Rethinking Water Treatment in Shales Less is More

Transcription

1 Rethinking Water Treatment in Shales Less is More Diptabhas Sarkar (Ph.D.) Technology Manager, Water treatment Services

2 Shale Gas: A Natural Global Phenomenon 5,210 TCF 548 TCF 627 TCF 3,526 TCF 2,547 TCF Proven/Probable Possible 2,116 TCF 274 TCF 2,625 TCF World Shale Gas Reserve Estimates Increased water stress across the Globe Data Source: Population increase and water resources, (Last visited August 23, 2010). Russell, P.L., Oil shales of the world, their origin, occurrence and exploitation, Pergamon Press, Inc., Elmsford, NY, 1990 (ISBN ; 753PP; over 40 refs); Saleh M. Billo, Ridayh University, Ridayh, Saudi Arabia, Oil shale and its relation to petroleum and other fuels, Oil & Gas Journal 22-Dec-08. Important note: Halliburton is not the original source of the information and it has not been independently verified. Thus, this information is being provided without warranty of any kind. 2

3 million gallons per well 3 day s drinking water supply for Dallas. 12 hr s drinking water supply for Beijing. 3

4 Produced / Flowback Water Brine 1 Brine 2 Brine 3 Brine 4 Tap Water Na + (mg/l) 54,690 61,400 10,960 39, K + (mg/l) 2,232 2, Mg 2+ (mg/l) 544 1, Ca 2+ (mg/l) 4,131 20, , Sr 2+ (mg/l) 178 5, ,353 1 Ba 2+ (mg/l) Fe 2+ (mg/l) Cl - (mg/l) 96, ,000 19,400 87, SO 2- (mg/l) Alkalinity (mg/l) , TDS (Measured) (mg/l) 160, ,000 33, , Calc. Density (STP) (g/ml) ph, measured (STP) ph Marcellus Bakken Haynesville Woodford Piceance 4

5 ISSUES IN WATER REUSE Formation Damage Shale Pore Size ~10 nm Ref: AAPG Bulletin, v. 93, no. 3 (March 2009), pp

6 ISSUES IN WATER REUSE Scaling Potential 160 potential scale (lb/1000bbl) TDS=160,000 mpl TDS=33,300mpl TH=4,854 mpl TH=600 mpl TDS=252,000 mpl TH=27,500 mpl Siderite Barite Calcite TDS=144,000 mpl TH=13,600 mpl Ba 2+ (or Sr 2+ or Ca 2+ ) + SO 4 2- = BaSO 4 (or SrSO 4 or CaSO 4 ) Ca(HCO3) 2 = CaCO 3 + CO 2 +H 2 O Zn 2+ + H 2 S = ZnS +2H + TDS = Total Dissolved Solids; TH = Sum of Ca 2+, Mg 2+ 6, Ba 2+ and Sr 2+

7 ISSUES IN WATER REUSE Fluid Formulation Problems Can the fluid maintain viscosity for proppant placement? Will the fluid have adequate friction reduction? Viscosity 40 s Borate X-linked Frac fluid Formulation Temperature 2500 Marcellus 140 Bakken Marbob :00 0:14 0:28 0:43 0:57 1:12 1:26 1:40 1:55 2:09 2: Slick Water Frac fluid Formulation Time (minutes) % Friction Reduction Temperature F

8 HALLIBURTON POSITION Less is More Key Decision parameters Key Constraints Treatment Energy Input Flow Rate Process Chemistry Costs Existing Industry paradigm: Take it to fresh water or sea water standards Halliburton Position: Minimize Treatment Change Chemistry, Process 8

9 SOLUTION: CleanWave Water Treatment Process Workhorse of the flowback treatment process Electrical charge coagulates suspended matter Containerized unit w/100 kva generator Scalable Multiple units work together to handle total flow in real time Handles wide variety of source waters (TDS range = 100 to 300,000 mg/l) Decade of experience Recognized by EPA and American Council of Civil Engineering 9

10 CleanWave Process Benefits No other single technology addresses so many issues this efficiently. Suspended Materials Bacteria Heavy Metals Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons 10

11 SOLUTION: CleanStream Service Ultraviolet light treatment kills aerobic and anaerobic (sulfate reducing) bacteria Flow rate/light intensity adjusted to maximize control 100 BPM; inline with frac spread 11

12 SOLUTION: Scale Specialized Management Fluid Modifiers Salt Tolerant Friction Reducers Changed formulation of Borate cross linked gels Slick Water Frac Fluid Composition Specialty scale inhibitors Salt tolerant scale inhibitors Solid scale inhibitors Environmentally focused family of scale inhibitors 12

13 Scale Management CASE STUDY: CleanWave SM Service Utah Field Trial Situation Remote Location in Utah Significant delays in production Schedule Single Truck Road 40 miles each way Massive snow buildup in the winter Complication Hi TDS water > 50,000 ppm. Problems in Slick Water Frac 13

14 CASE STUDY: CleanWave SM Service Utah Field Trial Solution CleanWave water treatment process Halliburton slick water frac Results 55,000 bbls treated in under 4 days 1000 truck loads eliminated Over $250K in transportation cost savings On location treatment eliminated frac schedule delays Successful Frac 14

15 Decades of Learnings and Advancement Quantify Construct Complete Analyze Gas Rate Sim Gas Rate Oil Rate Oil rate Sim 15

16 The Industry s Experts for 90 Years 16

17 In Summary. Water Shortage Intensifying Water Reuse issues Formation Damage Scaling Issues Fluid performance Halliburton Solutions CleanWave SM Service CleanStream Service Specialized fluid Modifiers Successful Case Study 17