Electricity from biomass and hydroelectric development projects in Turkey

Transcription

1 ENERGY EXPLORATION & EXPLOITATION Volume 20 Number Electricity from biomass and hydroelectric development projects in Turkey Ayhan Demirbaş P. K. 216, TR Trabzon, Turkey ABSTRACT The aim of biomass development projects is to identify whether it is possible to utilize biomass in the energy production sector, by substituting a portion of conventional fuel by biomass, to perform combined combustion. Electricity production from biomass has been found to be a promising method in the nearest future. Turkey s annual biomass potential is 117 million tons or 32 Mtoe. The future of biomass electricity generation lies in biomass integrated gasification/gas turbine technology, which offers high-energy conversion efficiencies. The major research and developments of the biomass power industry are focusing on gasifier scale-up, system analysis and site-specific commercial feasibility studies. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GW, but only 125 GW of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. INTRODUCTION The energy demand of Turkey will be doubled between the years and will be fivefold between This rapid increase in demand is due to high economic development rate of Turkey. The estimated amount of investments for the production facilities by the year 2010 is around 55 billion dollars. In recent years, the average increase in electricity consumption has been 8 to 10 per cent per year, and it is projected to maintain a similar rate in the coming years. This would require investments of $4 $4.5 billion per year for new energy projects, much of which would need to come from the private sector. Since the 1980s, there have been tremendous efforts to maintain cooperation between the state and the private sector, and to attract foreign capital to help realize the development targets. Within this framework, necessary legal arrangements have been made and an increase in the number of private investments in the energy sector has been achieved. The models such as Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT), Build and Operate (BO), Build, Own and Operate (BOO) and Transfer of Operating Right (TOR), developed by Turkey to facilitate private investments in the energy sector, have created considerable interest in the international circles of investors and financiers. Energy is a vital and key priority in Turkey for sustainable development. The

2 326 Electricity from biomass and hydroelectric development projects in Turkey Government has plans to meet the energy deficit in the country, considering all the alternatives including natural gas, solar and wind power plants. There is no question that Turkey has an urgent need for additional sources of electricity to support a growing economy. It is presently obliged to import electric power from neighboring Georgia, Bulgaria, and Iran to make up for the electricity deficit. Economic, technical, and environmental considerations must enter in this planning strategy. The renewable energy resources that hold the most promise are the following: solar in its various forms, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal. Solar energy, which is quite abundant in Turkey, can first be used to provide hot water for domestic and commercial use at competitive prices as shown in the rapid development of this technology in other countries in the region. Acceleration of this development through a more intensive investment program can substitute much of the electricity load and reduce the need for imported fossil fuels. The main indigenous energy resources are hydro, mainly in the eastern part of the country, lignite and biomass. Turkey has no big oil and gas reserves. Almost all oil and natural gas is imported, as is high quality coal. Turkey has to adopt new long-term energy strategies to reduce the share of fossil fuels in the primary energy consumption. The amount of primary energy sources and primary energy consumption of Turkey between is given in Table 1. Primary energy consumption is expected to increase from 91 Mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent) in 2000 to 167 Mtoe by 2010 and to 535 Mtoe by According to 1999 data, Turkey produces 28 Mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent) per year from its own primary sources and consumes 75 Mtoe a year of primary energy. It is expected that by the year 2020, the primary energy production will be 78 Mtoe, while primary energy consumption will be 310 Mtoe. Based on an evaluation of its fossil fuel reserves, which total 2,454 Mtoe, it is expected that Turkey will be forced to import energy in increasing proportions. However, the country has the potential for TWh/year of hydropower, 32 Mtoe/year of biomass energy, 1.8 Table 1. Primary energy consumption of Turkey between in kilo tons of oil equivalent (Ktoe) Energy source Coal (h. coal + lignite) Oil and natural gas Wood and Waste Hydropower Geothermal Nuclear Solar Central heating Wind Source: WECTNC, 1999

3 ENERGY EXPLORATION & EXPLOITATION Volume 20 Number Mtoe/year of geothermal power, and 50 TWh/year of wind power, in usable and/or economic quantities. For this reason, Turkey attaches considerable importance to renewable energies. In the longer term, biomass could yield valuable substitutes to liquid fuels (Akdeniz, 2003). Forest wastes or wastes from wood-processing industries, such as lumber and furniture factories, could be used profitably in local boilers. Geothermal should be available in Turkey, since it lies astride deep geologic faults, and could be utilized, in selected locations, to cover a share of electricity demand. Hydro potential should be very large in Turkey and could offer an opportunity for quick installation of many hydro plants under regional control, to cover local needs. Wind power should be quite feasible and attractive to Turkey because of its near-competitive price, probable good wind resources in the country and the existence of hydro dams and water reservoirs, which provide a natural means of energy storage. PRESENT STATUS OF ELECTRIC POWER In Turkey, electricity is produced by thermal power plants (TPPs) consuming coal, lignite, natural gas, fuel oil, and geothermal energy and hydropower plants (HPPs). Table 2 shows that in 1970 total installation capacity was GW, 68% TPPs and 32% HPPs. By the end of 1995 it reached GW, an annual average increase of 9.4%; the share of thermal has fallen to 53%, 32% lignite and hard coal, 7% fuel-oil and diesel oil, and 14% natural gas, while that of hydro had increased to 47%. In 1996, installed capacity rose to GW of which only 19 GW was available due to aging plants, fuel and seasonal conditions and repairs and maintenance. Figure 1 gives Turkey s electricity demand from 1998 to Projections by The Turkish Electricity Generation and Transmission Corporation (TEAS in Turkish initials), a public company which owns and operates 15 thermal and 30 hydroelectric plants generating 91% of Turkey s electricity, indicate that rapid growth (8% annual) in electricity consumption will continue over the next 15 years. With electricity shortages and blackouts already common, increasing the country s electricity generation capacity therefore is a top priority for Turkish energy officials. Table 2. Installed capacity of electric power in Turkey (GW) Years TPPs HPPs Nuclear Total Source: DGXVII, 1997

4 328 Electricity from biomass and hydroelectric development projects in Turkey If forecasts prove correct, Turkey may need to triple its total electric power generating capacity, to around 64 gigawatts (GW), by This would require investments of $4 $4.5 billion per year. Turkey s total electricity-production in 1999: billion kwh The electricity-production by source in 1999: fossil fuel: 69.4% hydro: 30.5% other: 0.1% nuclear: 0% Electricity consumption: billion kwh Electricity imports: 2.3 billion kwh Electricity exports: 0.2 billion kwh 300 ) h Electricity demand (GWh) W(G d na emd yti cirt cel E Year Figure 1. Electricity demand in Turkey over the years

5 ENERGY EXPLORATION & EXPLOITATION Volume 20 Number Turkey has extensive plans to increase natural gas use for electric power production. The country is attempting to attract enough foreign investment to install 4.2 GW of gas-fired capacity. Proposed gas fired plants include two 700 MW plants in Gebze, one 700 MW plant in Adapazari, one 700 MW plant in Ankara, and 1,400 MW plant on the west coast in Izmir. Several pipeline projects have been proposed to supply gas to these facilities, as well as several LNG terminals. IMPORTANCE OF BIOMASS ENERGY AND ELECTRICITY FROM BIOMASS Biomass is the term used to describe all biological produced matter. These include wood and woody wastes, agricultural crops and their waste byproducts, municipal solid waste, animal wastes, waste from food processing, and aquatic plants and algae. Traditionally, biomass has been utilized through direct combustion, and this process is still widely used in many parts of the world. World production of biomass is estimated at 146 billion metric tons a year, mostly wild plant growth (Cuff and Young, 1980). Biomass fuel is a renewable energy source and its importance will increase as national energy policy and strategy focuses more heavily on renewables and conservation. Biomass power plants have advantages over fossil-fuel plants, beceause their pollution emissions are less (Demirbaş, 2002a). Biomass, mainly now represent only 3% of primary energy consumption in industrialized countries. However, much of the rural population in developing countries, which represents about 50% of the world s population, is reliant on biomass, mainly in the form of wood, for fuel. Biomass accounts for 35% of primary energy consumption in developing countries, raising the world total to 14% of primary energy consumption. In the future, biomass has the potential to provide a costeffective and sustainable supply of energy, while at the same time aiding countries in meeting their greenhouse gas reduction targets. By the year 2050, it is estimated that 90% of the world population will live in developing countries. The biomass power industry in the United States has grown from less than 200 MW in 1979 to more than 6000 MW in The United States Department of Energy (USDOE) is projecting installed capacity will grow to about 22 GW by the year 2010 (Bain, 1993). USDOE estimates the present and future impact of biomass-power production of the US economy (Meridian and Antares, 1992). In 1992, electrical production from biomass, primarily wood, had a net impact of $1.7 billion and biomass electrical-generating capacity will have grown to approximately 22 GW in At this capacity level, the economic benefits are estimated to be $6.2 billion in personal and corporate income and jobs. The amount of usable biomass potential of Turkey is approximately 6.2 GW. The electrical production from usable biomass has a net impact of $1.8 billion. Turkey s annual biomass potential is given in Table 3. In industrialized countries, the main biomass processes utilized in the future are expected to be the direct combustion of residues and wastes for electricity generation. In the short to medium term, biomass waste and residues are expected to dominate biomass supply, to be substituted by energy crops in the longer term. The future of biomass electricity generation lies in biomass integrated gasification/gas turbine

6 330 Electricity from biomass and hydroelectric development projects in Turkey technology, which offers high-energy conversion efficiencies. Biomass power plants (BPPs) use technology that is very similar to that used in coal-fired power plants. For example, biomass plants use similar steam-turbine generators and fuel delivery systems. BPP efficiencies of about 25%. Electricity costs are in the 6 8 c/kwh range. The average BPP is about 20 MW in size, with a few dedicated wood-fired plants in the MW capacity, with gas turbine/steam combined cycle, as shown in Figure 2. The feasibility of combining gas and steam expansion in a power cycle has been extensively explored (Sorensen, 1983). Biomass is burned to produce steam, the steam turns a turbine and drives a generator, producing electricity. The electricity is produced by direct combustion of biomass, advanced gasification and pyrolysis technologies are almost ready for commercial scale use. Biomass can be used as a primary energy source or as a secondary energy source to power gas turbines. As a secondary energy source, biomass is used to make a fuel, which can be used to fire a gas turbine. Table 3. Turkey s annual biomass potential Biomass Annual potential (million tons) Energy value (Mtoe) a Annual crops Perennial crops Forest residues Residues from agro-industry Residues from wood industry Animal wastes Other Total a Mtoe: Million tons of oil equivalent Gasifier Biomass Hot gas cleanup Stack Steam boiler Steam Turbine Generator Water Condenser Exhaust Pump Compressor Combination Turbine Generator Air Figure 2. Integrated biomass gas turbine/steam combined-cycle power plant

7 ENERGY EXPLORATION & EXPLOITATION Volume 20 Number Direct Combustion of Biomass Direct combustion in Turkey for many years has used fuelwood, animal wastes, agricultural crop residues, and logging wastes. These sources are often called noncommercial energy sources, but in Turkey, fuelwood is a tradable commodity, since it the primary fuel or rural and urban poor district (TasdemirogÏ olu, 1986). One alternative for producing electricity from biomass in a gas turbine is direct combustion of biomass as a primary energy source. Biomass is burned by direct combustion to produce steam, the steam turns a turbine and the turbine drives a generator, producing electricity. Because of potential ash build-up (which fouls boilers, reduces efficiency and increases costs), only certain types of biomass materials are used for direct combustion. Direct combustion usually involves reducing the biomass into fine pieces for fueling a close-coupled turbine system. In a closecoupled system, biomass is burned in a combustion chamber separated from the turbine by a filter. Three main determinants of the costs of operating and constructing a biomass-fired power plant of a given size exist. They are (1) the availability of the required fuel, (2) the delivered fuel prices, and (3) the financing and construction of the desired power plant (Joutz, 1992). The availability and cost of the fuel is almost zero for a Turkish type black tea factory. In such a factory, 37% of electricity consumption can be generated from the tea waste: Annual production capacity of the tea waste factory: Fuel oil consumption: Electricity consumption: Tea waste: Electricity from tea waste: 1000 metric ton 970 metric ton/year 1.35 MWh 550 ton/year 0.5 MWh Biomass Gasifier and Pyrolysis Technologies Another alternative is to produce a fuel from biomass as a secondary energy source. Gasifiers are used to convert biomass into a combustible gas (biogas). The biogas is than used to drive a high efficiency, combined cycle gas turbine. Gaseous fuels consist of low- and medium-calorific-value gases; the liquid is a primary-pyrolysis oil called biocrude. A number of gasifiers have been developed to produce biogases from biomass and peat. The biogas is then used to drive a high-efficiency, combined-cycle gas turbine. Heat is used to thermochemically convert biomass into a pyrolysis oil and biocrude. The oil, which is easier to store and transport than solid biomass material, is then burned like petroleum to generate electricity (Demirbaş, 2000). Biocrude produced at about 775 K and 1-s residence time and containing water have about the same oxygen and energy content as the original feed. Entrained-flow and fluid-bed pyrolysis processes were developed. HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS A water power plant is in general a highly effective energy conversion system. There is no pollution of the environment, but objections are raised relative to the flooding of

8 332 Electricity from biomass and hydroelectric development projects in Turkey valuable real estate and scenic areas. Whether a particular hydroelectric installation is economically competitive with a fossil fuel power plant will depend upon a number of factors, in particular, fuel and construction costs. In numerous instances, a hydroelectric power plant is clearly economically superior to a comparable thermal power plant. Turkey has a gross annual hydro potential of 433,000 GWh, which is almost 1% of world total potential. Water and energy potential of selected river basins in Turkey is given in Table 5. Of the total hydropower capacity in Europe, Turkey s share is about 14%. Almost half of the gross potential is technically exploitable, and 28% is economically exploitable. As of November 2000, there were 120 hydroelectric plants in operation. These have a total installed capacity of 11.6 GW and an annual average generation capacity of 42,015 GWh, amounting to almost 34% of the total exploitable potential, which is at present meeting about 35% of the electricity demand. Thirty-four hydroelectric plants with an installed capacity of 3.3 GW and an annual generation capacity of 10,981 GWh, which is almost 9% of the total potential, are under construction. Up to the year 2010, Turkey is planning to develop two-thirds of its hydro potential, just aiming to increase hydroelectric production to around 85,000 GWh. The first aim is the complete the Southeastern Anatolian Project (GAP in Turkish initials), which is one of the most ambitious regional development projects ever attempted. With the completion of this vast project, which comprises 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric plants, a total generation of 27, 350 GWh/year will be realized. Turkey has an enormous task ahead to complete its full hydropower development program. About 180 hydro projects with a total annual power generation capacity of about 39,000 GWh are now at various stages of planning on this basis. Already 10 hydroelectric plants with an installed capacity of 4,069 MW have been realized (Table 4). In the future, 329 more hydro power plants will be constructed, to exploit the remaining potential of 69,326 GWh/year, bringing the total number of hydro plants to 483 with a total installed capacity of 34.6 GW. Small Hydroelectric Plants The total hydropower capacity of Turkey is estimated at 432 TWH per year. Some of this potential can be achieved with small hydroelectric plants (SHEPs) having individual capacities of 10 MW or less. Many adverse effects of large hydroelectric projects on the environment and local people can be prevented or reduced if SHEPs are used. The use of SHEPs causes minimal changes in natural habitats. Protection against floods and droughts can be achieved easily. On the other hand, SHEPs not only provide electricity and water for both irrigation and drinking purposes but they also create job opportunities in rural areas and thus can prevent migration to cities. They provide significant forward and backward linkages. Increasing demand for power generating turbines and other equipment will benefit the industrial sector and reduce import demand. Therefore, the use of SHEPs is important for sustainable development and economic growth for Turkey. SHEP development in Turkey was initiated in Since then, municipalities in rural areas have installed many decentralized plants by private entrepreneurs, and by some government organizations. Temelsu is a well-known Turkish consulting engineering company, which provides multi-disciplinary engineering services, locally

9 ENERGY EXPLORATION & EXPLOITATION Volume 20 Number and internationally, since its foundation in The major hydropower projects undertaken by Temelsu in Turkey are given in Table 6 (Demirbaş, 2002b). It is estimated that, theoretically, Turkey has SHEP resources of 710 GW for project generation and 300 MW for total installed capacity. Annual increases of SHP capacity during the past 25 years average 8 12%. By the end of 1998, the total number of SHP stations in operation throughout the country was 59 with a total installed capacity MW, about 1.6% of the total hydropower potential ( MW) in Turkey (TEAS, 1999). Table 4. Turkey s hydroelectric plants are under construction Hydroelectric plant Installed capacity (MW) Generation capacity (GWh/year) Birecik 672 2,516 Borçka 300 1,039 Deriner 670 2,118 Dilek-Güroluk Ilõ su 1,200 3,833 Karkamõ Muratlõ Torul Yamula Yusufeli 540 1,705 Table 5. Water and energy potential of selected river basins in Turkey Name Land area Average Number Stored Installed Average of (km 2 ) rainfall of water capacity generation basin (mm/yr) dam (hm 3 ) (MW) (GWh) Susurluk 22, , ,697 Gediz 18, , B.Menderes 24, , B.Akdeniz 20, , ,495 Antalya 19,577 1, ,885 1,252 4,411 Sakarya 58, ,920 1,063 2,362 B.Karaden. 29, , ,110 Yeilõ rmak 36, ,302 1,658 6,468 Kõ zõ lõ rmak 78, ,260 2,007 6,512 D.Akdeniz 22, ,122 1,496 5,176 Seyhan 20, ,125 1,886 7,117 Ceyhan 21, ,720 1,409 4,634 Fõ rat 127, ,792 9,845 38,939 D.Karaden. 24,077 1, ,523 3,323 10,927 Çoruh 19, ,544 3,227 10,614 Aras 27, , ,291 Dicle 57, ,295 5,082 16,876

10 334 Electricity from biomass and hydroelectric development projects in Turkey Table 6. Major hydroelectric plant projects undertaken by Temelsu in Turkey Name of basin Rated head (m) Installed capacity (MW) Number/Type of Turbines Esen Pelton Kokluce Francis Camlica Francis Duzkesme Francis Deriner Francis Ozluce Francis Beskonak Francis Sir Francis Karacaoren-II Francis Yedigoze Francis Gursogut Francis Karacaoren-I Francis Borcka Francis Muratli Kaplan Catalan Francis Birecik Francis Manavgat Francis Karkamis Bulb Hasanlar Francis Kepez-II Bulb CONCLUSION Foreign investors are showing a growing interest in the development of the energy sector in Turkey. It is very important that investors have the ability to finance energy sector projects through international financial markets. Financial institutions, both public and private, have established set of conditions that must be met before projects can be considered eligible for financing. such issues can be resolved, for example, BOT electric power projects with American investment are already in operation. Over the next there decades, it is expected that many foreign investors and financiers will be interested in the Turkish hydropower market. The future of biomass electricity generation lies in biomass integrated gasification/gas turbine technology, which offers high-energy conversion efficiencies. The electricity is produced by direct combustion of biomass, advanced gasification and pyrolysis technologies are almost ready for commercial scale use. A supplementary firing of biomass in steam-electric power plants may under certain circumstances prove to be economically feasible. BIBLIOGRAPHY Akdeniz, F. (2003). Liquid fuels from biomass and wastes, Energy Edu Sci Technol, Vol:10, pp:

11 ENERGY EXPLORATION & EXPLOITATION Volume 20 Number Bain, R. L. (1993). Electricity from biomass in the United States: Status and future direction, Bioresource Technol, Vol:46, pp Cuff, D. J. and W. J. Young. (1980). US Energy Atlas, Free Press/McMillan Publishing Co. NY. Demirbaş, A. (2000). Biomass resources for energy and chemical industry, Energy Edu Sci Technol, Vol:5, pp: Demirbaş, A. (2000). Biomass resources for energy and chemical industry, Energy Edu Sci Technol, Vol:5, pp: Demirbaş, A. (2002a). Unpublished data. Demirbaş, A. (2002b). Sustainable developments of hydropower energy in Turkey, Energy Sources, Vol:24, pp European Commission Directorate General for Energy (DGXVII). (1997). The SYNERGY Program Report. Joutz, F. L Biomass fuel supply: A methodology for determining marginal costs, Bioresource Technol, Vol:39, pp Meridian and Antares. (1992). Economic benefits of biomass power production in the US, Report prepared by Meridian Corporation, Alexandria, Virginia, and Antares Inc., Edgewater, Maryland, for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA. Sorensen, H. A. (1983). Energy Conversion Systems, John Wiley and Sons, New York. TasdemirogÏ olu, E. (1986). Biomass energy potential in Turkey, Biomass, Vol:11, pp Turkish Electricity Generation and Transmission Company (Turkish initials TEAS ). (1999). Electricity Generation transmission statistics of Turkey, APK-377, Ankara, Turkey. WECTNC (1999). Turkey Energy Report 1998, World Energy Council- Turkish National Committee, Ankara.