguşului, aşchilor, crengilor sau cojilor de copac şi presara tocăturii obńinute printr-o matrińă. Căldura rezultată în urma frecării înmoaie lignina care prin răcire leagă praful obńinut din biomasă. Deoarece nu se foloseşte nici un liant pentru fabricarea peleńilor, foarte important este conńinutul în lignină al biomasei utilizate. Astfel din compozińia peleńilor nu trebuie să lipsească deşeurile de răşinoase. 88

4 2.2. Determination of thermal characteristics - physical - chemical types of biomass moisture biomass pellets and agripeleńilor, which was conducted using a drying stove (fig. 1), the thermostat at a temperature of 105 C, weighing the material balance analysis (fig. 2) with accuracy of 0.1 mg before and after drying). Humidity average forest biomass analyzed was approximately 16%, while agricultural biomass has a moisture content averaged approximately 22% Determinarea caracteristicilor termo fizico chimice pe tipuri de biomasă umiditatea biomasei, peleńilor şi agripeleńilor, care s-a efectuat folosind o etuvă (fig.1) termostatată, la temperatura de 105 C, cântărind materialele la balanńa analitică (fig. 2) având precizia de 0,1 mg, înainte şi după uscare). Umiditatea medie a biomasei forestiere analizate a fost de aproximativ 16 %, în timp ce biomasa agricolă a avut o umiditate medie de aproximativ 22 %. Fig.1 Drying stove used to determine moisture materials / Etuvă folosită pentru determinarea umidităńii materialelor a) b) c Fig. 2 Aspects of time weighing the evidence to determine calorific value and moisture / Aspecte din timpul cântăririi probelor în vederea determinării puterii calorifice şi a umidităńii volatile substance content, which led to pulling out a certain quantity of a sample from drying stove, which was introduced in a metallic crucible and weighed and then placed in burning oven of Figure 2 at a temperature of 600 C, leaving it for 30 minutes (or until the release of the volatile). After completing the process of pyrolysis, is the crucible removed from the oven with some gloves and a pair of tongs, cover with lid and weighed again to determine the quantity of volatile released (by difference). Volatile content was calculated as follows: conńinutul de substanńe volatile, care s-a determinat extrăgând o anumită cantitate dintr-o probă din etuvă, care s-a introdus într-un creuzet metalic şi s-a cântărit iar apoi s-a introdus în cuptorul de calcinare fig 2 la temperatura de 600 C, lăsându-se timp de 30 de minute (sau până la degajarea completă a volatilelor). După terminarea procesului de piroliză, creuzetul este scos din cuptor cu ajutorul unor mănuşi şi a unui cleşte, se acoperă cu capacul şi se cântăreşte din nou, pentru determinarea cantităńii de volatile degajate (prin diferenńă). ConŃinutul de volatile au fost calculate astfel: Masa initiala - Masa finala Continut volatile in baza uscata = 100 [%], Masa initiala Volatile content in dry matter = (Initial mass - final mass) / Initial mass x 100 [%], where: the initial mass and final mass as the weighed before and after the pyrolysis unde: masa inińială şi masa finală fiind cele cântărite înainte şi după efectuarea procesului de piroliză; Umiditatea Continut volatile in baza umeda = Continut volatile in baza uscata 100 Volatile content in the wet = Volatile content in the dry x (100 - humidity) [%], [%], Fig. 3 - Determination of the volatile substance and content of inert / Determinarea conńinutului de substanńe volatile şi a conńinutului de inerte 89

5 inert content was determined by pulling a certain amount of a sample from drying stove, which was introduced in a metallic crucible was weighed with the analytical balance and undergo a process of combustion, the temperature at 1100 C during the working time to 60 min. After the sample burned completely, the crucible was removed from the oven and weighed; fixed carbon content, was determined by difference: Fixed carbon = (Humidity + Volatile + Incombustible Volatile matter content of inert under dry and fixed carbon content in [%], the types of agricultural and forest biomass determined by difference calculated in question are presented in Table. 3. conńinutul de inerte s-a determinat extrăgând o anumită cantitate dintr-o probă din etuvă, care s-a introdus într-un creuzet metalic, s-a cântărit cu balanńa analitică şi s-a supus unui proces de combustie, la temperatura de lucru la 1100 C, timpul de timp de lucru la 60 min. După ce proba a ars complet, creuzetul a fost scos din cuptor şi cântărit; conńinutul de carbon fix, a fost determinat prin diferenńă: Carbon fix = 100 (Umiditate + Volatile + Necombustibile; ConŃinutul de materii volatile, de inerte în baza uscată, precum şi conńinutul de carbon fix în [%], pe tipuri de biomasă agricolă şi forestieră determinate respectiv calculat prin diferenńă sunt prezentate în tabelul nr. 3. Table 3 - Volatile matter content of the inert solids and the fixed carbon / ConŃinutul de materii volatile, de inerte în baza uscată şi de carbon fix Type of biomass / Tipul biomasei Volatile content in the dry / ConŃinut volatile în baza uscată [%] Inert content in the dry / ConŃinut inerte în baza uscată [%] The fixed carbon / ConŃinutul de carbon fix [%] Agricultural / Agricolă 73,08 2,7 16,83 Forestry / Forestieră 81,18 1,1 14,47 lower calorific value was performed using the bomb calorimetrică Cal k 2 (Figure 4) and consisted of: balance calibration, weighing empty capsule and material with analytical balance with accuracy of 0.1 mg of setting parameters (weight, no. proof) to show results and cooling bomb. Calorific value of pellets and the material from which they were produced (collected in the various stages of technological flow) had the following: - for pellets in beech + pine (moisture 4.42%): [MJ / kg]; - for pellets of oak + pine (moisture 4.55%): [MJ / kg]; - for agripeleńi (11.87% moisture): [MJ / kg]; - for sorted sawdust dry milled (moisture 6.5%): [MJ / kg]; - for dry sawdust sorted which wasn't milled (moisture 5.2%): [MJ / kg]; - for wet pine sawdust from storage (moisture 37.2%): [MJ / kg]. puterea calorifică inferioară s-a efectuat folosind bomba calorimetrică Cal 2 k (figura 4) şi a constat în: calibrarea balanńei, cântărirea capsulei goale şi cu material cu balanńa analitică având precizia de 0,1 mg, setarea parametrilor de lucru (masă, nr. probei), afişarea rezultatelor şi răcirea bombei. Puterea calorifică a peleńilor şi a materialului din care au fost fabricańi aceştia (colectat din diferitele faze ale fluxului tehnologic) a avut următoarele valori: - pentru peleńii din brad + fag (umiditate 4,42 %): 17,863 [MJ / kg]; - pentru peleńii din stejar + brad (umiditate 4,55%): 17,513 [MJ / kg]; - pentru agripeleńi (umiditate 11,87%): 15,809 [MJ/kg]; - pentru rumeguş uscat sortat măcinat (umiditate 6,5%): 16,837 [MJ / kg]; - pentru rumeguş uscat sortat nemăcinat (umiditate 5,2%): 16,744 [MJ / kg]; - pentru rumeguş umed de brad din depozit (umiditate 37,2%): 12,058 [MJ / kg]. a) b) Fig. 3 Aspects of the determination of calorific / Aspecte din timpul determinării puterii calorifice a) entering parameters / introducerea parametrilor; b) showing results / afişarea rezultatelor Gaseous products of combustion are: O 2, N 2, CO 2 si SO 2. Experimental results are presented on synthetic forest biomass types in Table. 4. Produşii gazoşi ai arderii sunt: O 2, N 2, CO 2 si SO 2. Rezultatele experimentale sunt prezentate sintetic pe tipuri de biomasă forestieră în tabelul nr. 4. Table 4 - Experimental results on the types of forest biomass / Rezultate experimentale pe tipuri de biomasă forestieră Species / Specia C [%] H [%] O [%] N [%] Oak / Stejar 48,9 5,9 43,1 2,1 Beech / Fag 48,5 6,3 45,3 - Ash / Frasin 49,4 6,1 44,5 - Poplar / Plop 49,7 6,3 44,0 - Tei / Tei 49, ,1 0,6 Fir / Brad 49,9 6,4 43,7-90

6 These elements are part of the main constituents of wood and namely: pulp: 50 55%; lignin: 20 30%; hemipulp: 25 30%. and in the secondary such as: resines: 1 5%; mineral substances: 0,2 1,2%. tannin, coloring matters, etc. In addition to the main constituents, listed, which are organic in nature, enter into the composition of wood and mineral that forms in the combustion ash. Mineral substances, which represents % by weight of dry wood are: potassium: 10 25%; sodium: 1 5%; calcium: 20 45%; magnesium: 3 15%; manganese oxide: 1 8%; iron oxide: 1 4%; silicon dioxide: 1 3%; phosphoric acid: 2 10%. Different species composition of wood ash is nearly homogeneous and is characterized on average by the following dates: 35% CaO, 16% Na 2O + K 2O, 7% MgO, 5% MnO, 3% Fe 2O 3, 3% Al 2O 3, 20% CO 2, 5% SO 3, 4% P 2O 5, 2% SiO 2. Ash wood shows through the harder they fuse, and that does not melt even in the hot parts of the outbreak. Quantity ash wood depends on species (table no. 5) but found that it varies depending on the tree of origin, age, the local conditions of growth. The largest quantity of the resulting shell and leaf. Aceste elemente fac parte atât din principalii constituenńi ai lemnului şi anume: celuloză: 50 55%; lignină: 20 30%; hemiceluloză: 25 30%. cât şi din cei secundari cum ar fi: răşini: 1 5%; substanńe minerale: 0,2 1,2%. tanin, materii colorante, etc. În afară de constituenńii principali, enumerańi, ce sunt de natură organică, în compozińia lemnului intră şi substanńe minerale care în urma arderii formează cenuşa. SubstanŃele minerale, care reprezintă 0,2 1,2% din greutatea lemnului uscat, sunt: potasiu: 10 25%; sodiu: 1 5%; calciu: 20 45%; magneziu: 3 15%; oxid de mangan: 1 8%; oxid de fier: 1 4%; bioxid de siliciu: 1 3%; acid fosforic: 2 10%. CompoziŃia cenuşii diferitelor specii lemnoase este aproape omogenă şi se caracterizează în medie prin datele următoare: 35% CaO, 16% Na 2O + K 2O, 7% MgO, 5% MnO, 3% Fe 2O 3, 3% Al 2O 3, 20% CO 2, 5% SO 3, 4% P 2O 5, 2% SiO 2. Cenuşa lemnului se evidenńiază prin caracterul ei greu fuzibil, şi că, nu se topeşte nici măcar în porńiunile cele mai fierbinńi ale focarului. Cantitatea de cenuşă depinde de specia lemnoasă (tabel 5) dar s-a constatat că ea variază în funcńie de partea arborelui din care provine, de vârsta lui, de condińiile locale de creştere. Cantitatea cea mai mare rezultă din coajă şi frunze. Table 5 - The ash content of wood / ConŃinutul de cenuşă a lemnului Species / Specia Ashes / Cenuşă [%] Pin / Pin 0,39 Beech / Fag 0,17 Oak / Stejar 0,51 Birch / Mesteacăn 0,39 Calorific values is influenced by rhe wood specie and humidity (table no. 6). Puterea calorifică este influenńată de specia şi umiditatea lemnului (tabelul nr. 6). Table 6 - Calorific values of wood at humidity of 40% and 10% / Puterea calorifică a lemnului la umiditatea de 40% şi 10% Wood humitidy / Umiditatea lemnului Calorific values / Puterea calorifică 40 % kj/ kg 10% kj/kg In Table. 7 presents the composition and physicochemical characteristics of agricultural biomass samples analyzed. În tabelul nr. 7 se prezintă compozińia şi principalele caracteristici fizico-chimice ale eşantioanelor de biomasă agricolă analizată. Nr. crt. 1. Table 7 - Physico-chemical characteristics on types of agricultural biomass / Caracteristici fizico-chimice pe tipuri de biomasă agricolă Features / Caracteristici Chemical composition in relation to fuel mass / CompoziŃia chimică raportată la masa [%] Straw / Paie Corn stalk / Tulpină de porumb Corn cob / Ciocălăi de porumb Remains of flax and hemp / Resturi de in şi cânepă C mc H mc 6,2 6,2 6,2 6,1 N mc 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,9 O mc 43,1 43,1 43,1 41,9 2. Ash from the anhydrous / Cenuşă la starea anhidră 2,7 1,8 2,3 2,1 3. Total sulfur / Sulf total 0,09 0,09 0,09 0,09 4. High calorific / Putere calorifică superioară [KJ/kg] 20,036 20,036 20,036 20, Lower calorific / Putere calorifică inferioară / [KJ/kg] 15,932 15,932 15,932 16,434 91

7 CONCLUSIONS Following the analysis of potential biomass (estimated at 15 million tons) solid agricultural and forestry (equivalent to 6 million tons of oil) could be concluded that Romania has sufficient biomass to produce pellets at a industrial raw material being generally scrap agricultural (ca. 63%) and forestry. Exploitation and rational use of their energy production, give the premises needed to cover a significant energy needs necessary domestic and industrial needs, especially in rural areas. Chemical composition of the biomass consists of: lignin (C 40H 44O 6) in the proportion of 15 30%; cellulose (C 6H 10O 5) in the proportion of 40 45%; hemi-cellulose in the proportion of 20 35%. Limits of variation of the three principal components are determined by the species. To manufacture pellets lignin content should be higher. For a high calorific necessary reports O / C and H / C is the lowest. Calorific value of pellets and the material from which they were produced (collected in the various stages of technological flow) ranged from to MJ / kg, the largest recorded at the lower calorific value between peleńii of sawdust and agripeleńi is only 15 MJ / kg (compared to 17 MJ / kg as pellets of sawdust are) ie 9.7% lower. In general, can be used the same equipment peletizarea straw and sawdust, but should be given to the following features straw containing less lignin (15% vs. 25% sawdust), resulting in greater force of friction peletizarea the straw. Burning agripeleńilor is somewhat difficult because outbreaks zgurificării blockages sacks and smoke. Environmental pollution is higher, because the ash content is 5% (compared to 0.5% if sawdust) and nitrogen content, sulfur, chlorine and potassium were higher due to the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides. BIBLIOGRAPHY / BIBLIOGRAFIE [1]. Concluziile PreşedinŃiei Germane a Consiliului European, Bruxelles, 9 martie 2007; [2]. Foaie de parcurs pentru energia regenerabilă CONSILIUL UNIUNII EUROPENE 16 ianuarie 2007; [3]. Concluziile PreşedinŃiei, Consiliul European 7775/06, 24 martie 2006; [4]. ConferinŃa nańională a energiei 2004; [5]. Neil Roberts, Schimbarile majore ale mediului, Editura All, Bucuresti, 2003 [6]. Anca Marcu - Managementul deşeurilor şi deşeurilor periculoase Ghid practic pentru aplicarea corectă a legislańiei mediului 2008, ISSN ; [7]. Ministerul Economiei si Comertului, Strategia energetică ; [8]. European Commission EUR Biomass Green energy for Europe, Luxemburg Office for Official Publications of the European comunitiers, 2005; [9]. Doucet Gerald, Energia produsa din surse regenerabile, Mesagerul Energetic, nr.41, martie 2005 [10]. HOTĂRÂRE nr. 856 din 16 august 2002 privind evidenńa gestiunii deşeurilor şi pentru aprobarea listei cuprinzând deşeurile, inclusiv deşeurile periculoase; CONCLUZII În urma analizei potenńialului de biomasă (apreciată la 15 milioane tone) solidă agricolă şi forestieră (echivalentă cu 6 mil. t petrol) s-a putut trage concluzia că România dispune de suficientă biomasă pentru obńinerea de peleńi la un nivel industrial, materia primă fiind în general resturi agricole (cca. 63%) şi forestiere. Exploatarea şi utilizarea rańională a acestora în producerea de energie, conferă premizele necesare acoperirii unei părńi semnificative a nevoilor energetice necesare nevoilor casnice şi industriale, în special în zonele rurale. CompoziŃia chimică principală a biomasei este formată din: lignină (C 40H 44O 6) în proporńie de 15 30%; celuloză (C 6H 10O 5) în proporńie de 40 45%; hemi-celuloză în proporńie de 20 35%. Limitele de variańie a celor trei componente principale sunt determinate de specie. Pentru fabricarea peleńilor conńinutul de lignină trebuie să fie cât mai mare. Pentru o putere calorifică ridicată este necesar ca rapoartele O/C şi H/C să fie cât mai mici. Puterea calorifică a peleńilor şi a materialului din care au fost fabricańi aceştia (colectat din diferitele faze ale fluxului tehnologic) a variat între 12,058 şi 17,863 MJ/kg, cea mai mare diferenńă înregistrată la puterea calorifică inferioară între peleńii din rumeguş şi agripeleńi fiind de numai 15 MJ/kg (fańă de 17 MJ/kg cât are pelete din rumeguş) adică cu 9,7% mai mic. În general, pot fi folosite aceleaşi utilaje pentru peletizarea paielor şi a rumeguşului, dar trebuie acordată atenńie următoarelor particularităńi: paiele conńin mai puńină lignină (15% fańă de 25% în rumeguş), rezultând forńe mai mari de frecare la peletizarea paielor. Arderea agripeleńilor este ceva mai dificilă din cauza zgurificării focarelor şi a înfundării coşurilor de fum. Poluarea mediului este mai mare, deoarece conńinutul de cenuşă este de 5% (fańă de 0,5% în cazul rumeguşului) iar conńinuturile de azot, sulf, clor şi potasiu sunt mai mari datorită folosirii îngrăşămintelor chimice, a pesticidelor şi erbicidelor. [11]. HOTĂRÂRE nr. 349 din 21 aprilie 2005 privind depozitarea deşeurilor; [12]. Danciu A., ş.a - Analiza şi sinteza potenńialului de resurse de biomasă solidă agricolă şi forestieră la nivel nańional, regional şi zonal Referat INMA Bucureşti, 2007; [13]. Danciu A., ş.a - Determinarea caracteristicilor termofizico-chimice a tipurilor de biomasă solidă. Proiectarea echipamentelor pentru prelucrarea biomasei agricole şi forestiere în vederea obńinerii de peleńi şi agripeleńi - Referat INMA Bucureşti, 2008; [14]. Masa Rotunda Sursele regenerabile de energie, intre Directiva Europeana 77/2001 si realitate, 29 mai 2003, Camera de Comert si Industrie a Romaniei - Politica energetică a României în perioada Energie sigură, accesibilă şi curată pentru România; - Surse regenerabile de energie; Energie curată pentru România; cceei.energ.pub.ro - Strategia energetică ; - Surse regenerabile de energie; Consiliul mondial al Energiei. 92

BIOMASS AND THE THERMO-PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THIS RELATED TO THE COMPACTION PROCESS

BIOMASS AND THE THERMO-PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THIS RELATED TO THE COMPACTION PROCESS 1. Iulian VOICEA, 2. Aurel DANCIU, 3. Mihai MATACHE, 4. Gheorghe VOICU, 5. Valentin VLĂDUŢ BIOMASS AND THE THERMO-PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THIS RELATED TO THE COMPACTION PROCESS 1-3, 5. INMA BUCHAREST,

More information

STUDIU COMPARATIV PRIVIND COSTURILE DE FABRICATIE A UNEI PIESE REPREZENTATIVE

STUDIU COMPARATIV PRIVIND COSTURILE DE FABRICATIE A UNEI PIESE REPREZENTATIVE STUDIU COMPARATIV PRIVIND COSTURILE DE FABRICATIE A UNEI PIESE REPREZENTATIVE Gabriela Georgeta NICHITA Universitatea din Oradea, e-mail: gnichita@uoradea.ro Abstract: By comparative study in this paper,

More information

PERFORMANCES OF THE CONCRETE MASONRY WITH RECYCLED WOOD CHIPS (I)

PERFORMANCES OF THE CONCRETE MASONRY WITH RECYCLED WOOD CHIPS (I) BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Volumul 64 (68), Numărul 3, 2018 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ PERFORMANCES OF THE CONCRETE MASONRY

More information

MANAGEMENTUL PROGRAMELOR EUROPENE CU IMPACT ASUPRA SECTORULUI ENERGETIC AL ROMÂNIEI

MANAGEMENTUL PROGRAMELOR EUROPENE CU IMPACT ASUPRA SECTORULUI ENERGETIC AL ROMÂNIEI MANAGEMENT OF EUROPEAN PROGRAMS WITH IMPACT ON THE ENERGY ROMANIAN SECTOR MANAGEMENTUL PROGRAMELOR EUROPENE CU IMPACT ASUPRA SECTORULUI ENERGETIC AL ROMÂNIEI Irina POPA Ph.D. Student, Bucharest Academy

More information

DIMINUTION IN ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION BY REVALUATING WASTES AND CROP RESIDUES

DIMINUTION IN ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION BY REVALUATING WASTES AND CROP RESIDUES DIMINUTION IN ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, Anul XXXX, Vol. 1 (129) / 2007 DIMINUTION IN ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION BY REVALUATING WASTES AND CROP RESIDUES Ch. POPESCU 1, D. BUCUR *2,

More information

EVOLUTION OF THE CROP STRUCTURE IN THE LAST TWENTY YEARS IN THE TIMIŞ COUNTRY

EVOLUTION OF THE CROP STRUCTURE IN THE LAST TWENTY YEARS IN THE TIMIŞ COUNTRY EVOLUTION OF THE CROP STRUCTURE IN THE LAST TWENTY YEARS IN THE TIMIŞ COUNTRY EVOLUŢIA STRUCTURII CULTURILOR AGRICOLE ÎN ULTIMII DOUĂZECI DE ANI ÎN JUDEŢUL TIMIŞ P. PIRŞAN, I. CSOSZ, D. GROSZ, A. GĂVRUŢĂ

More information

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS APPLICATION ON AUTUMN WHEAT YIELD IN LONG-TERM EXPERIENCES

CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS APPLICATION ON AUTUMN WHEAT YIELD IN LONG-TERM EXPERIENCES CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS APPLICATION ON AUTUMN WHEAT YIELD IN LONG-TERM EXPERIENCES Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. XLVII, No. 3 (159) / 2014 INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS APPLICATION ON AUTUMN WHEAT

More information

RESEARCH ON ACTIVE ELEMENTS WEAR OF THE WORKING BODIES USED ON CEREALS MILING

RESEARCH ON ACTIVE ELEMENTS WEAR OF THE WORKING BODIES USED ON CEREALS MILING BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LIX (LXIII), Fasc. 2, 2013 SecŃia CONSTRUCłII DE MAŞINI RESEARCH ON ACTIVE ELEMENTS WEAR OF THE

More information

EVALUATION METHOD OF ENERGY POTENTIAL OF SOLID VEGETAL BIOMASS / METODA DE EVALUARE A POTENTIALULUI DE ENERGIE DIN BIOMASA SOLIDA VEGETALA

EVALUATION METHOD OF ENERGY POTENTIAL OF SOLID VEGETAL BIOMASS / METODA DE EVALUARE A POTENTIALULUI DE ENERGIE DIN BIOMASA SOLIDA VEGETALA EVALUATION METHOD OF ENERGY POTENTIAL OF SOLID VEGETAL BIOMASS / METODA DE EVALUARE A POTENTIALULUI DE ENERGIE DIN BIOMASA SOLIDA VEGETALA PhD. Stud. Eng. Nagy E.M., PhD. Stud. Eng. CoŃa C., PhD. Eng.

More information

BIOREMEDIATION OF POLLUTED SOILS WITH PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BIOREMEDIEREA SOLURILOR POLUATE CU HIDROCARBURI DIN PETROL

BIOREMEDIATION OF POLLUTED SOILS WITH PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BIOREMEDIEREA SOLURILOR POLUATE CU HIDROCARBURI DIN PETROL BIOREMEDIATION OF POLLUTED SOILS WITH PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS BIOREMEDIEREA SOLURILOR POLUATE CU HIDROCARBURI DIN PETROL MARIANA MARINESCU, M. DUMITRU, ANCA LĂCĂTUŞU National Research Development Institute

More information

THE AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY SOLID BIOMASS POTENTIAL AT NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND ON AREAS LEVEL

THE AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY SOLID BIOMASS POTENTIAL AT NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND ON AREAS LEVEL THE AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY SOLID BIOMASS POTENTIAL AT NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND ON AREAS LEVEL POTENŢIALULUI DE RESURSE DE BIOMASĂ SOLIDĂ AGRICOLĂ ŞI FORESTIERĂ LA NIVEL NAŢIONAL, REGIONAL SI ZONAL Aurel

More information

THE INFLUENCE OF THE NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS DOSES ON THE PRODUCTION AND THE QUALITY AT THE ZEA MAYS EVERTA PERLAT 625

THE INFLUENCE OF THE NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS DOSES ON THE PRODUCTION AND THE QUALITY AT THE ZEA MAYS EVERTA PERLAT 625 THE INFLUENCE OF THE NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS DOSES ON THE PRODUCTION AND THE QUALITY AT THE ZEA MAYS EVERTA PERLAT 625 INFLUENŢA APLICĂRII DIFERITELOR DOZE DE AZOT ŞI FOSFOR ASUPRA PRODUCŢIEI ŞI CALITĂŢII

More information

MOISTURE EFFECTS ON THE STRAINS DEVELOPED IN GARDEN CHAIR COMPONENTS MADE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS

MOISTURE EFFECTS ON THE STRAINS DEVELOPED IN GARDEN CHAIR COMPONENTS MADE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS MOISTURE EFFECTS ON THE STRAINS DEVELOPED IN GARDEN CHAIR COMPONENTS MADE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS Camelia CERBU Transilvania University Brașov Rezumat. În acestă lucrare, se analizează efectele umidităţii

More information

LANDFILLING OF WASTE INCINERATION RESIDUES BY STABILIZATION-SOLIDIFICATION

LANDFILLING OF WASTE INCINERATION RESIDUES BY STABILIZATION-SOLIDIFICATION LANDFILLING OF WASTE INCINERATION RESIDUES BY STABILIZATION-SOLIDIFICATION Mihail Reinhold WÄCHTER 1, 2, Ioana IONEL 1*, Petru NEGREA 3, Mircea Dorin VASILESCU 1, Adriana Raluca WÄCHTER 2 1 Politehnica

More information

BIOMASS A REGENERATING SOURCE OF THERMAL ENERGY FOR DRYING INSTALLATIONS

BIOMASS A REGENERATING SOURCE OF THERMAL ENERGY FOR DRYING INSTALLATIONS BIOMASS A REGENERATING SOURCE OF THERMAL ENERGY FOR DRYING INSTALLATIONS EROL Murad, SAFTA Victor-Viorel, HARAGA Georgeta Politehnica University of Bucharest, ROMANIA ABSTRACT: I order to reduce CO2 emissions

More information

PRECISION FORGING OF BEVEL GEAR WITH STRAIGHT TEETH

PRECISION FORGING OF BEVEL GEAR WITH STRAIGHT TEETH BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LXI (LXV), Fasc. 2, 2015 SecŃia CONSTRUCłII DE MAŞINI PRECISION FORGING OF BEVEL GEAR WITH STRAIGHT

More information

MSW BIO-DRYING: AN ALTERNATIVE WAY FOR ENERGY RECOVERY OPTIMIZATION AND LANDFILLING MINIMIZATION

MSW BIO-DRYING: AN ALTERNATIVE WAY FOR ENERGY RECOVERY OPTIMIZATION AND LANDFILLING MINIMIZATION U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series D, Vol. 71, Iss. 4, 2009 ISSN 1454-2358 MSW BIO-DRYING: AN ALTERNATIVE WAY FOR ENERGY RECOVERY OPTIMIZATION AND LANDFILLING MINIMIZATION Elena Cristina RADA 1, Marco RAGAZZI 2,

More information

BIOMASS PYROLYSIS EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

BIOMASS PYROLYSIS EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2008 ISSN 1454-234x BIOMASS PYROLYSIS EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS Adrian BADEA 1, Cora GHEORGHE 2, Cosmin MĂRCULESCU 3, Eduard MINCIUC 4 Unul dintre cele mai

More information

STATISTIC MODELS OF CUTTING TOOL DURABILITY FUNCTION IN TURNING 40C130 THERMAL SPRAY COATINGS

STATISTIC MODELS OF CUTTING TOOL DURABILITY FUNCTION IN TURNING 40C130 THERMAL SPRAY COATINGS U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series D, Vol. 69, No. 3,,2007 ISSN 1454-2358 STATISTIC MODELS OF CUTTING TOOL DURABILITY FUNCTION IN TURNING 40C130 THERMAL SPRAY COATINGS Mihaiela ILIESCU 1, Marian GHEORGHE 2 Straturile

More information

Data Mining in Marketing

Data Mining in Marketing Data Mining in Marketing Data mining în cercetări de marketing Data mining este una din cele mai bune metode de a identifica tendinţe şi şabloane (de comportament) din mulţimea de date avute la dispoziţie.

More information

CHEMICO-TECHNICAL AND ENERGETICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME COALS USED FOR BURNING IN PAROŞENI POWER PLANT

CHEMICO-TECHNICAL AND ENERGETICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME COALS USED FOR BURNING IN PAROŞENI POWER PLANT U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol. 69, No. 4, 2007 ISSN 1454-2331 CHEMICO-TECHNICAL AND ENERGETICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME COALS USED FOR BURNING IN PAROŞENI POWER PLANT Mariana MIU GRIGORESCU 1, Cornelia

More information

ANALYSIS OF QUALITY AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN STEEL MAKING INVOLVING SECONDARY MATERIALS RECIRCULATION

ANALYSIS OF QUALITY AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN STEEL MAKING INVOLVING SECONDARY MATERIALS RECIRCULATION U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol. 68, No. 2, 2006 ANALYSIS OF QUALITY AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN STEEL MAKING INVOLVING SECONDARY MATERIALS RECIRCULATION Mirela SOHACIU, GH. IORGA, A.NICOLAE În lucrare

More information

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF GLASSWARE AND TECHNICAL GLASS

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF GLASSWARE AND TECHNICAL GLASS U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, Vol. 72, Iss. 1, 2010 ISSN 1454-234x COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF GLASSWARE AND TECHNICAL GLASS Roxana PATRAŞCU 1, George DARIE 2, Eduard MINCIUC 3,

More information

USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TO ENSURE THE THERMAL INDEPENDENCE FOR A LIVING BUILDING USING SOLAR HYBRID SYSTEMS

USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TO ENSURE THE THERMAL INDEPENDENCE FOR A LIVING BUILDING USING SOLAR HYBRID SYSTEMS BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVIII (LXII), Fasc. 1, 2012 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TO ENSURE

More information

AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE PROS AND CONS UTILIZAREA NAMOLULUI ORĂŞENESC ÎN AGRICULTURĂ PRO ŞI CONTRA

AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE PROS AND CONS UTILIZAREA NAMOLULUI ORĂŞENESC ÎN AGRICULTURĂ PRO ŞI CONTRA AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE PROS AND CONS UTILIZAREA NAMOLULUI ORĂŞENESC ÎN AGRICULTURĂ PRO ŞI CONTRA BERBECEA ADINA, RADULOV ISIDORA, SALA FLORIN Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară

More information

RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME SANDY- LAND GRASSLAND FROM VALEA LUI MIHAI BIHOR COUNTY

RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME SANDY- LAND GRASSLAND FROM VALEA LUI MIHAI BIHOR COUNTY RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME SANDY- LAND GRASSLAND FROM VALEA LUI MIHAI BIHOR COUNTY CERCETĂRI PRIVIND PRODUCTIVITATEA UNOR PAJIŞTI PSAMOFILE DE LA VALEA LUI MIHAI JUDEŢUL BIHOR Ştefania

More information

STUDIES CONCERNING CHEMICAL FEATURES OF SOME INDUSTRIAL RESIDUES TO BE USED AS FERTILIZING RESOURCES

STUDIES CONCERNING CHEMICAL FEATURES OF SOME INDUSTRIAL RESIDUES TO BE USED AS FERTILIZING RESOURCES STUDIES CONCERNING CHEMICAL FEATURES OF SOME INDUSTRIAL RESIDUES TO BE USED AS FERTILIZING RESOURCES STUDII ASUPRA ÎNSUŞIRILOR CHIMICE ALE UNOR DESEURI INDUSTRIALE ÎN SCOPUL UTILIZĂRII ACESTORA CA RESURSE

More information

Density influence on static bending strength to DSP panels, from juvenile wood of Fagus Sylvatica (L.) and Acer Platanoides (L.

Density influence on static bending strength to DSP panels, from juvenile wood of Fagus Sylvatica (L.) and Acer Platanoides (L. Density influence on static bending strength to DSP panels, from juvenile wood of Fagus Sylvatica (L.) and Acer Platanoides (L.) combination BADESCU LOREDANA ANNE MARIE & DUMITRASCU RAMONA ELENA Department

More information

Waste Management and Associated Risks

Waste Management and Associated Risks Waste Management and Associated Risks IOAN HURJUI*, MARCELA CRISTINA HURJUI Stefan cel Mare University, Doctoral Scool of Economy, 13 Universitãii Str., 720229, Suceava, Romania Romania, with its membership

More information

EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS USED IN BASE ISOLATION

EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS USED IN BASE ISOLATION BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LXI (LXV), Fasc. 2, 2015 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS

More information

GCE Environmental Technology. Energy from Biomass. For first teaching from September 2013 For first award in Summer 2014

GCE Environmental Technology. Energy from Biomass. For first teaching from September 2013 For first award in Summer 2014 GCE Environmental Technology Energy from Biomass For first teaching from September 2013 For first award in Summer 2014 Energy from Biomass Specification Content should be able to: Students should be able

More information

The Biomass Option. Types of Biomass. Pellets market and products. Summary and Conclusions

The Biomass Option. Types of Biomass. Pellets market and products. Summary and Conclusions The Biomass Option Types of Biomass Pellets market and products Summary and Conclusions Why biomass? Renewable this is the way we Need to go! Biomass competitive Hydro power Geo thermal energy Wave energy

More information

Dan Paul Georgescu 1. B-dul Lacul Tei nr.124, Sector 2, Bucureşti, România

Dan Paul Georgescu 1. B-dul Lacul Tei nr.124, Sector 2, Bucureşti, România Revista Română de Inginerie Civilă, Volumul 4 (2013), Numărul 1 Matrix Rom Cercetari experimentale privind utilizarea adaosurilor de zgura granulata de furnal in beton. Cercetari experimentale pentru determinarea

More information

SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION Master program: Environmental Management Professor Maria Gavrilescu 12 Department of Environmental Engineering and Management Ecologia Industriala: o abordare Sistemică

More information

STUDIES REGARDING THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE ASSOCIATIONS IN IAŞI COUNTY FOR DESIGNING VIABLE FARMS

STUDIES REGARDING THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE ASSOCIATIONS IN IAŞI COUNTY FOR DESIGNING VIABLE FARMS EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE ASSOCIATIONS IN IASI COUNTY FOR DESIGNING VIABLE FARMS Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. XLIII, No. 3 (143) / 2010 STUDIES REGARDING THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE ASSOCIATIONS

More information

AAB BIOFLUX Advances in Agriculture & Botanics- International Journal of the Bioflux Society

AAB BIOFLUX Advances in Agriculture & Botanics- International Journal of the Bioflux Society AAB BIOFLUX Advances in Agriculture & Botanics- International Journal of the Bioflux Society The influence of climatic conditions on the occurrence of powdery mildew attack in oak forests in Mures County,

More information

ASPECTS RELATED TO THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBER BRAIDS USED IN THE ELECTROTECHNICAL INDUSTRY

ASPECTS RELATED TO THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBER BRAIDS USED IN THE ELECTROTECHNICAL INDUSTRY ASPECTS RELATED TO THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBER BRAIDS USED IN THE ELECTROTECHNICAL INDUSTRY Prof. Ph.D. Eng. Lucica CIOARĂ, Lecturer Ph.D. Eng. Irina ARNĂUTU Gheorghe Asachi Technical University

More information

PRODUCTIVE IMPACT OF THE GREEN FORAGE SUPPLY USAGE AT THE DAIRY FARMS IMPACTUL PRODUCTIV AL FOLOSIRII CONVEIERULUI VERDE ÎN FERMELE DE VACI CU LAPTE

PRODUCTIVE IMPACT OF THE GREEN FORAGE SUPPLY USAGE AT THE DAIRY FARMS IMPACTUL PRODUCTIV AL FOLOSIRII CONVEIERULUI VERDE ÎN FERMELE DE VACI CU LAPTE Lucrări ştiinţifice Zootehnie şi Biotehnologii, vol. 40(1), (2007), Timişoara PRODUCTIVE IMPACT OF THE GREEN FORAGE SUPPLY USAGE AT THE DAIRY FARMS IMPACTUL PRODUCTIV AL FOLOSIRII CONVEIERULUI VERDE ÎN

More information

INFLUENŢA GRADULUI DE BYPASS ASUPRA CONŢINUTULUI DE ALCALII DIN CLINCHER INFLUENCE OF BYPASS DEGREE ON THE ALKALIS CONTENT FROM CLINKER

INFLUENŢA GRADULUI DE BYPASS ASUPRA CONŢINUTULUI DE ALCALII DIN CLINCHER INFLUENCE OF BYPASS DEGREE ON THE ALKALIS CONTENT FROM CLINKER 222 Revista Română de Materiale / Romanian Journal of Materials 2016, 46 (2), 222-226 INFLUENŢA GRADULUI DE ASUPRA CONŢINUTULUI DE ALCALII DIN CLINCHER INFLUENCE OF DEGREE ON THE ALKALIS CONTENT FROM CLINKER

More information

WATER REGIME OF SOME FIELD CROPS IN TRANSYLVANIA ( ) REGIMUL DE APĂ AL UNOR CULTURI DE CÂMP ÎN TRANSILVANIA

WATER REGIME OF SOME FIELD CROPS IN TRANSYLVANIA ( ) REGIMUL DE APĂ AL UNOR CULTURI DE CÂMP ÎN TRANSILVANIA ORIGINAL ARTICLE WATER REGIME OF SOME FIELD CROPS IN TRANSYLVANIA (1964-2002) REGIMUL DE APĂ AL UNOR CULTURI DE CÂMP ÎN TRANSILVANIA ABSTRACT This study represents a synthesis of the results of 39 years

More information

X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF STEEL SLAG AND BLAST FURNACE SLAG VIEWING THEIR USE FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION

X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF STEEL SLAG AND BLAST FURNACE SLAG VIEWING THEIR USE FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol. 69, No. 2, 2007 ISSN 1454-2331 X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF STEEL SLAG AND BLAST FURNACE SLAG VIEWING THEIR USE FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION Maria NICOLAE 1, Irina VÎLCIU 2,

More information

USE OF STEELWORKS CRUSHED SLAG IN ASPHALT MIXTURES USED TO ROADS

USE OF STEELWORKS CRUSHED SLAG IN ASPHALT MIXTURES USED TO ROADS BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVIII (LXII), Fasc. 4, 2012 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ USE OF STEELWORKS CRUSHED SLAG IN

More information

SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION APLICATIE SOFTWARE PENTRU OPTIMIZAREA MANAGEMENTULUI APEI PENTRU IRIGATII

SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION APLICATIE SOFTWARE PENTRU OPTIMIZAREA MANAGEMENTULUI APEI PENTRU IRIGATII SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIMIZATION APLICATIE SOFTWARE PENTRU OPTIMIZAREA MANAGEMENTULUI APEI PENTRU IRIGATII Abstract: During the last decade the climate started to get warmer

More information

SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION OF THE SOLAR ENERGY IN ROMANIA

SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION OF THE SOLAR ENERGY IN ROMANIA BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Volumul 62 (66), Numărul 3, 2016 Secţia ELECTROTEHNICĂ. ENERGETICĂ. ELECTRONICĂ SOME CONSIDERATIONS

More information

INFILTRATION MODELING THROUGH AN EARTH DAM CASE STUDY

INFILTRATION MODELING THROUGH AN EARTH DAM CASE STUDY BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Volumul 63 (67), Numărul 3-4, 2017 Secţia HIDROTEHNICĂ INFILTRATION MODELING THROUGH AN EARTH DAM CASE

More information

INDUSTRIA CIMENTULUI ŞI BETONULUI PARTE INTEGRANTĂ A ECONOMIEI CIRCULARE CEMENT AND CONCRETE INDUSTRY INTEGRAL PART OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

INDUSTRIA CIMENTULUI ŞI BETONULUI PARTE INTEGRANTĂ A ECONOMIEI CIRCULARE CEMENT AND CONCRETE INDUSTRY INTEGRAL PART OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY Revista Română de Materiale / Romanian Journal of Materials 2016, 46 (3), 253 258 253 INDUSTRIA CIMENTULUI ŞI BETONULUI PARTE INTEGRANTĂ A ECONOMIEI CIRCULARE CEMENT AND CONCRETE INDUSTRY INTEGRAL PART

More information

INFLUENCE OF THE SURFACE TREATMENT WITH OXALIC ACID ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF A PORTLAND CEMENT TO ACID CORROSION

INFLUENCE OF THE SURFACE TREATMENT WITH OXALIC ACID ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF A PORTLAND CEMENT TO ACID CORROSION U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol. 71, Iss. 3, 2009 ISSN 1454-2331 INFLUENCE OF THE SURFACE TREATMENT WITH OXALIC ACID ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF A PORTLAND CEMENT TO ACID CORROSION Ion TEOREANU 1, Alice POP 2

More information

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF RECIPES USED ON QUALITY OF BIOMASS PELLETS

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF RECIPES USED ON QUALITY OF BIOMASS PELLETS EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF RECIPES USED ON QUALITY OF BIOMASS PELLETS Iuliana Gageanu 1, Gheorghe Voicu 2, Valentin Vladut 1, Iulian Voicea 1 1 National Institute of Research-Development for

More information

INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF STRAW

INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF STRAW BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVI (LX), Fasc. 3, 2010 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ĂRHITECTURĂ INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING THE THERMAL

More information

THE EFFICIENCY OF SOME INSECTICIDES USED FOR CONTROLLING GRAPHOLITHA FUNEBRANA TR. AND EURYTOMA SCHREINERI SCHR. PESTS, IN THE PLUM TREE PLANTATIONS

THE EFFICIENCY OF SOME INSECTICIDES USED FOR CONTROLLING GRAPHOLITHA FUNEBRANA TR. AND EURYTOMA SCHREINERI SCHR. PESTS, IN THE PLUM TREE PLANTATIONS INSECTICIDE EFFICIENCY IN PLUM TREE THE EFFICIENCY OF SOME INSECTICIDES USED FOR CONTROLLING GRAPHOLITHA FUNEBRANA TR. AND EURYTOMA SCHREINERI SCHR. PESTS, IN THE PLUM TREE PLANTATIONS Nela TĂLMACIU 1*,

More information

IN MEMORIAM Prof. Dr. Ing. PETRU BALTĂ

IN MEMORIAM Prof. Dr. Ing. PETRU BALTĂ Revista Română de Materiale / Romanian Journal of Materials 16, 46 (1), -7 IN MEMORIAM Prof. Dr. Ing. PETRU BALTĂ INERTIZAREA UNOR DEŞEURI SOLIDE, CU CONŢINUT DE METALE GRELE, ÎN LIANŢI MAGNEZIANO-FOSFATICI

More information

BALANCE OF PRODUCED WASTE IN LAGOONS OF THE FORMER OIL REFINERY IN KUÇOVA TOWN, ALBANIA

BALANCE OF PRODUCED WASTE IN LAGOONS OF THE FORMER OIL REFINERY IN KUÇOVA TOWN, ALBANIA BALANCE OF PRODUCED WASTE IN LAGOONS OF THE FORMER OIL REFINERY IN KUÇOVA TOWN, ALBANIA LALAJ Nensi, PRIFTI Irakli Abstract. The District of Kucova, is a part of a higher administrative unit, Berat. The

More information

PURE SHEARING TESTS OF A PRANDTL-TYPE MATERIAL

PURE SHEARING TESTS OF A PRANDTL-TYPE MATERIAL U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series D, Vol. 72, Iss. 3, 2010 ISSN 1454-2358 PURE SHEARING TESTS OF A PRANDTL-TYPE MATERIAL Costică ATANASIU 1, Ştefan Dan PASTRAMĂ 2, Florin BACIU 3, Daniel VLĂSCEANU 4 Materialele

More information

STUDY REGARDING THE LEGISLATIVE CONDITIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IMPORT FOR FRESH MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS

STUDY REGARDING THE LEGISLATIVE CONDITIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IMPORT FOR FRESH MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS Lucrări ştiinţifice Zootehnie şi Biotehnologii, vol. 40(2), (2007), Timişoara. STUDY REGARDING THE LEGISLATIVE CONDITIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION IMPORT FOR FRESH MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS STUDIU PRIVITOR LA

More information

Björn Müller November 2013

Björn Müller November 2013 Björn Müller November 2013 Based on the source of biomass, biofuels are classified broadly into two major categories: First generation biofuels are derived from sources such as sugarcane, corn and others.

More information

RECYCLING POSSIBILITIES FOR THE WASTES RESULTED FROM THE PAINTS AND VARNISHES INDUSTRY BY PYROGENATION

RECYCLING POSSIBILITIES FOR THE WASTES RESULTED FROM THE PAINTS AND VARNISHES INDUSTRY BY PYROGENATION U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series 69, Vol. 69, No. 3, 2007 ISSN 1454-2331 RECYCLING POSSIBILITIES FOR THE WASTES RESULTED FROM THE PAINTS AND VARNISHES INDUSTRY BY PYROGENATION Sorin RĂDOIU 1 În acestă lucrare

More information

Biomass and bio-energy

Biomass and bio-energy Biomass and bio-energy International training Energy efficiency of buildings and ecological construction materials 6.12.2010, Sigulda, Latvia Tallinn University of Technology Ülo Kask 1 Content EU Directives

More information

CFBC PILOT INSTALLATION WITH ADVANCED FLUE GAS PURGE SYSTEM

CFBC PILOT INSTALLATION WITH ADVANCED FLUE GAS PURGE SYSTEM U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, Vol. 73, Iss. 1, 2011 ISSN 1454-234x CFBC PILOT INSTALLATION WITH ADVANCED FLUE GAS PURGE SYSTEM Ramona NEGOI 1, Adrian BADEA 2, Cosmin MĂRCULESCU 3 Articolul prezintă rezultatele

More information

OBTAINING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RADIANT FLAMES IN GAS FUELS BURNING

OBTAINING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RADIANT FLAMES IN GAS FUELS BURNING U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol. 69, No. 4, 2007 ISSN 1454-2331 OBTAINING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RADIANT FLAMES IN GAS FUELS BURNING Victor GEANTĂ 1, Vasilica DINA 2, Ionelia VOICULESCU 3, Radu ŞTEFĂNOIU

More information

VARIANTS OF SUPPLY FOR THE SUBURBAN AREA'S POPULATION OF THE CITY OF IAŞI (ROMANIA), WITH MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN 2009

VARIANTS OF SUPPLY FOR THE SUBURBAN AREA'S POPULATION OF THE CITY OF IAŞI (ROMANIA), WITH MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN 2009 VARIANTS TO SUPPLY WITH MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. XLIV, No. 2 (146) / 2011 VARIANTS OF SUPPLY FOR THE SUBURBAN AREA'S POPULATION OF THE CITY OF IAŞI (ROMANIA), WITH MILK

More information

THE INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION EFFECTS ON GRASS PRODUCTIVITY OF DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L. AND LOLIUM PERENNE L.

THE INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION EFFECTS ON GRASS PRODUCTIVITY OF DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L. AND LOLIUM PERENNE L. Lucrări ştiinţifice Zootehnie şi Biotehnologii, vol. 4(), (27), Timişoara. THE INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION EFFECTS ON GRASS PRODUCTIVITY OF DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L. AND LOLIUM PERENNE L. EFECTUL COMPETITIEI

More information

AES BIOFLUX Advances in Environmental Sciences - International Journal of the Bioflux Society

AES BIOFLUX Advances in Environmental Sciences - International Journal of the Bioflux Society AES BIOFLUX Advances in Environmental Sciences - International Journal of the Bioflux Society Air quality modelling as a tool used in selecting technological alternatives for developing a new abrasive

More information

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DAMAGE BROUGHT TO THE TREE FELLING WITHIN THE WOOD HARVESTING PROCESS

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DAMAGE BROUGHT TO THE TREE FELLING WITHIN THE WOOD HARVESTING PROCESS Annals of the University of Oradea, Fascicle: Environmental Protection Vol. XXVIII, 2017 Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula: Protecţia Mediului Vol. XXVIII, 2017 CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DAMAGE BROUGHT

More information

Impact of various parameters on the energy consumption of residential buildings

Impact of various parameters on the energy consumption of residential buildings Impact of various parameters on the energy consumption of residential buildings Rémi LAPEZE University of Savoie Mont Blanc Chambéry, France Email : remi.lapeze@gmail.com Saifdine BELYMAM University of

More information

RESEARCHES REGARDING AN INCREMENTAL FORMING PROCESS BY MEANS OF AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT

RESEARCHES REGARDING AN INCREMENTAL FORMING PROCESS BY MEANS OF AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LIX (LXIII), Fasc. 1, 2013 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII DE MAŞINI RESEARCHES REGARDING AN INCREMENTAL FORMING

More information

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLY ASH AND SLAG RESULTED FROM PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION IN PAROSENI POWER PLANT

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLY ASH AND SLAG RESULTED FROM PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION IN PAROSENI POWER PLANT U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol. 70, No. 1, 2008 ISSN 1454-2331 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLY ASH AND SLAG RESULTED FROM PULVERIZED COAL COMBUSTION IN PAROSENI POWER PLANT Mariana MIU GRIGORESCU 1, Cornelia

More information

PROJECT INDICATORS ESSENTIAL FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF THE PROJECT PROPOSALS OF THE STRUCTURAL FUNDS

PROJECT INDICATORS ESSENTIAL FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF THE PROJECT PROPOSALS OF THE STRUCTURAL FUNDS Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Engineering Sciences ISSN 2066-8570 Volume 3, Number 1/2011 93 PROJECT INDICATORS ESSENTIAL FACTOR IN THE DESIGN OF THE PROJECT PROPOSALS OF THE STRUCTURAL

More information

DESIGN OF GRAIN DRYER

DESIGN OF GRAIN DRYER DESIGN OF GRAIN DRYER Viboon Thepent Part 1 CAPACITY CALCULATION I. Basic Condition 1. Object Efficient usage of husk (Minimize the capacity as much as possible for economical operation) 2. System adopted

More information

RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE TURKEY OAK FROST- CRACK PRESENCE, IN TURKEY OAK STANDS FROM BOBOSTEA FOREST

RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE TURKEY OAK FROST- CRACK PRESENCE, IN TURKEY OAK STANDS FROM BOBOSTEA FOREST Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula: Protecţia Mediului, Vol. XIII, 2008 RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE TURKEY OAK FROST- CRACK PRESENCE, IN TURKEY OAK STANDS FROM BOBOSTEA FOREST Szilard Bartha* *University

More information

ETHANOL HERE AND NOW

ETHANOL HERE AND NOW A s u s t a i n a b l e b i o f u e l f o r h e a v y t r a n s p o r t ETHANOL HERE AND NOW Ethanol a worldwide biofuel The world s future energy supply is threatened in two respects: Peak Oil and global

More information

ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS

ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS 137 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CLUJ-NAPOCA ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS Series: Applied Mathematics, Mechanics, and Engineering Vol. 61, Issue I, March, 2018 APPLICATIONS OF CERAMIC COATINGS AS TBCs ON THE INTERNAL

More information

MICROWAVE THERMAL OXIDATION OF GAS EMISSIONS RESULTING FROM THE RISKY MEDICAL WASTE INCINERATION

MICROWAVE THERMAL OXIDATION OF GAS EMISSIONS RESULTING FROM THE RISKY MEDICAL WASTE INCINERATION U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, Vol. 74, Iss. 4, 2012 ISSN 1454-234x MICROWAVE THERMAL OXIDATION OF GAS EMISSIONS RESULTING FROM THE RISKY MEDICAL WASTE INCINERATION Daniela IORDACHE 1, Dumitru NICULAE 2

More information

THE FERTILIZATION OF MONOIC HEMP

THE FERTILIZATION OF MONOIC HEMP Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova Vol. XLI, No. 4 (136) / 2008 INFLUENCE OF SOME TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS AND OF BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON SEED PRODUCTION IN MONOIC HEMP, UNDER CONDITIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL

More information

SHAKING TABLE TESTS OF A BASE ISOLATED STRUCTURE WITH MULTI-STAGE SYSTEM

SHAKING TABLE TESTS OF A BASE ISOLATED STRUCTURE WITH MULTI-STAGE SYSTEM BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LXI (LXV), Fasc. 3, 2015 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ SHAKING TABLE TESTS OF A BASE ISOLATED

More information

Co-combustion of Lignite with Biochar

Co-combustion of Lignite with Biochar Co-combustion of Lignite with Jale Yanik, Asli Toptas, Yeliz Yildirim Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 351 Izmir,Turkey General Aspects Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusion

More information

PRIMA CENTRALA DIN ROMANIA COGENERARE INALTA EFICIENTA TEHNOLOGIE ORC

PRIMA CENTRALA DIN ROMANIA COGENERARE INALTA EFICIENTA TEHNOLOGIE ORC PRIMA CENTRALA DIN ROMANIA COGENERARE INALTA EFICIENTA TEHNOLOGIE ORC COMBUSTIBIL : DESEURI DE LEMN SC SORTILEMN SA Gherla, Jud. Cluj Dragostin Catalin Director SC ENERGY SERV SRL PREZENTARE PARTENERI

More information

Revista Română de Materiale / Romanian Journal of Materials 2012, 42 (1),

Revista Română de Materiale / Romanian Journal of Materials 2012, 42 (1), Revista Română de Materiale / Romanian Journal of Materials 2012, 42 (1), 3-10 3 METODE EXPERIMENTALE ÎN PROIECTAREA DURATEI DE SERVICIU A CONSTRUCŢIILOR DIN BETON SUPUSE ACŢIUNII DE ÎNGHEŢ-DEZGHEŢ PARTEA

More information

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS QUEEN BEES MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS EFICIENTA ECONOMICA A DIFERITELOR SISTEME DE INTRETINERE A MATCILOR

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS QUEEN BEES MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS EFICIENTA ECONOMICA A DIFERITELOR SISTEME DE INTRETINERE A MATCILOR ORIGINAL ATRICLE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS QUEEN BEES MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS EFICIENTA ECONOMICA A DIFERITELOR SISTEME DE INTRETINERE A MATCILOR A. POPESCU *, SICEANU, A. REZUMAT Sistemele moderne de

More information

PARTENERIATUL PUBLIC- PRIVAT ÎN NOUA ERĂ A ENERGIEI

PARTENERIATUL PUBLIC- PRIVAT ÎN NOUA ERĂ A ENERGIEI THE PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE NEW ENERGY ERA PARTENERIATUL PUBLIC- PRIVAT ÎN NOUA ERĂ A ENERGIEI Ana-Mădălina POTCOVARU Ph.D. Student, Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies E-mail: madi_potcovaru@yahoo.com

More information

DISTRIBUTION OF FROST CRACKS LENGTH IN RELATION TO COMPASS POINTS AND BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF TURKEY OAK WITHIN BOBOSTEA FOREST (COUNTY OF BIHOR)

DISTRIBUTION OF FROST CRACKS LENGTH IN RELATION TO COMPASS POINTS AND BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF TURKEY OAK WITHIN BOBOSTEA FOREST (COUNTY OF BIHOR) Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Fascicula Protecţia Mediului Vol. XXIII, 2014 DISTRIBUTION OF FROST CRACKS LENGTH IN RELATION TO COMPASS POINTS AND BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN OF TURKEY OAK WITHIN BOBOSTEA FOREST

More information

The firing and co-firing of difficult biomass fuels W R Livingston Doosan Babcock R&D

The firing and co-firing of difficult biomass fuels W R Livingston Doosan Babcock R&D The firing and co-firing of difficult biomass fuels W R Livingston Doosan Babcock R&D IEA Bioenergy Task 32 Combustion of challenging g biomass fuels Lyon, 4 May 2010 Date: May 2010 The principal types

More information

UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR BIOENERGY IN TURKEY

UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR BIOENERGY IN TURKEY Cereals straw and agricultural residues for bioenergy in New Member States and Candidate Countries UTILIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES FOR BIOENERGY IN TURKEY Dr. H. Huseyin Ozturk University of Cukurova

More information

RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BUFFALO MILK QUALITIES, AS RAW MATERIAL PRODUCED BY AN ECOLOGICAL FARM

RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BUFFALO MILK QUALITIES, AS RAW MATERIAL PRODUCED BY AN ECOLOGICAL FARM Lucrări ştiinţifice Zootehnie şi Biotehnologii, vol.40(2), (2007), Timişoara RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BUFFALO MILK QUALITIES, AS RAW MATERIAL PRODUCED BY AN ECOLOGICAL FARM CERCETĂRI

More information

AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOMASS*

AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOMASS* IEA Bioenergy Task 32 Workshop, May 4 th 2010, Lyon, France 1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOMASS* Stanislav Vassilev a,b, David Baxter a Lars Andersen a, Christina Vassileva b a Institute

More information

MONITORING OF THE NITROGEN REGIME IN THE GROUNDWATER FROM THE WEST PART OF THE BAIA MARE CITY

MONITORING OF THE NITROGEN REGIME IN THE GROUNDWATER FROM THE WEST PART OF THE BAIA MARE CITY MONITORING OF THE NITROGEN REGIME IN THE GROUNDWATER FROM THE WEST PART OF THE BAIA MARE CITY A. MUNTEAN 1, M. COMAN 2 ABSTRACT. - In the west part of Baia Mare - the residence of Maramureş county, nearby

More information

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY BALANCE FOR A STEAM GENERATOR OPERATING ON TWO DIFFERENT FUEL TYPES

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY BALANCE FOR A STEAM GENERATOR OPERATING ON TWO DIFFERENT FUEL TYPES COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY BALANCE FOR A STEAM GENERATOR OPERATING ON TWO DIFFERENT FUEL TYPES Ion DOSA UNIVERSITY OF PETROSANI, Romania. Rezumat. Lucrarea prezintă analiza bilanţurilor energetice

More information

THE INFLUENCE OF THE NO-TILL SYSTEM ON THE ATTACK BY OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HB. IN CORN IN THE VINGA PLAIN CONDITIONS

THE INFLUENCE OF THE NO-TILL SYSTEM ON THE ATTACK BY OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HB. IN CORN IN THE VINGA PLAIN CONDITIONS THE INFLUENCE OF THE NO-TILL SYSTEM ON THE ATTACK BY OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HB. IN CORN IN THE VINGA PLAIN CONDITIONS INFLUENŢA SISTEMULUI DE CULTURĂ NO-TILL ASUPRA ATACULUI DE OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HB. LA PORUMB

More information

10/1/18 Proposed revision of section 10 (Wood Pellets) of TG1 Solid Wood Fuel Classification Guidelines

10/1/18 Proposed revision of section 10 (Wood Pellets) of TG1 Solid Wood Fuel Classification Guidelines WOOD PELLETS 1 Wood pellets are produced from high quality wood residues and their production is standardised to specific standards according to the wood feedstock used. Pellets are typically used in three

More information

DEVELOPMENTS IN HARNESSING OF BIO-MASS POWER

DEVELOPMENTS IN HARNESSING OF BIO-MASS POWER DEVELOPMENTS IN HARNESSING OF BIO-MASS POWER Biomass is a source of renewable energy which is biological material derived from living or recently living organisms such as wood, waste and alcohol fuels.

More information

Cereals straw for bioenergy and competitive uses

Cereals straw for bioenergy and competitive uses Experts consultation- Pamplona, 18 19th october 2006 Cereals straw for bioenergy and competitive uses Dr Calliope Panoutsou Imperial College London Françoise Labalette ONIDOL and GIE ARVALIS/ONIDOL ONIDOL

More information

PRECAST BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTION FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

PRECAST BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTION FOR INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Volumul 64 (68), Numărul 2, 2018 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ PRECAST BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTION FOR

More information

SOLUTIONS FOR UPDATING THE URBAN ELECTRIC POWER AND HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS, USING GEOTHERMAL SOURCES

SOLUTIONS FOR UPDATING THE URBAN ELECTRIC POWER AND HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS, USING GEOTHERMAL SOURCES SOLUTIONS FOR UPDATING THE URBAN ELECTRIC POWER AND HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS, USING GEOTHERMAL SOURCES Ana-Maria BIANCHI*, Sorin DIMITRIU**, Florin BĂLTĂREŢU* * TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Bucharest

More information

STANDARDISATION OF SRF. Basic information for producers and users of SRF, public authorities and other stakeholders

STANDARDISATION OF SRF. Basic information for producers and users of SRF, public authorities and other stakeholders STANDARDISATION OF SRF Basic information for producers and users of SRF, public authorities and other stakeholders Introduction Since the 1980 s the use of waste as a fuel has been an appealing idea to

More information

THE INFLUENCE OF HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE ON CROPS PRODUCTION IN THE TRIAL PLOT LACU SARAT, BRAILA

THE INFLUENCE OF HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE ON CROPS PRODUCTION IN THE TRIAL PLOT LACU SARAT, BRAILA THE INFLUENCE OF HORIZONTAL DRAINAGE ON CROPS PRODUCTION IN THE TRIAL PLOT LACU SARAT, BRAILA INFLUENŢA LUCRĂRII DE DRENAJ ORIZONTAL ASUPRA PRODUCŢIEI ÎN CÂMPUL EXPERIMENTAL LACU SĂRAT, BRĂILA Valentina

More information

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEEDING PROCESS OF THE Lymantria Dispar LARVAE REARED WITH BEECH LEAVFS

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEEDING PROCESS OF THE Lymantria Dispar LARVAE REARED WITH BEECH LEAVFS Muzeul Olteniei Craiova. Oltenia. Studii i comunic ri. tiin ele Naturii, Tom XXIII/2007 ISSN 1454-6914 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEEDING PROCESS OF THE Lymantria Dispar LARVAE REARED WITH BEECH LEAVFS CONSTANTIN

More information

What is Bioenergy? William Robinson B9 Solutions Limited

What is Bioenergy? William Robinson B9 Solutions Limited What is Bioenergy? William Robinson B9 Solutions Limited Contents Introduction Defining Bioenergy Biomass Fuels Energy Conversion Technologies Conclusion Introduction William Robinson B9 employee for nearly

More information

ROMANIA'S ENERGY POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

ROMANIA'S ENERGY POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ROMANIA'S ENERGY POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Maghear Diana University of Oradea Faculty of Economics The concept of "sustainable development" and the necessity

More information

PIPE LINES EXTERNAL CORROSION

PIPE LINES EXTERNAL CORROSION BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LIV (LVIII), Fasc. 1, 2008 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ PIPE LINES EXTERNAL CORROSION BY DAN

More information

Principles to calculate and verify continuous foundations consolidations

Principles to calculate and verify continuous foundations consolidations Acta Technica Napocensis: Civil Engineering & Architecture Volume 59, No. 2, (2016) Journal homepage: http://constructii.utcluj.ro/actacivileng ISSN 1221-5848 Principles to calculate and verify continuous

More information

AESTHETICS OF THE MAIN TYPES OF STRUCTURES

AESTHETICS OF THE MAIN TYPES OF STRUCTURES BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LIV (LVIII), Fasc. 4, 2011 Secţia CONSTRUCŢII. ARHITECTURĂ AESTHETICS OF THE MAIN TYPES OF STRUCTURES

More information