ISLAND COUNTY S BULL KELP: What are we learning? Linda Rhodes Island County Marine Resources Committee
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1 ISLAND COUNTY S BULL KELP: What are we learning? Linda Rhodes Island County Marine Resources Committee MRC meeting 7 February 2017
2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS! 2015 Vernon Brisley Lenny Corin Leal Dickson Linda Kast Don Meehan Debra Paros VOLUNTEERS 2016 Barbara Bennett Vernon Brisley Barbara Brock Paulette Brunner Debra Paros Gregg Ridder PROFESSIONAL ADVICE & FUNDING Tom Mumford (Marine Agronomics) NW Straits Commission NW Straits Foundation
3 blades cropy=56 bulb stipe holdfast
4 WHY BULL KELP? STRUCTURAL HABITAT: Plant diversity: >50 species of epiphytic algae e.g., Porphyra, Ulva Shelter for invertebrates bryozoans, hydroids, isopods, caprellid amphipods, starfish, crab Nursery habitat for juvenile fishes rockfish, surfperch Shelter & spawning for adult fish sculpin, snailfish, blenny, kelp greenling, herring CRITICAL HABITAT under the GMA & Shoreline Master Programs
5 WHY BULL KELP? FOOD WEB: High primary productivity ( kg carbon / m 3 ) Grazing by red & purple sea urchins, red abalone, limpets, snails, amphipod Biomass export to other habitats beaches, rocky intertidal, canyons
6 WHY BULL KELP? WATER QUALITY: uptake of inorganic nutrients nitrogen, phosphate uptake of CO 2 production of O 2 EASY IDENTIFICATION
7 LIFE CYCLE up to 10 cm / day! Annual plant Can overwinter for a 2 nd year Microscopic sexual phase Macroscopic asexual phase diagram from Springer et al /pdfs/springer_underlying_report_0.pdf?la=en photo from Day.jpg
8 Distribution: Umnak Island (Alaska) to Point Conception (California) Depth: 3 30 meters Can co-occur with giant kelp (Macrocystis sp.) maximum reported length = 123 ft
9 FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRIBUTION Light photoperiod x intensity Disease Streblonema, parasitic alga Temperature 3 17 C Competition algae, epiphytes Nutrients NO 3, NH 4, PO 4 Wave action dissolved gases, disruption Herbivores urchins, mollusks, crustaceans
10 HISTORICAL INTEREST 1870 s: Application of bitter or potash salts (Mg + K) as fertilizer German mining monopolies (Kali Syndikat) 1906: Patent for extracting KCl from seaweed (US Patent 823,593) 1915: Cameron, F.K.; Potash from Kelp ; USDA report #100. Elk kelp (Pelagophycus porra) highest content but too scattered Long bladder kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) potash (3 28%); N (0.5 3%) Bull kelp (Nereocystis leutkeana) potash (7 32%); N (0.8-3%) Puget Sound: 5 sq mi; 520,000 tons kelp; 20,000 tons KCl : George Rigg survey (US Senate Document 190, Dec. 1911)
11 40% Riggs Tonnage Estimates ( ) 1% 2% 9% 48%
12 MODERN SURVEYS: WA Dept of Natural Resources Long Term Survey (1989 to present) Port Townsend to Copalis River (Juan de Fuca & Outer Coast) Aerial photography with consistent protocols from Berry et al Using Historical Data to Estimate Changes in Floating Kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana and Macrocystis integrifolia) in Puget Sound, Washington
13 MODERN SURVEYS: WA Dept of Natural Resources courtesy Helen Berry, WA DNR
14 Test boat-based protocol for citizen science Use kayaks & hand-held GPS units Report results at a workshop
15 2015 MRC Boat-based Bull Kelp Survey SAFETY was top concern among all MRC teams Exposure to ocean conditions (Strait of Juan de Fuca) Bed located in surf zone or adjacent rock cliffs Travel distance to beds (~ 9 miles in Whatcom County) Fast current or rip tides (San Juan County)
16 2015 ISLAND MRC BULL KELP SURVEYS Biodegradable depth measurement device Observed kelp use by wildlife Designed a field & data report sheet
17 LIBBEY BEACH HASTIE LAKE LAUNCH Tide Perimeters June: 3,000 m 2 (0 ) July: 2,437 m 2 (5 ) Tide Perimeters June: 53,716 m 2 (0 ) July: 49,601 m 2 (5 ) August: 58,746 m 2 (5 ) September: 40,181 m 2 (5 )
18 EBEY S LANDING 0 tide height 5 tide height Tide Perimeters June: 38,384 m 2 July: 59,151 m 2 August: 74,302 m 2 September: 72,336 m 2 Tide Perimeters July: 48,419 m 2 August: 56,004 m 2 September: 64,460 m 2
19 MONTHLY PATTERNS Bed areas peak in August or September Bulb density peaks in September Bulb density at 5 tide is 40-50% density at 0 tide
20 Ben Ure Island (Cornet Bay) Hoypus Point Hastie Lake Launch Libbey Beach Park Polnell Point Ebey s Landing Lowell Point (Camano Is. State Park)
21 New 2016 Survey Sites
22 2016 Results 2015 vs 2015
23 Anecdotal Biological Observations Forage fish (mostly herring) and shiner perch Shiner perch and a tube snout (at seconds) Submerged aquatic vegetation beneath bull kelp with shiner perch, forage fish, and kelp perch (at 26 and 40 seconds) Kelp crab hiding among kelp blades
24 CONCLUSIONS & KEY OBSERVATIONS Site selection criteria should include ocean hazards & launch conditions Boat-based surveys can provide seasonal & year-to-year estimates of beds Seasonal patterns of bed growth are different among beds Observations of plants & animals in beds can contribute to understanding the ecosystem functions of kelp Seawater temperature may be a limiting factor for bull kelp as climate change progresses
25
26 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY (Vern Brisley & Gregg Ridder) Visible Light Infrared
27 THANK YOU!
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