USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change (USAID Mekong ARCC) Water Supply Feasibility Assessment in Khammouan, Lao PDR

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1 USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change (USAID Mekong ARCC) Water Supply Feasibility Assessment in Khammouan, Lao PDR

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3 USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change (USAID Mekong ARCC) Water Supply Feasibility Assessment in Khammouan, Lao PDR Program Title: Sponsoring USAID Office: Prime Contract Number: Contractor: Subcontractor: USAID Mekong Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change (USAID Mekong ARCC) USAID/Asia Regional Environment Office AID-486-C Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI) Bryse Gaboury and Claire Benveniste, Advancing Engineering Consultants Submission Date: February 20, 2015 This publication has been made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). It was prepared for USAID Mekong ARCC by AEC (Advancing Engineering Consultants). The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of AEC and DAI and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

4 FOREWORD In December of 2014, water engineers from Advancing Engineering Consultants, an engineering and construction consulting firm based in Phnom Penh, conducted feasibility assessments in USAID Mekong ARCC target villages in Khammouan, Lao PDR and Sakon Nakhon, Thailand. The purpose of the assessment in Khammouan was to identify small scale infrastructure investments that would increase village water supply. The recommendations in this report served as input into efforts of project implementing partner, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Lao PDR, to develop practical and beneficial village-based solutions in support of the communities' current and future water needs.

5 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DONEKEO Assessment of the current water system and behaviors Mountain spring Groundwater Other information Potential improvements XONG Assessment of the current water system and behaviors Mountain stream Other stream Sanitation situation Potential improvements YANG Assessment of the current water system and behaviors Mountain stream Groundwater Other information Potential improvements KOUANE Assessment of the current water system and behaviors Groundwater Surface water Sanitation situation Potential improvements VANGHIN Assessment of the current water system and behaviors Groundwater Surface water Sanitation situation... 39

6 7.2 Potential improvements KOUANE SAM RECOMMENDATIONS Water supply recommendations Multi-village water supply system Individual village system Household treatment option Sanitation recommendations... 48

7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Location of the Nakai villages within the LMB... 1 Figure 2: Location of the targeted villages... 1 Figure 3: Water resources in Donekeo... 5 Figure 4: Outlet of the mountain spring pipe in Donekeo... 6 Figure 5: Bad rubber junctions along the distribution pipe of Donekeo... 7 Figure 6: Inlet of Donekeo pipe... 7 Figure 7: Potential complementary mountain stream in Donekeo... 8 Figure 8: Stream across the rice fields close to Donekeo... 9 Figure 9: Private protected well in Donekeo... 9 Figure 10: Open public well in Donekeo Figure 11: Abandoned tap in Donekeo Figure 12: Water resources in Xong Figure 13: Outlet of the mountain stream pipe in Xong Figure 14: Damaged embankment along Xong mountain stream pipe Figure 15: Potential higher intake for Xong's pipe Figure 16: Stream at the South East of Xong sub-village Figure 17: Xong villager collecting water from the South East stream Figure 18: The only toilet in Xong sub-village Figure 19: Water resources in Yang Figure 20: Outlet of the mountain stream pipe in Yang Figure 21: Leak noticed along the mountain stream pipe in Yang Figure 22: Inlet of the mountain stream pipe in Yang Figure 23: Higher potential intake for Yang pipe Figure 24: Concrete filter and capture system at an abandoned catchment area Figure 25: Abandoned concrete storage tank in Yang Figure 26: Abandoned tap in Yang Figure 27: Private protected well in Yang, equipped with a pump and a hose Figure 28: Rainwater storage tanks at Yang school Figure 29: Water resources in Kouane Figure 30: Public open well in Kouane Figure 31: Unused protected well in Kouane Figure 32: Protected well equipped with a manual pump in Kouane Figure 33: Pond in Kouane Figure 34: Cave in Kouane Figure 35: Water resources in Vanghin Figure 36: Open public wells in Vanghin Figure 37: Higher open public well in Vanghin Figure 38: Lower open public well in Vanghin Figure 39: Private well under construction in Vanghin Figure 40: Mr. "Tee", head of the well construction firm Figure 41: Pond in Vanghin Figure 42: Previous location of Vanghin sub-village... 37

8 Figure 43: Mountain stream North of Vanghin Figure 44: Location of the inlet of the potential pipe identified by the villagers Figure 45: Recommended location for the inlet of the potential pipe Figure 46: Hanging water hoses in Kouane Sam Figure 47: Mountain streams in the targeted area Figure 48: Examples of communal systems LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Water assessment summary... 2 Table 2: Solutions recommended at the village scale... 3 Table 3: Estimated pipe discharge and elevation of the available mountain streams Table 4: Estimation of the water demand Table 5: Water balance at the village scale... 46

9 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this feasibility study is to look for potential for water management improvements in the villages of Ban Kouane and Ban Xong, which include 2,093 inhabitants within 2,555 ha. The targeted villages are located in Central Laos, Khammouan Province, Nakai District. They are situated within a flat valley surrounded by limestone mountains. Figure 1: Location of the Nakai villages within the LMB Figure 2: Location of the targeted villages 1

10 Following a document review phase, a field visit was carried out from December 15 th to December 18 th, 2014 by two Engineers. As no major water issue was raised in Kouane Sam, AE team focused its investigations in the 5 other sub-villages. Kouane Sam was only briefly visited and no recommendations are given. The information collected is detailed in section 8. A total of 6 water samples were collected during the visit, in Donekeo, Vanghin and Kouane sub-villages (2 samples in each sub-village). These samples were delivered at the Environmental Engineering Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering in Sakon Nakhon, Thailand on December 19 th, 2014, for analysis (see the Water Analysis Report in Annex 5). No water test was carried out in Yang and Xong sub-villages, mostly supplied by mountain streams, as the mountain streams of the targeted valley are likely to have a similar quality. It was therefore decided to only test the mountain stream supplying Donekeo. In addition, testing multiple sources in a same village allow to compare water sources and select the cleanest one, whereas a single water test in a village would be less useful. The next sections describe the existing water resources and systems in each sub-village and detail recommendations to improve water management at the household and village scale. A broader multivillage solution is described in section EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table 1 shows a summary of the water assessment for each sub-village, including the different parameters assessed (number and type of water resources, availability, quality, etc.). Village Nb HH Available water sources Table 1: Water assessment summary Distance of the source from the community Water quality parameter out of range Seasonal availability Availability of latrines Kouane 35 Public well < 0.3 km Coliform No water from March to June 1 toilet Cave/pond 0.4 to 0.7 km Coliform All year round Mountain stream < 0.3 km Coliform No water from February to May Donekeo 78 Private wells 0 Not tested Water shortages in the dry season Multiple latrines Open well 0.45 to 0.6 km Turbidity, Coliform All year round Water shortages from March Public wells < 0.8 km Coliform to May No water from February to Private wells 0 Not tested Vanghin 47 June No latrine Pond < 0.6 km Coliform All year round Stream 3 km Not tested All year round Yang 70 Mountain stream < 0.3 km Not tested All year round 4 latrines Xong 137 Mountain stream < 1 km Not tested All year round Other stream 0.5 to 1.5 km Not tested No water in the dry season Only 1 toilet, not used 2

11 Fecal coliform is an indicator of human waste, whereas total coliform also indicates contamination by animal waste. Both can be treated through a disinfection process, either using chlorine or UV. Mountain streams are usually considered as the least risked resources regarding human waste contamination; it is therefore unexpected to find such a high level of fecal coliform in the Donekeo mountain stream water. Sources of the contamination could be the pipe, the area at the outlet, the bucket, the non-sterile bottle with which the sample was collected. This is a one shot random analysis. Confirmation of this result would require further investigation. Table 2 shows where the solutions at the village scale are recommended. Table 2: Solutions recommended at the village scale Proposed village scale solutions Kouane Donekeo Vanghin Yang Xong Improve the catchment area of the existing pipe x x Protect the pipe x x x Add flush areas at the low points of the pipe x x x Install a multiple use storage/wash area at the outlet of the existing pipe x x x Secure the area at the outlet of the pipe Reuse abandoned taps x x Install additional distribution points x x Filtration and disinfection treatment Protect open sources with fences x x Add a concrete ring in the wells x x x Purchase a pump to improve water access Investigate alternative water resources to provide more water x x x Diversify the water resources to be more resilient x x Build more toilets x x x x Considering the timeframe and available budget of the Client, the recommended solution is a combination of small infrastructures and behavioral change processes through sanitation marketing. The multi village solution, though it would be the ideal option to sustainably improve water management in the targeted area, cannot be implemented in the short-term. We would therefore recommend fostering the "lowest risk options" suggested in section , such as the wash / storage area to be built at the outlet of the mountain stream pipes, the protection measures for pipes and open sources and securing the outlet of one of the pipe. Another short term possibility that could easily be carried out would be to investigate the feasibility of purchasing a pump by Kouane villagers in order to pump water from the cave up to the village. The behavioral change process can be implemented through sanitation marketing. There are several local and regional NGO s that specialize in this type of work. It is recommended that the Client connects with one of these NGO s directly to create a work plan to implement this behavioral change process within the timeframe available. x x x 3

12 3. DONEKEO 3.1 Assessment of the current water system and behaviors Mountain spring and groundwater are the two main resources used for water supply in Donekeo subvillage, which comprises 78 households and 375 inhabitants. 4

13 Figure 3: Water resources in Donekeo (3km from the village) Elevation: 340m (450m from the outlet) Elevation: 230m Elevation: 200m 78 Households (450m from the village) 5

14 3.1.1 Mountain spring Mountain spring The mountain spring is distributed to the village through a 63 mm diameter polyethylene pipe. The outlet of the pipe is located at the North East extremity of the village. No tap system is installed, resulting in a continuous flow out of the pipe. This pipe was installed by the villagers. The villagers questioned did not know who purchased it. Figure 4: Outlet of the mountain spring pipe in Donekeo During the time of the visit (December), the flow measured at the outlet of the pipe was 0.17 L/s 1, which is quite low, due to the low level of the spring in the mountain. The villagers mentioned that there is no water during the dry season, from February to May. They also mentioned that this year, the water shortages have started earlier than usual. The AE team explored the whole pipe from the outlet to the inlet located 700 m North of the village. Bad junctions, made of pieces of rubber, were noticed resulting in only minor leaks. 1 The flow was estimated by measuring the time needed to fill a bucket. The operation was reiterated 3 times and the average of the times measured was used for the flow calculation. 6

15 Figure 5: Bad rubber junctions along the distribution pipe of Donekeo The inlet of the pipe is located about 40 m higher than the outlet of the pipe in the village. It is connected to a mountain spring (which becomes a stream in the rainy season), downstream a small concrete and wooden structure which had been built by the villagers one year ago with cement purchased in Nakai. Figure 6: Inlet of Donekeo pipe Spring Spring 7

16 Spring Most of the parameters tested for the piped water from the mountain stream are within the acceptable range of the drinking water standards established by the World Health Organization. Yet the test results show that this water is contaminated with fecal coliform (see section 3.2 for further comments) Potential complementary mountain stream A complementary mountain stream has been explored North of the village (see Figure 3). The inlet of the potential pipe could be located more than 100 m higher than the outlet of the existing pipe, which means that the pressure would be much higher. Figure 7: Potential complementary mountain stream in Donekeo Another stream located across the rice fields is also available. However, this water source likely contains poorer water quality than the mountain stream. Also, it is located more than 600 m from the village and is at the same elevation, which means that gravity cannot be used to distribute the water. 8

17 Figure 8: Stream across the rice fields close to Donekeo Groundwater Private wells Most families own a well which is usually equipped with a submerged electric pump connected to a hose. The water is used for washing, bathing and cooking, but not for drinking. The wells assessed were about 6 to 8 m deep, with a water depth comprised between 1 and 2 m at the time of the visit (December). Some villagers mentioned that the water level gets lower during the dry season, but water remains available year round. Figure 9: Private protected well in Donekeo Public well An open public well is available in the rice fields, South West of the village. It is 1m deep and has water all year round. Villagers mostly use it during the dry season, as it is located 350 m far from the village. This water is used for any consumption, including drinking. 9

18 Figure 10: Open public well in Donekeo Villagers stated they never get sick because of this water. However, the water analysis report (see Annex 5) shows that it is of bad quality, notably due to a significant turbidity and a very high concentration of Fecal Coliform. Another open well located further in the rice fields is also sometimes used for irrigation Other information Abandoned taps Several taps with concrete platforms had been built 4 to 5 years ago in order to distribute mountain water collected upstream Yang sub-village. However, these taps have never been used because the pipe connecting the 2 villages was destroyed. Figure 11: Abandoned tap in Donekeo Yang villagers reported that when the old pipe used to work, Donekeo villagers were not satisfied that Yang village was still receiving more water than Donekeo. Donekeo villagers then installed a new pipe to bring more water towards their village, but the Yang villagers destroyed everything. This happened one 10

19 year after the installation of the pipe, likely not long before the main pipe, connecting the mountain stream to Yang village, got destroyed by the floods (see section 5.1.1) Sanitation situation Multiple toilets have been noticed in this sub-village, which is very positive. It is the only sub-village visited that has so many toilets built. 3.2 Potential improvements Water shortages are a major issue in Donekeo sub-village, especially during the dry season. In order to increase the amount of water available in the village, the alternative mountain stream could be used. As this stream is located much further than the one currently being used (the potential inlet location is located about 3km far from the outlet of the village), such a piping would require significant engineering and funding resources. Build a multiple use storage/wash area at the outlet of the existing pipe so that multiple villagers can use water at the same time. Proper drainage should be considered to prevent the animals from contaminating the water. Such a structure would require a specific project including: o Design of several options, o Discussion with the villagers about the best/preferred option (also depending on the construction materials and equipment available), o Construction supervision. An elevated storage tank could not be considered as the pressure is too low. Add flush areas at the low points of the pipe in order to regularly clean the pipe and prevent any clogging. Due to a high turbidity (45.9 NTU) and a very significant concentration of fecal coliform (1700 MPN/100mL), the water from the open public well should not be drunk without treatment. Achieving low turbidity by filtration or flocculation and sedimentation before disinfection (with chlorine or UV) is strongly recommended to ensure microbially safe water. Although turbidity is not necessarily a threat to health, it is an important indicator of the possible presence of contaminants that would be of concern for health. In addition, turbidity should be no more than 1 NTU and preferably much lower in order to ensure effectiveness of disinfection and fecal coliforms removal 2. 2 GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING-WATER QUALITY FOURTH EDITION, Chapter 10 - World Health Organization 11

20 Fence in the open well to prevent animals from entering and contaminating the water. Watering spots may be needed outside the fence, if the source is important to wildlife and/or livestock at any time of the year (especially the dry season). Most of the parameters tested for the piped water from the mountain stream are within the acceptable range of the drinking water standards established by the World Health Organization. Yet the test results show that this water is contaminated with fecal coliform, which is unexpected for a mountain stream. Sources of the contamination could be the pipe, the area at the outlet, the bucket, the non-sterile bottle with which the sample was collected. This is a one shot random analysis. Confirmation of this result would require further investigation, which is recommended in case this source is shared among several villages (see the multi-village option in section 9). The abandoned taps could potentially be used again to provide further distribution points, as the existing one is located at an extremity of the village. Add a concrete ring along the inside walls of the wells to prevent any collapse and limit contamination of the groundwater (the public well would be the priority) 3. In order to prevent any conflict such as the one mentioned in section , the issue of social equity and access to clean water must be addressed for any USAID Mekong ARCC activities, preferably through community meetings and setting up water management committees. 4. XONG 4.1 Assessment of the current water system and behaviors Mountain stream is the main resource used for water supply in Xong sub-village, which comprises 137 households and 568 inhabitants. Groundwater is not used in this sub-village. 3 Photos of concrete rings are shown in Annex 4. 12

21 Figure 12: Water resources in Xong Elevation: 235m (800m from the outlet of the pipe) Elevation: 227m Elevation: 215m 137 Households (1.5km from the outlet of the pipe) Elevation: 210m 13

22 4.1.1 Mountain stream The mountain stream is the only water resource used all year round by the majority of the families. It is distributed to the village through a 10cm diameter steel pipe, which is of very good quality. This pipe was originally funded by the Provincial Government to transport fuel from Vietnam to Laos in the 1970's. As the pipe was not used anymore, villagers obtained to use it for water distribution. The pipe was installed by the villagers themselves in the framework of a Red Cross project in The Red Cross surveyed the potential to get water from the mountain. The outlet of the pipe is located in the Northern end of the village, where most of the households are settled. Like in Donekeo sub-village, no tap system is installed, resulting in a continuous flow out of the pipe. A flat concrete platform is located next to the current pipe outlet, which has slippery rocks below it. Villagers plan to move the pipe to this platform to secure the outlet as some accidents already occurred. Figure 13: Outlet of the mountain stream pipe in Xong During the time of the visit (December), the flow measured at the outlet of the pipe was 4.6 L/s 4, which is much higher than the flow in Donekeo (0.17 L/s) and Yang (0.84 L/s). Despite a flow decrease during the dry season, water is available all year round. Villagers collect 4 to 6 buckets per day, which correspond to an average consumption of 40 to 60 L per day per household. The AE team explored the entire pipe length from the outlet to the inlet located about 800 m North East of the village. Thanks to the strong junctions, no leaks were noticed along the pipe. The villagers are aware that the pipe is vulnerable towards stones rolling in the stream during the rainy season. They 4 The flow was estimated by measuring the time needed to fill a bucket. The operation was reiterated 3 times and the average of the times measured was used for the flow calculation. 14

23 plan to displace the upstream part of the pipe along the embankment (except the inlet) instead of in the river bed. Further down to the village, the embankment along which the pipe is running is damaged, which makes the pipe more likely to break. Figure 14: Damaged embankment along Xong mountain stream pipe The inlet of the pipe catches part of a mountain stream. The head of the pipe is under the water, downstream a natural basin formed by rocks. Figure 11: Inlet of the mountain stream pipe in Xong Inlet of the pipe Direction of the water flow 15

24 Direction of the water flow Direction of the water flow Pipe at Risk of being damaged by bolders or washing out. Villagers plan to extend the pipe further up and capture water higher than currently. They consider that the configuration of the higher location is easier to capture more water. Figure 15: Potential higher intake for Xong's pipe Other stream Most of the households are concentrated around the main pipe, but some houses are located further along the road, in the South East. In addition to the main pipe, these households also use a stream located on the other side of the village (about 500 m from the South extremity of the sub-village). This stream gets dry in the dry season, but these villagers use it whenever possible, as it is closer than the pipe. It is also more convenient for bathing, being less crowded. 16

25 Figure 16: Stream at the South East of Xong sub-village Figure 17: Xong villager collecting water from the South East stream Sanitation situation There is only one toilet at the headman s place but it is not used. However, villagers are willing to have toilets because they are scared of going to the forest, especially at night. They have not built toilets so far because of a lack of budget and material accessibility (the equipment has to be purchased in Nakai for which the access road is very bad). It has been reported that a toilet costs around 2 million kips, including cement, roof and transport. Figure 18: The only toilet in Xong sub-village This toilet is not used by the villagers, only by important guests. The villagers have a low appreciation of sanitation and only use this toilet as a storage area. 4.2 Potential improvements No major issue in terms of water supply quantity and quality has been raised by Xong's inhabitants. They seem to be aware of the few issues and to be pro-active. For instance, villagers reported that they cleaned the dust and rocks a month before our visit in a low point of the pipe located close to the 17

26 village. They are also willing to move the outlet of the pipe located in a dangerous rocky area, and to move the upstream part of the pipe out of the risky area. Some improvements could be done at the scale of the village: Build a multiple use storage/wash area at the outlet of the existing pipe, using the existing concrete platform, so that multiple villagers can use water at the same time. Proper drainage should be considered to prevent the animals from contaminating the water. Such a structure would require a specific project including: o Design of several options, o Discussion with the villagers about the best/preferred option (also depending on the construction materials and equipment available), o Construction supervision. Add further distribution points as there is only one so far. Extending the pipe to a higher catchment area, as suggested by the villagers, would provide more pressure/water even though it does not seem to be a priority for this village. Another option would be to extend the existing dam to collect more water. Repair and protect the embankment along which the pipe is damaged to avoid the breaking of the pipe. Move the outlet of the pipe to the existing concrete platform to secure the place. Add flush areas at the low points of the pipe in order to regularly clean the pipe and prevent any clogging. This village mostly relies on a single water resource, which makes it vulnerable in the long term. Even if the mountain stream currently provides clear water with significant pressure, this stream is under the threat of climate change and deforestation; both of which could lead to a reduced flow. Also, stones and landslides can potentially break the pipe during big flood events, which already happened with the previous pipe. An alternative water resource and a broader multi village water supply system would allow securing water supply in this village (see section for further details). 5. YANG 5.1 Assessment of the current water system and behaviors A mountain spring is the main resource used for water supply in Yang sub-village, which comprises 70 households and 409 inhabitants. 18

27 Figure 19: Water resources in Yang 70 Households Elevation: 235m (800m from the outlet of the pipe) Elevation: 230m Elevation: 205m (700m from the outlet of the pipe) Elevation: 215m 19

28 5.1.1 Mountain stream The mountain stream is the only water resource used all year round by the majority of the families. Like in Xong sub-village, it is distributed to the village through a 10cm diameter steel pipe, which is of very good quality. This pipe was originally funded by the Provincial Government to transport fuel from Vietnam to Laos in As the pipe was not used anymore, villagers obtained to use it for water distribution. The outlet of the pipe is located in the South of the village. Like in Donekeo and Xong subvillages, no tap system is installed, resulting in a continuous flow out of the pipe. Figure 20: Outlet of the mountain stream pipe in Yang During the time of the visit (December), the flow measured at the outlet of the pipe was 0.84 L/s 5, which is almost 5 times the flow measured at Donekeo pipe, even if the inlet of the pipe is about 30 m lower. Despite a flow decrease during the dry season, water is available all year round. Villagers carry water 2 times per day: 4 buckets in the morning and 4 in the afternoon, which is 80 L per day per household on average. AE team explored the entire pipe from the outlet to the inlet located about 700 m East of the village. Despite the strong junctions along the pipe, one leak was noticed where the pipe got damaged during the wet season. The pipe is indeed vulnerable towards landslides and rocks carried in the river during the floods. 5 The flow was estimated by measuring the time needed to fill a bucket. The operation was reiterated 3 times and the average of the times measured was used for the flow calculation. 20

29 Figure 21: Leak noticed along the mountain stream pipe in Yang At the inlet, the pipe catches part of a mountain stream. The head of the pipe is located downstream a natural basin formed by rocks. Figure 22: Inlet of the mountain stream pipe in Yang Pipe at risk. Not properly supported Pipe at risk. Not properly supported 21

30 The villagers plan to catch the water higher than the current catchment, in a zone which is less vulnerable towards the rocks and landslides. Figure 23: Higher potential intake for Yang pipe A previous plastic pipe used to collect the water from the mountain stream a few meters higher than currently. A concrete filter and capture system can still be seen at the old catchment site. Figure 24: Concrete filter and capture system at an abandoned catchment area Direction of water flow The pipe used to be connected to a concrete tank located in the village, from which some water was distributed to Donekeo. This pipe got damaged by the floods approximately one year after installation (which is 3 to 4 years ago). It was then taken back to the Yang sub-village. 22

31 Figure 25: Abandoned concrete storage tank in Yang Several taps with concrete platforms had also been built 4 to 5 years ago in order to split the mountain water collected upstream Yang around different locations in the village. The taps had been used for only one year, until the plastic pipe distributing the mountain stream to the taps was broken during a flood event. As the current steel pipe is not flexible, the taps cannot be reached and used anymore. Figure 26: Abandoned tap in Yang Groundwater Groundwater is usually not used by the villagers as the water from the mountain stream is available all year round. Villagers have tried to dig up to 13 m in some places but no water is available in the dry season. The only well in Yang is 11 m deep, with a water depth of 4 m at the time of the visit (December). It was dug by someone from another village who got paid for it. The costs to dig an earth well are detailed below: 200,000 Kip/m: between 1 and 5m 300,000 Kip/m: from 6m It was reported that no concrete ring was installed because of access issues (difficult access road). 23

32 Figure 27: Private protected well in Yang, equipped with a pump and a hose Other information Only 4 families have private toilets. The other households go to the forest. Rainwater tanks, harvesting rainwater from the roof of the school have been noticed. Villagers reported that these tanks were not used. The water from the mountain stream pipe is used for the 4 toilets located within the school. These rainwater harvesting tanks have likely been built together with the school by an external donor, in order to follow this donor's standards. We would not recommend supporting any further rainwater options as rainwater harvesting is quite basic and if the villagers had ever wanted to use this water resource, they would already be doing it. From a broader perspective, rainwater is obviously not a good solution to cope with the water shortages during the dry season for availability reasons. It is also not recommended to store water for a prolonged period of time due to increased risks of contamination. In addition, it is unlikely that the amount of water that could be stored would be sufficient to cover the overall water shortages in the village. 24

33 Figure 28: Rainwater storage tanks at Yang school 5.2 Potential improvements No major issue in terms of water supply quantity and quality has been raised by Yang's inhabitants. Some improvements could be done at the scale of the village: Build a multiple use storage/wash area at the outlet of the existing pipe so that multiple villagers can use water at the same time. Proper drainage should be considered to prevent the animals from contaminating the water. Such a structure would require a specific project including: o Design of several options, o Discussion with the villagers about the best/preferred option (also depending on the construction materials and equipment available), o Construction supervision. Install additional water points within the village, potentially re-using the existing concrete taps. This option would require further engineering input to determine a technical solution to connect the steel pipe to the water points, taking into account the material/equipment availability in such a remote area. Protect the pipe from the landslides / rocks falling in sensitive areas to prevent any break. Add flush areas at the low points of the pipe in order to regularly clean the pipe and prevent any clogging. Extending the pipe to a higher catchment area, as suggested by the villagers, would provide more pressure but it does not seem to be a priority for this village. Moving the inlet of the pipe in a more protected area is a good idea. Building more toilets and providing the inhabitants with hygiene education would improve the sanitation situation. This village relies on a single water resource, which makes it vulnerable in the long term. Even if the mountain stream currently provides clear water with a lot of pressure, this stream is under the threat of climate change and deforestation which could both lead to a reduced flow. Also, stones and landslides can potentially break the pipe during big flood events, which already happened with the previous pipe. 25

34 An alternative water resource and a broader multi village water supply system would allow securing water supply in this village (see section 9 for further details). 6. KOUANE 6.1 Assessment of the current water system and behaviors Groundwater and surface water are the two main resources used for water supply in Kouane subvillage, which comprises 35 households and 167 inhabitants. The villagers resettled in 2000 because of recurrent flood issues at the previous location, where water availability was much higher. The inhabitants still cultivate the same rice fields, located close to the old village, about 1.5 km far from the relocation site. They usually take a bath at the field before getting home. The water used within the new relocation site is therefore mostly used for drinking, cooking and cleaning purposes. Figure 29: Water resources in Kouane Elevation: 220m 35 Households Elevation: 215m (150m from the village) Elevation: 210m (550m from the village) Elevation: 195m Groundwater Public well The open public well located in a low area 150 m South to the village is the main water resource used by the villagers. This earth well was built in 2000 by the villagers themselves. Its depth is 11 m and the water level is 4.5 m. 26

35 Figure 30: Public open well in Kouane The villagers use this water for drinking without any treatment. No health issue related to this water was reported. Most of the parameters tested for this public well are within the acceptable range of the drinking water standards established by the World Health Organization. Yet the test results show that this water is contaminated with fecal coliform. Such a result means that either the water resource is contaminated, or the bucket, or the non-sterile bottle with which the sample was collected. This is a one shot random analysis. Confirmation of this result would require further investigation. During the rainy season, the area around the well gets muddy. A small bridge is then settled to facilitate the access to the well. From March to June, during the dry season, no water is available at this well. The villagers have to use alternative resources, described in the following sections Unused wells A tap located at the top of a 20 m deep protected well was observed along the main road. It was funded by Nakai District and installed in Villagers mentioned that little water is available from this well and that the quality is bad when they start pumping. Figure 31: Unused protected well in Kouane 27

36 Another well, equipped with a UNICEF manual pump, is located on the other side of the main road. It was built in 2012 and is 22 m deep. Water is only available during the rainy season and the well gets dry from October. At the time of the visit (December), only 2 buckets of turbid water could be pumped. It was reported that the water quality of the open well is higher than of this well. Figure 32: Protected well equipped with a manual pump in Kouane This pump was installed by UNICEF after regular instances of hygiene related illnesses, but people do not use it. Further investigation would be required to determine the exact reasons why it is not being used. A private well builder met in Vanghin reported that he had built an 11 m deep earth well in Kouane subvillage, close to the house equipped with toilets. This well provided enough water for 3 years, but then collapsed in the absence of concrete ring within the well Surface water Cave/pond During the dry season, when the open public well gets dry, the villagers collect water from a pond located 550 m South East to the village. The pond is fed by a neighbouring cave. When the pond gets dry, the villagers collect water directly from the cave, which always has water. 28

37 Figure 33: Pond in Kouane Figure 34: Cave in Kouane During the dry season, each family collects 2 buckets in the morning and 2 buckets in the evening from this pond/cave. The villagers reported that the pond is less clean than the water available at the open public well. They expressed doubts regarding the quality of this water and assumed the community and the animals contaminate the pond. Most of the parameters tested for the water from the cave are within the acceptable range of the drinking water standards established by the World Health Organization. Yet the test results show that this water is contaminated with fecal coliform, with a higher concentration than the water from the public well (6.8 instead of 4.5 MPN/100 ml). Such a result means that either the water resource is contaminated, or the bucket, or the non-sterile bottle with which the sample was collected. This is a one shot random analysis. Confirmation of this result would require further investigation. 29

38 Stream A stream located far from the village has been mentioned by some villagers as an extra water resource rarely used by the community. The water from this stream is mostly used for gardening as well as for major events/ceremonies. The villagers led investigations to find mountain sources or streams on the other side of the main road, but it proved to be unsuccessful. The only source available is on the other side of the Northern mountain, 3 to 4 km far from Kouane. Distributing this water would therefore require an expensive piping system equipped with a pump Sanitation situation There is only one private toilet in Kouane sub-village. Most of the villagers go to the forest, but no safety problem has been reported, except the intrusion of pigs. The community mentioned that they would build toilet if they had enough water to use a toilet. 6.2 Potential improvements Water scarcity is a major issue in Kouane sub-village where the water situation is the most critical within the targeted area. A solution at the scale of the village would consist in a piped system using pumped groundwater or surface water resources (the village is in a high area), with an elevated storage tank allowing gravity distribution to one or several taps within the village. Such a solution would require a specific engineering study including: Further investigating the groundwater resources: o The existing documents related to previous project(s) aiming at building wells in this village should be found out (potentially at the Health Department of Nakai District) and analyzed to collect any existing information regarding previous groundwater investigations. o Determine which area should be investigated as a priority. o Conduct hydrogeological survey in the priority zone(s). Further investigating the surface water resources between the main road and the Northern mountain. The villagers already investigated this area unsuccessfully, but the topography suggests that some stream and/or spring should exist in this zone. Determining a funding process to cover both installation cost and operation and maintenance costs. Such a solution would also require setting up a water committee to ensure the funding, operation and maintenance of the system. As the villagers seem to be really willing to pay for water, and are already committed to pay for electricity, the installation cost of the piped system should be subsidized but the operation and maintenance costs should be covered by the community. For instance, some water meters could be installed at each distribution tap. The user would then pay depending on the amount of water collected. 30

39 Other recommendations to improve the existing water resources in the short term are listed below: Add a concrete ring along the inside walls of the open public well to prevent any collapse and limit contamination of the groundwater 6. Build an embankment around the pond and the cave to limit contamination by the community located further up and install fences/protections as well to prevent any contamination by the livestock. Such a measure would limit water access for the livestock, which needs to be discussed and decided by the community. Collection of water from the cave should be encouraged, as it is less likely to be directly contaminated than the water from the pond. The feasibility of purchasing a pump by the community should be investigated in order to pump water from the cave up to the village. 7. VANGHIN 7.1 Assessment of the current water system and behaviors Groundwater and surface water are the two main resources used for water supply in Vanghin subvillage, which comprises 47 households and 362 inhabitants. The villagers resettled in 2014 because of recurrent flood issues at the previous location, where water availability was much higher. They did not get any support from the Government, bought materials from Nakai and Thakhek, and built everything themselves. They are not yet connected to the electricity network, though electric poles have been installed. 6 Photos of concrete rings are shown in Annex 4. 31

40 Figure 35: Water resources in Vanghin Elevation: 255m (3km from the village) Elevation: 290m Average elevation: 220m 47 Households 32

41 Elevation: 235m Elevation: 230m Elevation: 210m Elevation: 205m Groundwater Open public wells Two public open wells are located at the Southern extremity of the sub-village. The villagers mostly use the lower one which is 4 m deep, with a water level of 1.5 m. It was built with a mechanical shovel, and cost 1 million kip. The higher well is usually used during the rainy season when the lower area is flooded. 33

42 Figure 36: Open public wells in Vanghin Figure 37: Higher open public well in Vanghin Figure 38: Lower open public well in Vanghin 54 families get water from this well twice per day, collecting a total of 4 buckets per household. Some families boil this water before drinking it. No water-related disease has been reported. Most of the parameters tested for the water from the lower well are within the acceptable range of the drinking water standards established by the World Health Organization. Yet the test results show that this water is contaminated with total coliform. Such a result means that either the water resource is contaminated, or the bucket, or the non-sterile bottle with which the sample was collected. This is a one shot random analysis. Confirmation of this result would require further investigation (see section 7.2 for further comments). During the dry season, from March to May, there is not much water and the villagers have to use alternative water resources (see the next sections). There is a private pond next to these public wells, which is only used for fishing Private wells Numerous families have a private well either operational or under construction. The wells visited were 4 to 10 m deep. The villagers reported that the operational wells do not have water from February to June. 34

43 Figure 39: Private well under construction in Vanghin These wells are dug by a private firm with 9 workers led by Mr. "Tee". He mentioned that a 12 to 13 m deep well is usually enough to have water all year round. The fee for digging is 300,000 Kip/m. Figure 40: Mr. "Tee", head of the well construction firm Mr. Tee (from Ban Namouane) runs an enterprise of 9 workers, specialized in well digging in the targeted area. There is a strong potential for partnering with small businesses, such as this positive unique entrepreneurial example. A cost share process could engage such enterprises and the villagers to cover the cost of protected wells (with concrete ring). We strongly recommend supporting Mr. Tee and similar enterprises through trainings to help develop their business. Concrete rings could also be used for the construction of latrines Surface water Pond During the dry season, when groundwater from the wells is not sufficient, the villagers also collect water from a natural pond, located West of the village. The water from this pond is mostly used for cleaning and cooking purposes, and not for drinking since this pond is contaminated by the livestock. 35

44 Figure 41: Pond in Vanghin Most of the parameters tested for the water of this pond are within the acceptable range of the drinking water standards established by the World Health Organization. Yet the test results show that this water is contaminated with fecal coliform, and has a very high concentration of total coliform (540 MPN/100 ml). Such a result means that either the water resource is contaminated, or the bucket, or the nonsterile bottle with which the sample was collected. This is a one shot random analysis. Confirmation of this result would require further investigation (see section 7.2 for further comments) Stream at the previous village Some interviewed villagers reported to occasionally collect water from the stream located next to the previous village (about 3km South of the new one), whenever they can use a tractor or a car. This water was reported cleaner than the water from the pond. 36

45 Figure 42: Previous location of Vanghin sub-village Mountain stream AE team visited a mountain stream located around 3 km North East of the sub-village to look for a potential alternative water resource to supply Vanghin sub-village. The villagers already explored this resource which can provide water all year round. Some of them even collect water from this stream when the pond gets too dirty. The water quality seems to be good. 37

46 Figure 43: Mountain stream North of Vanghin The inlet of the potential pipe identified by the villagers is located in a vulnerable area, with many random rocks and trees. This option would require sealing a dam, taking out the rocks and protecting the pipe. Figure 44: Location of the inlet of the potential pipe identified by the villagers Another option would be to capture the water a bit higher, in a cleaner area, where the stream is narrow and easier to capture. Villagers seemed to like this idea. 38

47 Figure 45: Recommended location for the inlet of the potential pipe Sanitation situation No toilet was reported in this new sub-village, neither in the old one. 7.2 Potential improvements In this sub-village still in the process of resettlement, the households are in the process of solving their water issues. Our recommendations to improve again the water supply in Vanghin are listed below: Keep digging private wells, as many families are already paying to get a private well dug next to their houses. Add a concrete ring along the inside walls of the open public well to prevent any collapse and limit contamination of the groundwater 7. Another public well could be dug next to the pond. Such a well is likely to have water most of the year, and can be bleached regularly, which could prevent from the livestock contamination. The mountain stream could provide good quality water with sufficient pressure. As this stream is far from the village, it would require an expensive piped system. It seems risky to install a community system requiring a strong commitment from the community to install, operate and maintain it, in an area where households already have their own system. 7 Photos of concrete rings are shown in Annex 4. 39

48 The results of the water tests confirm that the water from the open public well is of better quality than the water from the pond, which would require disinfection treatment. The villagers should therefore prefer the use of the public well whenever possible, as they are already doing. 8. KOUANE SAM This sub-village comprises 33 households and 311 inhabitants. Despite the fact that it is the most remote sub-village due to a bad access road, no major water issue has been raised. The majority of the families own a well equipped with an electric pump connected to a hose. Some wells can be used all year round. During the dry season, the villagers use an extra well with manual pumping as well as a stream located 1km from the village. Figure 46: Hanging water hoses in Kouane Sam Hanging hose There are 3 private toilets in the village. The villagers stated that they cannot afford to build more. 40

49 9. RECOMMENDATIONS 9.1 Water supply recommendations Multi-village water supply system Final Report February 20, 2015 A broader multi-village solution would be the most difficult to implement but would have the biggest potential to improve water management in the targeted sub-villages. It would allow the inhabitants not to depend on a single resource. Indeed if the villagers support such a community system, it is the best way to get a resilient water system. The water resources used for such a water supply system would be the mountain streams available in the area, as these are the only resources which can provide enough water throughout the year. The idea would be to gather 3 or 4 streams to feed several villages. The following map shows the location and elevation of the available mountain streams. 41

50 Figure 47: Mountain streams in the targeted area 8 290m 47 HH 220m 340m 33 HH 195m 2.5 km 35 HH 215m 78 HH 200m 230m 70 HH 205m 230m 235m 137 HH 215m The three streams in Donekeo, Yang and Xong sub-villages are captured approximately at the same altitude (around 230 m). However, the alternative stream in Donekeo and the one in Vanghin are much higher (290 to 340 m) but also located further. The alternative stream in Donekeo could potentially be used for Kouane sub-village. The topography should be investigated further since a high point seems to be located between this stream and the sub-village. The table below shows the estimated pipe discharge (which is lower than the stream flow, as all the stream is not captured) and elevation of each mountain streams. It was not possible to estimate the flow 8 The elevations of the mountain streams correspond to the higher potential catchment area for the inlet of the pipe 42

51 of the other stream in Donekeo (the one which is not used) and of the stream visited in Vanghin, as they are not piped. Table 3: Estimated pipe discharge and elevation of the available mountain streams 9 Sub-village Pipe discharge (L/s) Stream elevation (m) Xong Yang Donekeo Donekeo potential No estimation 340 stream Vanghin No estimation 290 Total The total discharge flow of the three streams currently used in Donekeo, Yang and Xong is estimated to be 5.61 L/s, which is 484,704 L/day. These flow rates are measured early in the dry season, and will vary widely during the year (likely by at least a factor of 10, and maybe a lot more during heavy rains). For all springs and streams, the amount of water available to the village water supply system will depend on the seasonal flow requirements of the stream below the off-take, in order to maintain the stream's downstream ecology. The table below shows an estimate of the total water demand, based on the average quantity of water consumed daily per capita in a location where water access is optimal, which is 100 L/capita/day 10. Table 4: Estimation of the water demand Sub-village Nb inhabitants Expected water demand (L/day) Xong Yang Donekeo Vanghin Kouane Kouane Sam Total The pipe discharges are based on a 1 time measurement, and does not take into account the seasonal variations of the flow of the river. Also, the GPS provides an initial idea of the topography but the accuracy is between 5 to 10 m. 10 Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health Guy Howard, Jamie Bartram - World Health Organization

52 The total water demand in the targeted area is therefore estimated to be 219,200 L/day, which is almost half of the total flow of the three used mountain stream. Even if the environmental release requirements and the seasonal variations are considered, it is very likely that the available mountain streams in the area are sufficient to provide enough water to the whole community throughout the year (given that at least two other streams are available but their flow could not be estimated). Even if the 3 streams being currently used are sufficient, it is recommended to use at least an additional stream to prevent any shortage related to climate change impact in the long term. A community process should first be engaged to assess the willingness of the villagers for such a system and to support the establishment of water committees. Donekeo and Yang sub-villages used to have a shared system, but due to an inter-village conflict within the first year, it was broken (see further details in section ). Thus establishing a multi-village water supply system is a risky endeavor that will require much effort to build shared cooperation among the villages. A multi-village water management committee will be needed to work on setting equitable minimum water supply quotas for each village in the multi-village system that would take effect during the dry season. Quotas will necessitate that the water supply system have valves and meters to facilitate directing the proper amounts of water to the right locations. The responsibilities of the water committee will also include: Participate to the design process by giving feedback to the designing team on the preferred options; Ensure an equitable sharing of the water resources among all the users; Control waste into water sources; Operate the system (valves, pumps, etc.); Prevent contamination of the environment; Supervise and advise on use and maintenance of taps, hand pumps, etc.; Clean and maintain the water supply system; Collect water fees and keep accounting; Organize meeting and discussion to solve problems/conflicts related to water use; Distribute work responsibilities among men and women; Make small repairs; Monitor and promote sanitation and hygiene. 44

53 The design and installation fees would have to be subsidized, but we can expect the villagers to cover the operation and maintenance costs. As most of the villagers are already used to pay monthly for electricity 11, they may be likely to pay for water. Prior to the installation, a detailed design study should be conducted, and should at least include the following assessments: The quality of all the streams to be used should be further tested, with multiple samples for each source. Appropriate treatment systems (either within the system or household treatment) should be designed based on the tests results, if necessary. The flow of the mountain streams should be further assessed with multiple measurements throughout a whole year in order to get a better knowledge of the variations of the water resources. From a broader perspective, a villager representative could be trained to regularly measure the flow at the outlet of the pipe in each sub-village. The villagers would then acquire a better knowledge of the evolution of their water resources in a context of climate change. This detailed study should include the design of the main pipes, the potential storage tanks, the taps, as well as pumping systems if needed. Solar panels and even windmills could be considered to drive the pumps. Water storage tanks will be needed at key locations, and filters can be installed below the tanks to improve the water quality in the pipes. Fencing open water source should be considered, too, to keep out most animals to reduce erosion and reduce fecal contamination. Even if Vanghin stream is one of the highest streams, it is the most far from the sub-villages. It would therefore make more sense to start with Yang, Xong and Donekeo streams, and supply water to these 3 sub-villages plus Kouane, where the water need is the most critical. It is indeed a priority to provide more water to this sub-village. A first phase could consist of starting with the spring located nearest Kouane and link it up with Donekeo spring, in order not to start with conflicted sub-villages Individual village system Recommendations for improved individual village system are detailed in the section untitled "Potential improvements" for each sub-village Needs based option The table below shows the comparison of water supply and expected water demand (based on the number of inhabitants) for each sub-village. 11 Someone from the electricity firm collects the money every month. In Xong, it was reported that each family usually pay to Kip/month. 45

54 Table 5: Water balance at the village scale 12 Priority Sub-village Stream flow (L/day) Expected water demand (L/day) Water balance (L/day) 1 Kouane No stream Donekeo Vanghin No estimation Yang Xong Kouane Sam Total Both Xong and Yang streams can provide enough water to supply the corresponding sub-villages, which is not the case of Donekeo stream. As detailed in section 3.1, Donekeo villagers use groundwater to meet their water needs. Kouane sub-village seems to be the most critical in terms of water shortages. Even during the rainy season, the villagers do not have any other choice but to walk at least 150 m to collect water from a public well, whereas most of Donekeo households own a private well. During the dry season, Kouane sub-villagers have to walk at least 550 m to reach the cave/pond, whereas the open well is located 450 m from Donekeo. In terms of quality, Donekeo open well has the worse water quality among the water resources tested. Donekeo villagers are the most likely to be contaminated during the dry season. In Vanghin, the water supply situation is not steady yet as villagers relocated only a year ago and most families are currently building private wells. These wells may not provide water all year round, and a solution would have to be found for the dry season. If the budget does not allow to support this subvillage together with Kouane and Donekeo, we would recommend to fund village scale solutions in Vanghin as a second step. It would allow for a more advanced water supply solution as more families will have built private wells. As Kouane Sam villagers did not report any water issue, this sub-village should be considered as the least priority. 12 The priority column is only an indication for the client. The priorisation of the sub-villages, from the most to the least critical in terms of water supply (both from a quantity and quality point of view), is subjective and can be discussed. 46

55 Lowest risk option Final Report February 20, 2015 A shared communal wash area with storage and drainage at the end of the mountain stream pipes, seems to be the easiest option from a socially/behaviorally point of view. It requires some infrastructure, so there is something tangible left behind. The drawback is that it is not necessarily to biggest need. It is also an easy equitable way to support multiple villages with the same level of investment. The following pictures show some examples of communal systems at the outlet of a pipe. Though the shared communal wash area with storage and drainage that could be built in the targeted area would have to be adapted to the needs of the villagers, the design of the system could be inspired by these examples. The objective is to limit the extent of the waste of water, and to enable the villagers to be several to use the same water resource at the same time. It would then limit time wasted queuing to collect water. Figure 48: Examples of communal systems

56 14 15 Building such a system could give the opportunity to the community to start getting into a community process and see if a leader is arising from that experience. It would also be a way for the implementing team to build a relationship with the community and see how the villagers make decisions in order to potentially further support them in getting more structured and organized to solve their own issues. On the villagers side, it will also show them that concrete solutions are also brought, which may encourage them to remain committed to the education process. Other "small" solutions such as protecting the pipes and open sources, and securing the outlet of the pipe, can also be implemented easily in the short term by the villagers Household treatment option In case a more social-behavior based solution with less infrastructure is preferred, another possibility is to have a program to promote different types of point-of-use treatment options and facilitate a nonsubsidized value-chain approach to making the options available in the local village shops. Such a process would have to focus on the behavioral change aspect. 9.2 Sanitation recommendations Though the villagers have a very good sense of clean water, they still have a low appreciation of sanitation. The few existing toilets remain mostly unused, or only by important guests

57 A whole sanitation and hygiene program should be conducted in order to build further toilets and above all, raise awareness on sanitation and hygiene issues. Such a program would comprise: Building sanitation infrastructure (latrines, wastewater management infrastructure); Promoting hygiene practices: o Safe storage and treatment of water, o Hand washing with soap, o Sanitation promotion, o Solid waste disposal. Measuring hygiene improvement through a monitoring and evaluation program. However, such a program would be a longer term effort as no real initiative has been identified on this side. In addition, it will be difficult to promote hygiene practices in some of the villages as long as they have to cope with significant water shortages during the dry season, and where it is therefore not possible to follow these practices. Promoting hygiene practices is Xong sub-village, where there is plenty of water all year round would be more useful. 49

58 ANNEXES Annex 1 List of documents received Annex 2 Photos of the field trip Annex 3 Interviews summary Annex 4 Examples of concrete rings, latrines and point of use treatment options Annex 5 Water analysis results

59 Annex 1 List of documents received Documents related to Khammouan, Laos: Community Climate Story Report Final Version June 2014 IUCN / USAID Mekong ARCC Vulnerability Assessment Report June 2014 IUCN / USAID Mekong ARCC Nakai Community Profile May 5, 2014 Completed Community Profile Template for Nakai May 16, 2014 General documents available from USAID Mekong ARCC website: Lao PDR Climate Change Vulnerability Profile USAID Mekong ARCC USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study Summary November 2013 USAID Mekong ARCC USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study Main Report November 2013 USAID Mekong ARCC Protected Areas April 2014 USAID Mekong ARCC Other general documents: Results of Climate Study Lower Mekong Basin / Review of Impacts by Province - USAID Mekong ARCC Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Mountainous Areas of Khammouane Province January 2014 USAID Mekong ARCC So what? Expected Project Impact & Outcomes Kick-Off Meeting for Implementing Partners January 2014 USAID Mekong ARCC USAID Mekong ARCC Monitoring & Evaluation System Kick-Off Meeting for Implementing Partners January 2014 USAID Mekong ARCC Example Tools for Project Implementation Flow Kick-Off Meeting for Implementing Partners January 2014 USAID Mekong ARCC Initial Environmental Examination August 6, 2014 USAID 51

60 Annex 2 Photos of the field trip The photos of the field trip are available at the following link: 52

61 Annex 3 Interviews summary Typical questions asked WATER DEMAND 1. What purposes do you use water for? 2. Do you need water for different purposes over the course of the year? 3. Can you prioritize the different uses? 4. Do you have an idea of the quantity of the water you consume? 5. Do you have any comment on the quality of the water consumed? 6. Can you estimate the quantity of water used for each purpose? WATER RESOURCES 1. Where does the water you use come from? 2. Do you use multiple resources? If so, which resource do you use for which purpose? 3. Are the water resources available all year long? 4. Do you use the same water source(s) all year long? If not, when do you use each of the resources? 5. Do you have any preferred water resource? 6. How is the water supplied to the villagers? Any existing system? 7. Is there any treatment system/method you use for consuming water? (Boiling, etc.) 8. Can you estimate the quantity provided by each water resource during the 2 seasons? WATER ISSUES 1. Have you identified any issue related to water? 2. Have you experienced any flood/drought? If so, have these phenomena increased during the past years? 3. Is there enough water all year long? 4. Does the quality of the water source(s) vary over the course of the year? 5. Is there any existing water infrastructure in the village (drainage, storage, etc.)? 6. Have you ever thought of a solution to solve the identified issues? What would be your recommendations/preferences? 7. Is there any existing committee to manage water in the village? OTHER QUESTIONS 1. What is the number of households in each studied sub-village? 2. Is there any sanitation facility available in the village? Any issue related to it? 53

62 Annex 4 Examples of concrete rings, latrines and point of use treatment options Wells equipped with concrete rings: 54

63 Point of use water treatment examples: 55

64 Sanitation marketing and latrines: 56

65 57

66 58