Geo-Exchange Technology and Application. Ontario Building Officials Association 2013 Annual Meeting and Training Session B.

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Geo-Exchange Technology and Application Innovative Building Energy Systems Ontario Building Officials Association 2013 Annual Meeting and Training Session B.

1 Geo-Exchange Technology and Application Innovative Building Energy Systems Ontario Building Officials Association 2013 Annual Meeting and Training Session B.2 October 7, 2013 Introduction Bill Wong, MASc, MBA, P.Eng. C.E.M. Renewable energy specialist (solar and earth energy) (past experience in environmental technologies, nuclear technology applications). COMMITTEE CONTRIBUTIONS City of Ottawa, Energy to Waste Pilot Demonstration project public liaison committee, 2007 present). City of Ottawa Trail Landfill Leachate Management EA Process Public Liaison Committee, City of Ottawa Integrated Waste Management Master Plan Implementation Public Liaison Committee, and City of Ottawa Integrated Waste Management Master Plan Strategy Development, Technical Steering Committee, City of Ottawa Trail Waste Facility Landfill Optimization/Expansion EA Public Liaison Committee, City of Ottawa Trail Landfill Leachate Pipeline Route Selection Public Liaison Committee, City of Ottawa Trail Landfill Leachate R&D program Technical Committee,

Project Lead: Leidos Canada (formerly SAIC Canada) Leidos (formerly SAIC) is a leading technical services company About 23,000 employees

Performance Monitoring Independent Engineering 3 What do we mean when we use the term geothermal?

Probably not this: The Geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive

The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of

2 Project Lead: Leidos Canada (formerly SAIC Canada) Leidos (formerly SAIC) is a leading technical services company About 23,000 employees Renewable Energy Program (Ottawa) Solar and Earth Energy Technologies; Concept Development Project Management Design-Build Feasibility Study Performance Monitoring Independent Engineering 3 What do we mean when we use the term geothermal? Geothermal energy is thermal energygenerated and stored in the Earth. Probably not this: The Geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decayof minerals (80%). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heatfrom the core to the surface. The adjective geothermaloriginates from the Greek roots γη(ge), meaning earth, and θερμος (thermos), meaning hot. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Typically on the street, it means a heat pump and some kind of subsurface heat transfer tubes that enable us to use the ground (earth) as a heat source or heat sink for heat pump operation. 2

3 Framework for the Presentation Earth Energy and Heat Pumps Earth energy systems Heat pump based energy systems Eg. Geothermal power, earth tubes, or borehole thermal energy storage systems Earth-coupled heat pump (**) energy systems Eg. ASHP, process heat pump applications, or process heat recovery (**) Other often used terms: Geo-exchange, shallow geothermal, ground source heat pump (GSHP), ground-coupled heat pump, etc. Innovative Building Energy Systems 1. Earth energy concepts 2. Heat pump technology 3. Earth-coupled heat pump systems for building energy management 4. Market landscape & regulatory framework 5. Project examples Two unusual projects (Yellowknife, NT and Okotoks, AB) Two retrofit earth-coupled HP projects (Toronto, ON) 3

district heating system (Boise, Idaho) 1904 First geothermal power plant (Italy) 1930 Commercial

4 Earth Energy - History 000 s years Native Americans using hot springs 1778 French scientist Lavoisier (steady underground temperature) 1860 Royal Edinburgh Observatory in Scotland 1892 First geothermal district heating system (Boise, Idaho) 1904 First geothermal power plant (Italy) 1930 Commercial greenhouse heated by geothermal 1960 First large scale geothermal power generation in USA Earth Energy Geothermal Power 4

and Heat Pumps Earth energy systems Heat pump based energy systems Eg.

5 Classical Geothermal Energy Project Example: District heating in the Hague, The Netherlands consumer 40 C 80 C heat exchanger pump 260 m 1600 m 2000 m Serving: 6,000 homes hospital, offices and retail injection hole source hole 24 MWth peak Earth Energy and Heat Pumps Earth energy systems Heat pump based energy systems Eg. Geothermal power, earth tubes, or BTES systems Earth-coupled heat pump energy systems Eg. ASHP, process heat pump applications, or process heat recovery Question: Who has operated a heat pump? 5

Heat Pump Technology - History 1834 First compression cooling machine using ether as refrigerant (Jacob Perkins) 1846 French engineers (Ferdinand and Carre) designed a chiller based on compression

6 Heat Pump Technology - History 1834 First compression cooling machine using ether as refrigerant (Jacob Perkins) 1846 French engineers (Ferdinand and Carre) designed a chiller based on compression and expansion of the air 1852 William Thompson ( Lord Kelvin) proposed practical heat pump systems (heat multiplier machines) 1873 First compression cooling machine using ammonia as refrigerant (Karl fon Linde, Germany) 1930 s Use of freon (R12) in mass production for refrigerators Start of commercial development of heat pump systems Early development has been focused on refrigeration Heat Pump Technology How it Works C D B Low Pressure A High Pressure Working Fluid: Before 1990s R12 Freon replacement: R134a, R410a, R407c Caron dioxide R744 6

7 Heat Pump Technology How it Works Pressure Enthalpy Diagram A Condensor D Expansion Valve Compressor Evaporator B C Heat Pump Technology How it Works Inside the kitchen Condensor Expansion Valve Compressor Evaporator Inside of the fridge 7

Technology Recent developments New compressor technology Microprocessor

8 Heat Pump Technology for Heating Application Examples of Heat Source Air source heat pumps for home heating Sewer heat recovery using heat pumps Heat Pump Technology Recent developments New compressor technology Microprocessor advances Refrigerants (eg. CO2 high temperature HP) Continuous improvements in performance 8

9 Earth Energy and Heat Pumps Earth energy systems Many configurations in using the earth as the heat source and the heat sink Heat pump based energy systems Eg. Geothermal power, earth tubes, or BTES systems Earth-coupled heat pump energy systems Eg. ASHP, process heat pump applications, or process heat recovery Earth-coupled Energy Systems Development 1945 First earth-coupled HP application in North America (Indianapolis, USA) 2.2 kw compressor 1947 Concepts of using the earth as the heat source for heat pump operation was published 1970 s Oil crisis led to demand in Europe and North America Growth in earth-coupled heat pump systems (especially closed loop systems) 9

10 Earth-coupled Heat Pump How it Works Inside the house Condensor Expansion Valve Compressor Evaporator Many Variations Shallow earth Earth-coupled Heat Pump System Configurations Horizontal Loop Open Loop (water wells) Vertical Loop Surface Water Loop 10

11 Earth-coupled Heat Pump System Configurations Concentric borehole design Double U-tube design Direct expansion Standing Column Heat Pump Technology Market Growth Germany 14% of all new home constructions in 2009 involved GSHP EGEC 11

12 Heat Pump Technology Market Growth Europe EGEC Heat Pump Technology Market Growth United States of America ORNL USDOE 12

13 Heat Pump Technology Market Growth Canada CGC Industry Survey and Market Analysis 2012: Heat Pump Technology Market Growth Canada CGC Industry Survey and Market Analysis 2012: 13

Heat Pump Technology System Type Ontario Residential Segment CGC Industry Survey and Market Analysis 2012: Industry Market Landscape National Level Regional Level Canadian Geo-exchange Coalition

14 Heat Pump Technology System Type Ontario Residential Segment CGC Industry Survey and Market Analysis 2012: Industry Market Landscape National Level Regional Level Canadian Geo-exchange Coalition (CGC) Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Institute of Canada (HRAI) Ontario Geothermal Association (OGA) - a local chapter of HRAI Stakeholders What is the regulatory framework? Building Owners Consultants Drillers / Installers Mechanical Contractors Plumbers Electricians Regulators 14

Earth-coupled Energy System Regulatory Framework Inside the building covered by the Building Code CSA Series 13 Design, Installation and commissioning of Earth Energy Systems If water is expected -

Act (approval on driller qualifications, H&S plan in relation to hazardous gas) Triggered by an incident in Oakville in May 2012 Earth-coupled systems in Canada - Standards developments CSA 448 Earth

15 Earth-coupled Energy System Regulatory Framework Inside the building covered by the Building Code CSA Series 13 Design, Installation and commissioning of Earth Energy Systems If water is expected - Ontario Reg 903 under the Ontario Water Resource Act (driller needs to be certified water well driller) Outside the building: Vertical Loops - New Ontario Reg 98/12 under the Environmental Protection Act (approval on driller qualifications, H&S plan in relation to hazardous gas) Triggered by an incident in Oakville in May 2012 Earth-coupled systems in Canada - Standards developments CSA 448 Earth Energy Systems CSA & 2 prior to July 2013 CSA Series-13 after July 2013 CSA Series-13 CSA Series-13 Underground Thermal Energy Storage CSA prior to July 2013 CSA Annex A after July

16 Observations and Comments Many earth-coupled HP configurations offering unique solutions to meet each building design or retrofit requirements; Inconsistent application of building energy modelling and earth energy balance (cost may be a barrier); Industry not yet matured enough and design is often decided by prior experience rather than by conscious decision; and Insufficient operating and long term reliability data is one of the factors that we are not seeing a widespread acceptance of earth-coupled HP systems in Canada. (TAF is initiating a program on system monitoring.) Earth-coupled Energy System Presentation Framework Earth energy systems Heat pump based energy systems Eg. Geothermal power, Earth tubes, or BTES systems Earth-coupled heat pump energy systems Eg. ASHP, process heat pump applications, or process heat recovery The lines of separation are not solid lines Example: ASHP with earth tube 16

Application in Building Energy Systems 1. Earth energy concepts 2. Heat pump technology 3. Earth-coupled heat pump systems for building energy management 4. Market landscape & regulatory framework 5.

17 Application in Building Energy Systems 1. Earth energy concepts 2. Heat pump technology 3. Earth-coupled heat pump systems for building energy management 4. Market landscape & regulatory framework 5. Project examples Two unusual projects (Yellowknife, NT and Okotoks, AB) Two retrofit earth-coupled HP projects (Toronto, ON) Project Example - City of Yellowknife Con Mine (Deep Geothermal) District Heat Closed deep gold mine Temperature in drift estimated to be in the range of deg C Locally available renewable energy resource (good geothermal gradient) Robertson Head Frame Con Mine, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada High temp HP driven by mine heat coupled with wood pellet boilers 17

boilers) Process water pipeline Mine water station Production & Injection wells Drake Landing

18 Project Example - City of Yellowknife Con Mine (Deep Geothermal) District Heat Downtown Yellowknife District Heating System Layout Downtown District loop Energy centre (heat pumps, boilers) Process water pipeline Mine water station Production & Injection wells Drake Landing Solar Community (Okotoks, AB) - Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) (Direct heating, no heat pumps) 18

19 BTES Field Top View BTES Field BTES Performance Underground Temperatures 38 19

20 DLSC System Performance Solar Fraction First 5 Years Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr5 Yr3 Yr4 Earth-coupled Heat Pump Energy System Project Examples 29 Hiawatha Rd, Toronto, ON 1286 Wilson Av, Toronto, ON 20

Earth-coupled Energy System Project Example 29 Hiawatha Road, Toronto Narrow lane way 2 storey house finished basement Three separate apartment units (one unit per floor) Limited space around the

21 Earth-coupled Energy System Project Example 29 Hiawatha Road, Toronto Narrow lane way 2 storey house finished basement Three separate apartment units (one unit per floor) Limited space around the house Electrical baseboard heaters (house poorly insulated) Decentralized Heat Pump System Sharing A Common Ground Loop 3 x Climate Master ¾ ton Console Style HP Second Floor Unit First Floor Unit Basement Unit 500 ft borehole 21

22 Project Implementation Construction Activity Hydro-Vac around (abandoned) buried pipes Project Implementation Construction Activity Drilling rig set in place 22

23 Project Implementation Ground Loop Station Located in Porch Project Implementation Ground Loop Piping Feeding Apartment Units 23

24 Project Implementation Console Heat Pump 29 Hiawatha Rd. Incorporated with Earth-coupled Heat Pump System 24

25 29 Hiawatha Electricity Consumption Impact Hiawatha Rd Electricity Use average with electric baseboard heating and window air-conditioning Bi-monthly electricity use [kwh] % -37 % -39 % -25% -9% -43% with ground-source heat pump system heating and cooling Sep/Oct Nov/Dec Jan/Feb Mar/Apr May/Jun Jul/Aug (Courtesy of Innstead Co-op) Challenges and Lessons Learned In older neighbourhoods, not enough space for horizontal loops and implementing a vertical loop system could also be challenging. Very tight space for drilling rig to fit in; watch out for hydro wires and unmarked old underground services. Console heat pump units likely too large for the application less efficient. Contingency will save your bottom line - no information is available until you start the job and well into the retrofit. 25

26 TCHC Earth Energy System Retrofit 1286 Wilson Avenue, Toronto, ON Play Structure Parking Lot Wilson Avenue Project Overview Site Information 8-Storeys 144 units Backyard with play structure 26

27 Earth Energy System Design Design challenge: Limited yard space Integration with existing boiler heat Existing fan coil capacity based on higher temp hydronic system Requires: Proper load estimation; Accurate system model; Earth energy balance. Design Tool: TRNSYS Project Overview System Design Alerton controller Instrumentation Performance monitoring Integrated with boiler heat delivery Transition between boilers and heat pumps based on ambient temperature Boiler Heat Heat Pump Heat Borehole Field Use heat pumps when Tamb > T t Use boiler when Tamb <= T t 27

28 TCHC Earth Energy System Retrofit Site Plan Original plan: 48 boreholes at 450 ft deep Revised plan: 36 boreholes at 600 ft deep Added Constraints: Avoid touching the parking lot and the play structure Earth Energy System Design - Heat pump to boiler transition temperature 28

Earth-coupled Heat Pump Heating and Cooling Existing Fan Coil control by

heating & chilled water for summer air conditioning Borehole Field

Wilson Avenue Earth Energy Retrofit Sources of energy for winter heating

) Old System New System Earth Energy 45% Natural Gas 100% Electricity 20%

29 Earth-coupled Heat Pump Heating and Cooling Existing Fan Coil control by thermostat in each apartment unit Heat Pump produces hot water for winter heating & chilled water for summer air conditioning Borehole Field (Outdoor) Existing Gas Boilers (Mech room) Heat Pumps (Mech room) 1286 Wilson Avenue Earth Energy Retrofit Sources of energy for winter heating (approx.) Old System New System Earth Energy 45% Natural Gas 100% Electricity 20% Natural Gas 35% ADDED BENEFIT: Heat Pump also provides chilled water for summer cooling at higher efficiency than traditional air conditioners. 29

30 Project Implementation - Construction Activities Borehole drilling Project Implementation - Construction Activities Directional drilling from the yard to the building Trenching in the yard 30

31 Project Implementation - Construction Activities Ground loop header pipes entering the building Ground loop valve manifold at P3 level Project Implementation - Construction Activities Piping going from the basement up to the mechanical room Piping on P2 level 31

Project Implementation - Construction Activities New pumps in mechanical

heat pumps McQuay WW Each at 300,000 Btu/h (88 kw) cooling capacity

Underground borehole field uses the earth to extract heat in winter and

32 Project Implementation - Construction Activities New pumps in mechanical room Heat pumps (produce hot water in winter and cold water in summer) 4 heat pumps McQuay WW Each at 300,000 Btu/h (88 kw) cooling capacity Innovative Retrofit Earth-coupled Energy System in an Existing Building Underground borehole field uses the earth to extract heat in winter and reject heat in the summer. We get both heating and cooling while save on energy. Boreholes 32

33 System Operation Detailed graphic user interface Cooling Performance (July August, 2013) (Courtesy of TCHC) 33

34 Cooling Performance - COP (Courtesy of TCHC) Example of Heat Pump to Boiler Transition Approx min 34

35 Example of Boiler to Heat Pump Transition Approx min Earth Energy System Operation Estimated Environmental Benefits Baseline: Space heating Space cooling GHG emissions Project: Space heating Space cooling GHG emissions 3,518 GJ (boilers) 839 GJ (window A/C) 270 tonnes per year 946 GJ (boilers) 2,572 GJ (heat pumps) 839 GJ (heat pumps) 81 tonnes per year GHG emissions reduction 189 tonnes per year 70% from baseline 35

36 Challenges and Lessons Learned There is more than one way to bring the ground loop up to the penthouse but none are easy. Yard is not as big as you see very stringent tree protection regulations. When you core the slab, beware what you cannot see no one ever thought you would be doing this decades later. Everything takes longer to plan and execute occupants will get upset if they don t know what s happening or building services are interrupted. Contingency will save your bottom line - no information is available until you start the job and well into the retrofit. Earth Energy and Heat Pumps Earth energy systems Applications: Example Projects Heat pump based energy systems Eg. Geothermal power, earth tubes, or borehole thermal energy storage systems Earth-coupled Heat Pump Building Energy Systems Eg. ASHP, process heat pump applications, or sewer heat recovery Landscape & Regulatory Framework 36

37 Questions and Comments Bill Wong, P.Eng., C.E.M. Renewable Energy and Climate Change Leidos Canada Ottawa, ON Canada Tel: (613)

Ground-Coupled Heat Pump And Energy Storage

Ground-Coupled Heat Pump And Energy Storage By Ed Lohrenz, Member ASHRAE; and Sergio Almeida, P.Eng., Member ASHRAE Ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems consume less purchased energy than an HVAC system