Sanitation Systems, Technology Options, Hygiene and Health
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- Joleen French
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1 Eawag/Sandec, SEI, BGR, TTZ, IWA, WSSCC, BOKU, UNESCO-IHE, AEE/INTEC, GTZ, IWWA, IWA-SG, UN- Habitat, UNDP, Ecosanlac, KfW Sanitation Systems, Technology Options, Hygiene and Health Durban, 16 Feb. 2008, Sandec / Eawag
2 Working group 4: Sanitation systems, technology options, hygiene and health The SuSanA Approved Statement, draft 05/2007 addresses health as a central issue for Sustainable Sanitation: The main objective of a system is to protect and promote human health by providing a clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. 2
3 Working group 4: Sanitation systems, technology options, hygiene and health Goal is to raise awareness and knowledge by: launching discussion and debate on the concept of system describing the wide variety of systems and technology components available with their advantages and disadvantages given selected sustainability criteria describing their function towards reducing health risk of stakeholders and downstream affected populations by technical and nontechnical means 3
4 Working group 4: Sanitation systems, technology options, hygiene and health Expected outputs: Factsheet on the importance to engage in a system perspective, taking into account waste products, processes/functions and technologies Sourcebook of typical systems and technologies with description on hygienization processes and risk of exposure to pathogens as well as case study descriptions. 4
5 Understanding sustainable system and technology options Understanding sustainable systems and technologies means to address: Function of health risk reduction Technical appropriateness Economic viability Institutional appropriateness Socially acceptability Minimal environmental impact Minimal resource use and potential for maximal resource reuse 5
6 A Sanitation System a multi-step process By considering as a multi-step process, and not a single point, waste products are accounted for from the point of generation to the point of ultimate disposal. Introducing the concept of waste inputs/products, functions and technologies 6
7 A Sanitation System waste inputs, products and functions Inputs Excreta Urine Faeces Anal cleansing water Dry cleansing material Flushwater Organics Products Blackwater Faecal sludge Compost / Humus Functional groups User Interface Collection and Storage / Treatment 7 Transport Centralized Treatment Use /
8 Typical System Templates 8
9 Typical System Templates Single Pit Alternating Double Pit Urine Separating Twin Pit Flush Flush and Decentralized Treatment Settled Sewer Simplified Sewer and Centralized Treatment 9
10 Inputs User Interface Products Collection and Storage/Trt sustainable Products Conveyance (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Use and/or Urine Faeces U1- Dry Toilet S2- Single Pit S3- Single Pit VIP S4- Double Pit VIP R1- Fill and Cover Anal Cleansing Water Dry Cleansing Material Faecal sludge C2- Human Powered E&T C3- Motorized E&T C7- Transfer Station T9- Sed/ Thick T10- Unplanted drying beds T11- Planted drying beds T12- Co- Composting T13- Biogas R11- Land Application R12-Surface R13- Incineration R12-Surface treatment R8- Soak Pit R10-/ drains 10 System 1: Single Pit
11 Inputs sustainable User Interface Products Collection and Storage/Trt Products Conveyance (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Use and/or Urine Faeces U1- Dry Toilet S4- Double VIP S5- Fossa Alterna S12- (Composting Chamber) Compost/ Humus R4- Compost/ EcoHumus Organics Anal Cleansing Water Dry Cleansing Material R12- treatment R8- Soak Pit R10-/ drains Recjarge 11 System 2: Alternating Double Pit System
12 Inputs User Interface Products Collection and Storage/Trt Conveyance (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Use and/or Dry Cleansing Material R12- Faeces Faeces S2- Single Pit S3- VIP S4- Double Pit VIP S7- Dehydration Vaults C2- Human Powered E&T R3- Application R12- Urine U2- UDDT U3-(Urinal) Urine R8- Soak Pit Anal Cleansing Water Anal Cleansing Water treatment drains 12 System 3: Urine separation and disposal
13 Inputs User Interface Products Collection and Storage/Trt Conveyance (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Use and/or Dry Cleansing Material R12- Faeces U2- UDDT U3- (Urinal) Faeces S2- Single Pit S3- VIP S4- Double Pit VIP S7- Dehydration Vaults C2- Human Powered E&T R3- Application R12- Urine Urine S1- Storage Tank C1- Jerrycan C3- Motorized E&T R2- Application Anal Cleansing Water R8- Soak Pit treatment R8- Soak Pit R10-/ drains 13 System 4: Urine separation and application
14 Inputs User Interface Products Collection and Storage/Trt sustainable Products Conveyance (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Use and/or Dry Cleansing Material R12- Faeces Urine (U3- Urinal) U4- Pour Flush Blackwater S6- Twin-Pit Pour Flush Latrine Compost/ Humus C2- Human Powered E&T R4- Compost/ EcoHumus Flushwater Anal Cleansing Water treatment R8- Soak Pit R10-/ drains 14 System 5: Twin-Pit Pour Flush Latrine
15 Inputs sustainable User Interface Products Collection and Storage/Trt Products Conveyance (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Use and/or drains treatment R8- Soak Pit R10-/ Faeces Urine U4- Pour Flush Toilet U5- Cistern Flush Blackwater S8- Settling Tank S9- Septic Tank S10- ABR S11- Anaerobic Filter R8- Soak Pit R9- Leach Field Flushwater Anal Cleansing Water Faecal sludge C3- Motorized E &T C7- Transfer Station T1-WSP T2-Aerated Pond T3-FWS CW T4-HSF CW T5- VF CW T6- Trickling Filter T7-UASB T8-Act. Sludge T9- Sed/ Thick T10- Unplanted drying beds T11- Planted drying beds T12- Co- Composting T13- Biogas R11- Land Application R12- R13- Incineration Dry Cleansing Material R12-15 System 6: Decentralized effluent and (semi-)centralized faecal sludge treatment
16 Inputs User Interface Products Collection and Storage/Trt sustainable Products Conveyance (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Use and/or drains R8- Soak Pit R10-/ treatment Faeces Urine Flushwater U4- Pour Flush Toilet U5- Cistern Flush Blackwater S8- Settling Tank S9- Septic Tank S10- ABR C4- Simplified Sewers C5- Settled Sewers T1-WSP T2-Aerated Pond T3-FWS CW T4-HSF CW T5- VF CW T6- Trickling Filter T7-UASB T8-Act. Sludge R6- Aquaculture R7- Macrophyte Anal Cleansing Water Faecal sludge C3- Motorized E&T T9- Sed/ Thick T10- Unplanted drying beds T11- Planted drying beds T12- Co- Composting T13- Biogas R11- Land Application R12-Surface R13- Incineration Dry Cleansing Material R12-16 System 7: Settled sewerage with (semi-) centralized treatment
17 Products sustainable User Interface Products Collection and Storage/Trt Conveyance (Semi-) Centralized Treatment Products Use and/or drains Faeces Urine Flushwater U4- Pour Flush Toilet U5- Cistern Flush Blackwater C3- Simplified Sewer C5- Gravity Sewer T1-WSP T2-Aerated Pond T3-FWS CW T4-HSF CW T5- VF CW T6- Trickling Filter T7-UASB T8-Act. Sludge R6- Aquaculture R7- Macrophyte Anal Cleansing Water Faecal sludge T9- Sed/ Thick T10- Unplanted drying beds T11- Planted drying beds T12- Co- Composting T13- Biogas R11- Land Application R12-Surface R13- Incineration Dry Cleansing Material R12-17 System 8: Sewerage system with (semi-) centralized treatment
18 Technology factsheets Inputs Application Level Management Level Description / Adequacy Technical appropriateness (Pros & Cons) Health aspects / Acceptance Maintenance (Cost) Further references 18
19 Health Risk Facts Prioritizing pathogens Relate to systems and technologies Pathogen reduction function (technical and nontechnical barriers) Where are people exposed (pathways) Who is exposed How many are exposed and how frequently 19
20 Health risk aspects Pathogen reduction function Exposure (when, who, how) Risk mitigation measures 20
21 Logistics of the working group Lead: Eawag/Sandec, seconded by SEI (T.A. Stenström) Core group (5 persons) will work on the various sub-items Outline of outputs is defined by next SuSanA meeting Cross-communication occurs between this and other groups, sp. 2 (costs), 5 (food security),7 (community ), 13 (O&M) 21
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