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1 11.S945+Urbanizing+China+ Brownfields+in+China:+How+cities+recycle+ industrial+land+ Xin+Li+ Columbia+University+ + September+23,
2 What is Brownfield? Definition of brownfields (USEPA): Brownfields are real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Types of brownfields: abandoned industrial and railroad facilities, or traditional manufacturing plants small commercial lots (e.g., gas stations or laundry businesses) USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency 2
3 Brownfield+Redevelopment+Process+in+the+U.S.+ Site Identification Site Investigation Clean-up and Reuse Inventory Confirmed brownfield site Phase I environmental site assessment (record review) Phase II environmental site assessment (sampling) Clean-up planning Reuse Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Source:+ 3
4 Urban Expansion of Beijing Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 4
5 1990$$ 2005$ 2010$ 571$sq$km;$$ 1,423$sq$km$ 6,421$sq$km$ population:$7,362,000+ population:$10,718,000+ population:$11,741,000+ Aerial map of Beijing removed due to copyright restrictions. Source: Beijing, 2010 from Berkeley s Global Metropolitan Observatory. 5 Observatory+ Source:+Berkeley s+global+metropolitan+
6 Statistics+of+Industrial+Relocation+in+Beijing+ 1996Q Q2005+ Enterprises+ relocated+within the+five+years+(unit)+ Vacated+land+(acre) ,175+ Source:+compiled+by+author+from+various+years+of+Beijing+FiveQYear+Plans.+ 6
7 Existing Industrial Land Location in Beijing (2003) City plans removed due to copyright restrictions. 7 Source:+Beijing+Master+Plan+(2004Q+2020)++
8 Proposed Industrial Land Location in Beijing (2020) City plans removed due to copyright restrictions. 8 Source:+Beijing+Master+Plan+(2004Q+2020)++
9 The+Big+Question+ During+a+brownfield+law+deficient+period,+in+what+ways+ has+land+contamination+been+taken+into+account+during+ the+redevelopment+process?+ 9
10 Land+Banks+in+the+U.S s+ Public+authorities+ Vacant,+abandoned+or+foreclosed+properties+ Revitalize+blighted+neighborhoods+ 10
11 Land+Banks+in+China Shanghai+ +Hangzhou+ +Beijing+ Over+2000+cities+and+counties+ 11
12 Purposes+are+to + Enhance+government+intervention+ Circumscribe+land+speculation+ Increase+local+revenue+ 12
13 Local+Revenues+from+Land+Sale, Total+revenue: billion+($37+b)+ Total+revenue: billion+($46+b)+ 30%+ 70%+ Land+ leasing+ 47%+ 53%+ Land+ leasing+ Beijing+ Shanghai+ 13
14 Structure+of+Revenue+from+Land+Sales,+Beijing billion+($26+b) billion+($15+b)+ 100% 162 Billion ($26 billion) 93 Billion ($15 billion) % 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% % Industrial Commercial Residential Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. 14
15 Unintended+benefit+ Solve+land+contamination+problem+ 15
16 Land+Banking+System+Contributes+to++Two+ Institutional+Changes+ Land+market+reform StateQled+ Promote+ NonQstate+actors+ Environmental+governance++ CommandQandQ control+ Collaborative+ 16
17 Property+Rights+ Political cartoon removed due to copyright restrictions. 17
18 Land+Market+Reform+ Before+1988,+administrative+allocation+ Since+1988,+paid+transfer+of+land+use+rights+(LURs)+ 2004,+land+banking+system+ 18
19 Land+Use+Rights+(LURs)+Transfer,+1988Q1995+ The+primary+land+market+ Change+of+land+ownership+and+LURs+leasing The+secondary+land+market+ Entire+transfer+of+LURs+ The+tertiary+land+market+ Partial+transfer+of+LURs+ Source:+Tian+and+Ma+(2009)++ 19
20 Land+Use+Rights+(LURs)+Transfer+ The+primary+land+market+ + Municipal+ gov ts+ StateQOwned+ Enterprises+(SOE)+ The+secondary+land+market+ + StateQOwned+ Enterprises+(SOE)+ Real+estate+ developers+ The+tertiary+land+market+ + Real+estate+ developers+ Final+users+ 20
21 Land+Sale+through+Negotiation+ Political cartoon removed due to copyright restrictions. 21
22 TenderQAuctionQListing++ strictly+enforced+for+all+land+sales+since The+primary+land+market+ The+secondary+land+market+ StateQOwned+ Enterprises+ Sell+ Land%% Center% Real+estate+ developers+ Auction+ The+tertiary+land+market+ 22
23 Political cartoon removed due to copyright restrictions. 23
24 Question+ How+is+the+land+banking+system+conducive+to+solving+ contamination+problems+in+the+redevelopment+process?
25 Location+of+the+Chemical+Plant+ Beijing Chemical Plant Ring road and major axis Source:+Modified+from+Beijing+Studio,+MIT
26 Capital Iron- and Steel-Making Plant, Beijing The 2 nd largest steel producer Large scale--district wide Land area: 7 square kilometers 26 Taken in January 2008 by Xin Li
27 Beijing Chemical Plant 27 Taken by Xin Li, January 2008
28 Beijing+Chemical+Plant, Taken by Xin Li, January 2008
29 2009+Auction+of+the+Chemical+Plant+Site+ Photograph from auction removed due to copyright restrictions. + 29
30 Plant+closed New+construction+started+ 30
31 Stakeholder+Analysis+ Who+are+the+stakeholders+in+the+redevelopment+process?+ Who+affects+the+redevelopment?+ Who+is+affected+by+the+redevelopment?+ + In+what+way+can+these+stakeholders+influence+the+ environmental+outcome?+ 31
32 Data+ Interviews+ Government+documents+ Newspapers+ 32
33 Stakeholder+Typology+ POWER LEGITIMACY 1 4 Dormant Dominant Stakeholder Stakeholder 7 Definitive Stakeholder 6 Disruptive 5 Stakeholder Dependent Stakeholder 2 Discretionary Stakeholder URGENCY 3 Demanding Stakeholder Source:+Mitchell+et+al.+(1997).++ 33
34 List+of+Stakeholders+ Stakeholder+Type Attributes Stakeholder++ Power Legitimacy Urgency Representation 1 Dormant X Citizens+ 2 Discretionary X Design+companies 3 Demanding X Resistant+individuals/communities Municipal+governments+ StateQowned+enterprises+ Land+developers+ Construction+developers+ 4 Dominant X X Land+bureaus+ Land+reserve+centers+ Planning+commissions+ The+media+ Financial+institutions Local+residents+ 5 Dependent X X International+organizations+ Environmentalists+ Environmental+NGOs 6 Disruptive X X Individuals/groups+using+violent+means 7 Definitive X X X Environmental+bureaus 34
35 Delayed+Redevelopment+Process Plant+closed LURs+transfer+to+the+land+center Site+sold+through+public+listing,+unsuccessful Site+cleared,+but+not+cleaned+ Land A+citizen+reported+buried+chemicals+ Center+ Environmental+agency+involved+ owned+ Cleanup+procedure+set+up+ LURs Site+auctioned+ Disclosure+of+contamination+information+ Cleanup+responsibility+ Public+commenting+on+rezoning+request Construction+started+ 35
36 Findings+ The+land+center+is+more+responsive+to+pubic+concerns+ Increased+awareness+of+contamination+risks+ Improved+public+participation+in+brownfield+ redevelopment+ 36
37 Timeline: United States versus China 1960s-1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s United States Deindustrialization plants closed job loss reuse of industrial land weak regulation environment incidence Stringent regulations plants abandoned local economic depression high crime rate Regulation modification economic revitalization liability release gov t supports (financial and technical) Flexible liability regulation and financial incentives institutional setting to ensure healthy brownfield redevelopment na Chi Deindustrialization happened in China 37
38 Evolvement+of+U.S.+BrownfieldQRelated+Legislation+ Stage One Stage Two Stage Three Outburst of environmental problem Stringent regulation Flexible liability regulation and financial incentives 1970 Clean air act passed 1972 Federal water pollution control act passed 1974 Safe drinking water act passed 1976 Resource conservation and recovery act (RCRA) passed Toxic substances control act passed 1978 Love canal showcases toxic waste threat 1980 Comprehensive environmental responses, compensation and liability act (CERCLA) passed 1986 Superfund amendments and reauthorization act passed 1993 EPA creates Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative 1995 EPA develops Brownfield Action Program 2002 Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act passed Source: from Day and Johnson (2004: 243); 2002 author s addition. 38
39 China s+brownfieldqrelated+legislation+ Stage One Stage Two Stage Three Outburst of environmental problem Stringent regulation Flexible liability regulation and financial incentives 1986 Land Management Act, revised in Environmental Protection Act 1994 Real Estate Management Act Source: modified from Kang and Hua (2007) 1995 Solid Waste Polluting Environment Protection and Remediation Act, revised in Environmental Quality Standard for Soils 1998 Construction Project Environmental Protection Management Regulation 1999 Environmental Quality Risk Assessment Criteria for Soil at Manufacturing Facilities 39
40 Key+Components+of+Brownfield+Redevelopment+ Government's%Responsibilities% Development%Procedure%% Contamination standards Liability specification Site assessment Risk and liability assessment Technical assistant on remediation Financial support Monitoring Evaluate remedial options Develop Implementation Plan Fund-raising Obtain development permit Evaluation Remedy Implementation Begin Redevelopment Activities 40
41 MIT OpenCourseWare 11.S945 Urbanizing China: A Reflective Dialogue Fall 2013 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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