Smart Buildings: Challenges and Opportunities

Transcription

1 Smart Buildings: Challenges and Opportunities Kurt Roth, Ph.D. Fraunofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems (CSE) NSF Smart Cities Workshop December 4, 2015

2 Fraunhofer CSE Mission: To accelerate the commercialization of clean energy technologies for the benefit of society. Non-profit, applied R&D laboratory Located in Boston (MA), Southwest Test Center in Albuquerque (NM) Project Types Product/Technology Development Demonstration Field Testing & Evaluation Technology Assessment Focus Areas Building enclosures Energy management technologies Grid integration of renewables PV module and system technologies 2 Copyright: Fraunhofer USA 2015

3 Buildings: The Largest Energy-consuming Sector Primary = 40% Electricity = 73% 28% 22% 27% 0% 38% 19% 31% Residential Commercial Industry Transportation 35% Residential Commercial Industry Transportation Sources: DOE/EIA 3

4 FRAUNHOFER BAU BUILDINGS OF THE FUTURE: SMART & INTEGRATED 4

5 Amount of information in and out of buildings increases BROADBAND (EARLY 2000s) INTERNET/DIAL-UP (1990) Wireless Building Control (2000s) TELEVISION (1950) TELEPHONE (1876) PONY EXPRESS (1850) TELEGRAPH (1832) Digital Building Control (1980s) Pneumatic Building Control (1960s)

6 as does it for energy BROADBAND (EARLY 2000s) INTERNET/DIAL-UP (1990) Wireless Building Control (2000s) TELEVISION (1950) TELEPHONE (1876) PONY EXPRESS (1850) TELEGRAPH (1832) Digital Building Control (1980s) Pneumatic Building Control (1960s) FIREWOOD (BC-1900) COAL ( ) ELECTRICITY (1800+) OIL (late 1800s-2030) NATURAL GAS (1900) PV (2000) 6

7 but more information will enable decreasing energy consumption BROADBAND (EARLY 2000s) INTERNET/DIAL-UP (1990) Wireless Building Control (2000s) TELEVISION (1950) TELEPHONE (1876) PONY EXPRESS (1850) TELEGRAPH (1832) Digital Building Control (1980s) Pneumatic Building Control (1960s) 0 Net Energy Consumption/Production FIREWOOD (BC-1900) COAL ( ) ELECTRICITY (1800+) OIL (late 1800s-2030) NATURAL GAS (1900) PV (2000) 7

8 The Current Reality: Numerous practical gaps Most building systems are NOT networked The performance of most buildings is NOT actively monitored, let alone optimized Most buildings do NOT have centralized control Most building automation systems are NOT integrated Data sufficiency and context a major challenge Strong resistance to fully automated building performance optimization Sources: Building Robotics, CrowdComfort 8

9 Need to keep in mind other factors beyond energy! Office Building Expenses (approx.) 1% 1% 14% Energy Repair & Maintenance Rent 84% Salaries Sources: Cler et al. (1997); Sheehey (2009)/CMU 9

10 Building Energy Management Solutions of the Future: Automated and People-centric Optimization of whole-building energy and energy cost performance Continuous evaluation of building systems performance to automatically detect and diagnose subpar building operations (ongoing commissioning) Readily integrate new devices and data sources (highly scalable) Large majority of circa 2050 buildings in U.S. already built Provision of superior comfort tailored to the needs of individual people give people what they want! Support of the electric grid as PV penetration dramatically increases Sources: Building Robotics, CrowdComfort 10

11 Pervasive PV the time is near! MODULE COST RESIDENTIAL INSTALLED COST COMMERCIAL INSTALLED COST $0.68/W $3.50/W $2.15/W CURRENT COST Sources: DOE, GTM/SEIA $1.50/W $1.25/W U.S. DOE TARGET 11

12 Integrated Building Load Management to Enhance Grid Performance Today: Limited demand response, frequency regulation, locational marginal pricing Future: Dynamic building load management in response to the dynamic state of the grid Reduce building operating costs by monetizing additional grid support functions Increase the amount of renewable energy that can be deployed on a feeder Particularly for high-penetration PV scenarios absorb mid-day PV production surplus Integration with energy storage greatly increases potential Increase building resilience by prioritizing building operations, extended islanded operation 12

13 Challenge: PV Intermittency = Grid Power Quality Issues Source: Curtright and Apt (2008). 13

14 Challenge: Daily Mismatch of PV Production and Electricity Demand Curves = High ramp rates + potential spillage Electricity:Facility [kw](hourly) PV Production [kwh] Big box retail Chicago, IL PV ~2/3 of annual kwh /21 01:00:00 04/22 01:00:00 04/23 01:00:00 04/24 01:00:00 04/25 01:00:00 04/26 01:00:00 04/27 01:00:00 Sources: OpenEI.org, TMY3 Weather Data, Fraunhofer calculations. 14

15 Monthly Production [kwh] Challenge: Seasonality of PV Generation Monthly PV Generation, 4kW array, Boston Month Net-Zero Energy Building: Would need to over-produce electricity in late spring how to store for several months?? If electrification of space heating occurs: New large winter loads All thermal energy from electric ~+30% annual electricity consumption in Boston Source: NREL/PVWatts, City of Boston. 15

16 Potential Research Topics Buildings Integration with Cities Highest value of buildings data for smart cities? And vice versa? Privacy, security, costs of disclosure, real-world limitations, etc. Impact of practical building controls limitations on grid support potential? Mechanical and control systems, wide range of behaviors/lifestyles/acceptance Optimal market design to incent and monetize grid support / renewables integration? In light of real-world limitations, transaction costs, increasing renewables, policy scenarios Practical role of energy storage at multiple scales? Impact of future grid load shapes over time? Loads flat to decreasing, peakier Sources: Building Robotics, National Grid 16

17 Contact Kurt Roth, Director, Building Energy Technologies

18 U.S. Building Energy Consumption in 2015: Primary Energy Space Heating Other Lighting Space Cooling Water Heating Refrigeration Electronics Ventilation Computers Wet Clean Cooking 7% 5% 4% 3% 3% 2% 10% 13% 13% 17% 23% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Sources: DOE/EIA 18