A world where buildings do not contribute with greenhouse gas emissions

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2 Frokostmøte Nullutslippsbygg

3 Nullutslippsbygg -fra forskning til praksis Forskningsleder PhD Birgit Risholt, ZEB/SINTEF

4 ZEB s main objective is to develop competitive products and solutions for existing and new buildings that will lead to market penetration of buildings with zero related to their production, operation, and demolition. The centre will encompass both residential, commercial, and public buildings. Illustration: Snøhetta/MIR

5 ZEB Facts Host institution: NTNU Research partners: SINTEF Building and Infrastructure and SINTEF Energy Research Industry and public partners: 22 (4 new) Start date (contract with RCN signed): November 2009 Total budget: ca. 290 MNOK (+ additional to research infrastructure) Researchers associated with the Centre: about 25 (most part time) PhD candidates: expected to complete during is partly/directly funded by ZEB Post docs: 4 Research on topics from nano material science to whole building performance (e.g. energy and CO 2 ), including studies on individual building technologies (e.g. building envelope and building services technologies) and user studies.

6 What should be done? Reduce the energy demand to a minimum in new and existing buildings. New renewable energy should be used to cover the remaining demand for heating and/or cooling. Use renewable energy to cover the demand for electricity. Consider the usage of materials. We have to consider the interaction between buildings and transport. The most environmental kwh is the one that is not used.

7 Annually energy demand/production: kwh/m2 Zero Emission Buildings - The Challenge: The main concept of a zero emission building is that renewable energy sources produced or transformed at the building site have to compensate for CO 2 emissions from operation of the building and for production, transport and demolition of all the building materials and components during the life cycle of the building Energy standard, single family houses in Norway Today's average standard Buildings code, 2007 Passive house standard Net zero energy Plus energy Energy demand Energy production Source: SINTEF Byggforsk

8 The ZEB research activities ZEB focuses its work in five areas that interact and influence each other: WP1 Advanced materials technologies WP2 Climate-adapted low-energy envelope technologies WP3 Energy supply systems and services WP4 Use, operation, and implementation WP5 Concepts and strategies A world where buildings greenhouse do not contribute gas emissions with

9 WP1 Advanced materials technologies Main goal: Development of new and innovative materials and solutions, as well as improvements of the current state-of-the-art technologies. Research example New insulation material Contact: Bjørn Petter Jelle

10 WP2 Climate adapted envelope technologies Main goal: Develop climate adapted, verified, and cost effective solutions for new and existing building envelopes (roofs, walls and floors) that will give the least possible heat loss and at the same time a reduced need for cooling. Research examples New sandwiched elements with VIP Contact: Berit Time (berit.time@sintef.no) Photo: Sfære

11 WP3 Energy supply systems and services Main goal: Develop new solutions for energy supply systems and building services systems with reasonable energy and indoor environment performance appropriate for zero emission buildings. Research example: Development of a new energy exchanger Contact: Hans Martin Mathisen (hans.m.mathisen@ntnu.no)

12 WP4 Use, operation, and implementation Main goal: Provide knowledge and tools which assure usability and acceptance, maintainability and efficiency, and implementation of ZEBs. Research example: Have analyzed end-use in energy efficient buildings Contact: Thomas Berker

13 WP5 Concepts and Strategies for ZEBs Main goal: Develop concrete concepts for zero emission buildings which can be translated into realized pilot buildings within the time frame of the Centre. Research examples: ZEB definition ZEB concepts Pilot buildings Contact: Birgit Risholt

14 ZEB definition 1. Ambition level 2. Rules for calculation 3. System boundaries 4. CO2-factors 5. Energy quality 6. Mismatch production and demand 7. Minimum requirement energy efficiency 8. Requirement indoor climate 9. Verification in use Dokka, Sartori, Thyolt, Lien and Lindberg, A Norwegian Zero Emission Building definition, PassivhusNorden 2013

15 CO 2 emissions and embodied energy Embodied energy includes the energy required for manufacturing the product from raw materials, production and transport Embodied CO 2 emissions takes into consideration the energy source for the different components in the embodied energy (bellona.no ) (nullutslipp.no ) (forskning.no)

16 ZEB Ambition levels Materials, M Raw materials, production, transport Construction, C Transport, construction, installation Operation, O Energy use, maintenance, renovation, replacement End of Life, E Demolition, waste

17 Source: Dokka et al, PassivhusNorden 2013

18 System boundaries Marszal, A. J., Heiselberg, P., Bourrelle, J. S., Musall, E., Voss, K., Sartori, I. and Napolitano, A. (2011) Zero Energy Building A Review of definitions and calculation methodologies, Energy and Buildings,

19 The Norwegian energy supply Heat sources Electricity Fire wood Oil and gas (fossile) Biomass, waste Solar energy Electricity sources Hydropower (95%) Heat power (4%) Windpower (1%) Part of an European grid Source:

20 CO 2 factor for electricity in Norway Connected to an European grid, current European CO2 factor is 360 g/kwh Assumption 90 % reduction of CO2 in Europe towards years lifetime for a building (standard value used by the Norwegian ZEB research center) Average CO 2 factor for 60 years used for concept studies

21 CO2 eq conversion factors Energy carrier ZEB center CO2 eq [g/kwh] Europe CO2 eq [g/kwh] Electricity Oil (fossile) Gas (fossile) Waste 185 Wood shavings 4 4 Wood log 14 Bio-pellets 7 Bio-gas 25 Sources: EN 15603: 2008; Dokka, Sartori, Thyolt, Lien and Lindberg, A Norwegian Zero Emission Building definition, PassivhusNorden 2013

22 Single family house Building element U-value ZEB [W/m 2 K] U-value TEK10 [W/m 2 K] Floor, concrete and EPS 0.07 (0.06) 0.15 Flat roof Exterior walls Windows Doors Normalized thermal bridge value Air tightness, ŋ h h -1

23 Technical systems and heating LED lighting and energy efficient appliances Solar cells for electricity production Air to water heat pump and solar collector for heat production Hydronic heating system Ventilation system with rotary wheel heat exchanger Value Heat recovery 85 % Specific fan power 1.0 kw/(m 3 /s) Heating capacity 18 W/m 2

24 The annual energy demand, kwh/year Thermal heating El-specific

25 CO 2 emissions, kgco 2eq /m 2 year 5,0 7,2 Embodied emissions Emission operation

26 CO 2 balance, kgco 2eq /m 2 year El production Embodied emissions Appliances Lighting Fans and pumps Heat pump system 2 0 Emissions OM Solar cells

27 Embodied CO 2 emissions, kgco 2eq /m 2 year Floor and ground Structure Exterior walls Inner walls Roof Solar thermal Ventilation Other tech. systems Solar cells

28 Emissions per material, kgco 2eq /m 2 year 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0

29 Concept work Office building

30 Concept work Office building

31 ZEB-Pilot Buildings 1. Skarpnes Arendal: 37 dwellings, ZEB-O. 2. Powerhouse #2 Sandvika. Renovation of 2 office blocks to Plus energy ZEB-O. 3. Multikomfort-Larvik: Single family house, ZEB-OM. 4. Ådland: +500 dwellings, ZEB-O. 5. Powerhouse # 1 Trondheim. Large office building, Plus energy. 6. Haakonsvern Bergen. Small office building, ZEB-O EQ. 7. ZEB Living Lab, Trondheim. Single family house on NTNU campus. ZEB-OM

32 Thank you for your attention!