Mobile Machinery and urban air quality Impacts and measures

Transcription

1 Mobile Machinery and urban air quality Impacts and measures Brussels, / 1

2 Overview 1 How relevant are emissions from mobile machinery? 2 What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? 3 Which mitigation measures are suitable? 4 Conclusions 2

3 1 How relevant are emissions from mobile machinery? How relevant are emissions from mobile machinery? 3

4 1 How relevant are emissions from mobile machinery? Emission model TREMOD-MM National emission inventory for Germany Devloped for the German Federal Environment Agency since 2004 Calculation of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions from mobile machinery and equipment Construction ti Agriculture Forestry Industry Gardening Hobby 4

5 1 How relevant are emissions from mobile machinery? A population inventory Emissions = Population x Power x Use x Emission factor Highly differentiated input data! Sector Category Power class Age distribution Emission standard Construction Wheel loader < 18 kw New Stage 3b Excavator kw 1 year Stage 3a kw 2 year Stage 2 5

6 1 How relevant are emissions from mobile machinery? Construction machinery (Germany) Example: Diesel particle emissions by power class kt PM/yr Wheel loader and excavator are most important category kW kW Stage 3b leads to a future decrease kW 37 74kW 18 36kW Preliminary results! But not for small machinery! Source: TREMOD-MM 6

7 1 How relevant are emissions from mobile machinery? Mobile Machinery are responsible for a large share of diesel particle emissions in Germany Annual PM emissions of transport in Germany in kt 35 Rail, Water and Air Transport Road 30 Mobile Machinery (Other) Mobile Machinery (Construction) 25 Mobile Machinery (Agriculture) 20 PM emissions of MM will decrease in the future but to a lesser extent than road transport Sources: TREMOD / TREMOD-MM 7

8 1 How relevant are emissions from mobile machinery? Mobile machinery have particularly high specific particle emissons (average values) Tractor 25 Crawler excavator 21 Mini excavator 11 NRMM Truck Bus Car PM emissions g/h Road Main reasons: 1. Late introduction of emission limits 2. Slow renewal of fleets Sources: TREMOD / TREMOD-MM 8

9 2 What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? 9

10 2 What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? Case study: Berlin Well documented and topical source appointment: Update of the Clean Air Plan (IVU 2011) PM 2,5 Source appointment analysis (Pesch 2008) Umweltatlas tl Berlin Background concentration: PM 10 between µg/m³ with a large share of long distance transport NO 2 also between µg/m³, but mainly from within city limits Assessment of the the contribution of mobile machinery? Top-Down calculation of urban emissions Deduction of contribution to concentration based on contribution of road traffic Similar diffusion behaviour is assumed (low level sources) Preliminary results from ongoing project Final results early 2013! 10

11 2 What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? Construction machinery have a relevant share on urban NO X - and particle emissions Estimate for case study Berlin: 6% for NO X 6% 3% NO X 35% Facilities subject to approval Domestic fuel and small businesses Traffic exhaust 40% 16% Traffic abrasion and resuspension Construction exhaust Constuction dust Other Sources 6% for PM 10, of which PM2,5 10 3% engine exhaust 5% 3% Dust 15% 42% (from building construction) 50% 12% 21% 6% for PM 2,5 5% 20% with larger share of engine 1% exhaust (5%) 3% 3% 11% 7% Facilities subject to approval Domestic fuel and small businesses Traffic exhaust Traffic abrasion and resuspension Construction exhaust Constuction dust Oh Other Sources Source: IFEU based on [IVU 2011] 11

12 2 What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? PM 10 background from many different sources Construction emissions mainly in summer, exceedances mainly in winter! 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 9% 81% Contribution to PM 10 concentration 2% 8% 45% 8% ) resp. days (red) Example: Berlin Construction (direct) 30 Construction (secondary) Mean [µg/m³] Exceedances 45% Construction activity Berlin 6% [µg/m³] (blue) 20 Construction (Dust) Road traffic (direct) 10 Road traffic (secondary) Road 0 traffic (Resuspension/Abrasion) 0% Urban sources Regional background 12% 10% 8% 4% 2% % of annual working hours 10% 0% Total background Urban background Source: IFEU based on [IVU 2011] 13

13 2 What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? For PM 2,5 larger share of direct engine exhaust emissions but overall limited contribution to background 100% 90% 80% 70% 4% Contribution to PM 2,5 concentration 4% 15% 17% Construction (direct) Construction (secondary) Construction (Dust) 60% Road traffic (direct) 50% 40% 74% Road traffic (secondary) Road traffic 30% (Resuspension/Abrasion) i 20% 68% Urban sources 10% 17% Regional background 0% Total background Urban background Source: IFEU based on [IVU 2011] 14

14 2 What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? BUT: local contribution of construction machinery can be higher than 10% Comparison of additional local contribution (Daily mean PM 10 ) Construction site example: Local resuspension/ abrasion Local exhaust emissions i Urban traffic Anzal Typ Leistung [kw] 1 Mobilbagger 90 1 Raupenbagger 90 2 Rdld Radlader 60 2 Minibagger 25 1Walzen 20 2Vibratoren 12 2 Kompressor Local contribution: Street with veh./d Other urban sources Regional background 0 Road traffic (Potsdamer Straße) Large Construction site (average fleet) Source: IFEU based on [IVU 2011] 15

15 2 What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? BUT: local contribution of construction machinery can be higher than 10% additionally Dust emissions Typical peaks from construction activity Local measures can considerably contribute to a local compliance with air quality standards! Temporal high concentration peaks possible! Impact only local, because mainly larger particles Source: [Sen. Berlin 2012] 16

16 2 What is the contribution to ambient air pollution? Especially diesel particle emissions should be considerably reduced, because Diesel emissions classified as cancerogenic by WHO since June 2012 Black carbon from mobile machinery contributes to global warming A general reduction of diesel emissions is also important due a health and climate perspective Sources: [IASA 2011], [WHO 2012] 17

17 3 Which mitigation measures are suitable? Which mitigation measures are suitable? 18

18 3 Which mitigation measures are suitable? Examples for additional measures from the US and Switzerland Year of Introduction ti OEM Option: Extension of emission standards for new engines similar to US-Standards Example: USA <19 kw, MY 2008* kw, MY 2013* Focus on small power classes Scenario: EU <37 kw, MY 2016 Retrofit Option: DPF for new and existing engine similar to the Swiss Air quality directive Example: Switzerland 37 kw, MY kw, MY kw, MY<2000 Scenario: Germany >37 kw, MY kw kw, MY 2014 MY<2002 MY: Manufacture Year Old machinery can be used slightly longer References: (BAFU 2010), (Dieselnet 2012) IFEU 2012 * Current emission limit; Sources: [BAFU 2010]; [dieselnet.com] 19

19 3 Which mitigation measures are suitable? Measures can further reduce emissions New limits are important for a long term reduction Retrofitting leads to a faster decrease with higher cumulated avoided emissions 5 4 Devlopment of particle emissions with and without additional measures kt PM per year BusinessAsUsual New limits Cumulated effect of measrues kt PM 3 Retrofit until 2020 until 2030 Avoided emissions 20

20 3 Which mitigation measures are suitable? Local measures can also lead to a considerable local reduction Reduction of dust emission? Impact of local measures on additional local contriction (Daily mean PM 10 ) Machinery of the latest emission limit % Local resuspension/ abrasion Local exhaust emissions Other urban sources Urban traffic Regional background 0 Road traffic (Potsdamer Straße) Large Construction site (average fleet) Neuer Maschinenpark 21

21 3 Which mitigation measures are suitable? Current examples for a local / builder specific approach Germany Berlin plans to demand new machinery (>37kW Stage 3b, 18-36kW Stage 3a) for public construction activity German Railways demand a particulate filter on urban construction sites from 2013 Austria Between October and march only machinery complying to newer emission standards or with particulate filter can be used in low emission zones Sources: Sen. Berlin 2012, DB Press release

22 4 Conclusions Conclusions Differentiated inventory model TREMOD-MM MM for mobile machinery in Germany => Basis for assessment of mitigation measures Assessment of contribution to ambient air quality complex Air pollution from many sources Contribution of construction machinery to background limited Large local contribution possible (also dust emissions) Retrofitting can reduce the emission level quickly, new emission limits need more time Local solutions (e.g. low emission zones) are an alternative From a health and climate perspective, a further reduction (even beyond compliance with air quality legislation) would be important A combination of (local) retrofitting and a further development of emission limits could be effective 24

23 Thank you for your attention! Are there any questions? Hinrich Helms ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung lf Heidelberg GmbH Wilckensstraße Heidelberg Fon: +49 (0) 6221 / Fax: +49 (0) 6221 / hinrich.helms@ifeu.de Christoph Heidt ifeu - Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung lf Heidelberg GmbH Wilckensstraße Heidelberg Fon: +49 (0) 6221 / Fax: +49 (0) 6221 / christoph.heidt@ifeu.de 25