CONTENTS. 1. An Introduction to Metals in Fish Physiology and Toxicology: Basic Principles Chris M. Wood. 2. Copper Martin Grosell

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1 CONTENTS OF HOMEOSTASIS AND TOXICOLOGY OF NON-ESSENTIAL METALS, VOLUME 31B CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE xi xvii xix 1. An Introduction to Metals in Fish Physiology and Toxicology: Basic Principles Chris M. Wood 1. Background 2 2. Structure of the Book 6 3. Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater 7 4. Sources of Metals and Economic Importance Environmental Situations of Concern Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria Mechanisms of Toxicity Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Metals Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification of Metals Characterization of Uptake Routes Characterization of Internal Handling Characterization of Excretion Routes Behavioral Effects of Metals Molecular Characterization of Metal Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones Genomic and Proteomic Studies Interactions with Other Metals Copper Martin Grosell 1. Introduction Chemical Speciation and Other Factors Affecting Toxicity in Freshwater and Seawater Sources of Copper in the Environment and its Economic Importance Environmental Situations of Concern 59 v

2 vi CONTENTS 5. Acute and Chronic Ambient Water Quality Criteria Mechanisms of Toxicity Essentiality of Copper Potential for Bioconcentration and Biomagnification of Copper Characterization of Uptake Routes Characterization of Internal Handling Characterization of Excretion Routes Behavioral Effects of Copper Molecular Characterization of Copper Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones Genomic and Proteomic Studies Interactions with Other Metals Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions Zinc Christer Hogstrand 1. Introduction Chemical Speciation of Zinc in Freshwater and Seawater Sources of Zinc and Economic Importance Environmental Situations of Concern Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Zinc in Various Jurisdictions Mechanisms of Toxicity Essentiality and Roles of Zinc in Biology Potential for Bioconcentration of Zinc Characterization of Uptake Routes Characterization of Internal Handling Characterization of Excretion Routes Behavioral Effects of Zinc Molecular Characterization of Zinc Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones Genomic and Proteomic Studies Interactions with Other Metals Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions Iron Nicolas R. Bury, David Boyle and Christopher A. Cooper 1. Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater Sources of Iron and Economic Importance Environmental Situations of Concern 206 Various Jurisdictions in Freshwater and Seawater Mechanisms of Toxicity Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Iron: Evidence For and Against Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification of Iron Characterization of Uptake Routes Characterization of Internal Handling Characterization of Excretion Routes Behavioral Effects of Iron 227

3 vii 12. Molecular Characterization of Epithelial Iron Transporters and Hepcidin Genomic and Proteomic Studies Interactions with Other Metals Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions Nickel Greg Pyle and Patrice Couture 1. Nickel Speciation in Freshwater and Saltwater Nickel Sources and Economic Importance Environmental Situations of Concern Environmental Criteria Mechanisms of Toxicity Nickel Essentiality Potential for Biomagnification or Bioconcentration of Nickel Characterization of Uptake Routes Internal Handling of Nickel Characterization of Excretion Routes Chemosensory and Behavioral Effects Genomic, Proteomic, and Genotoxic Effects Nickel Interaction with Other Metals Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions Cobalt Ronny Blust 1. Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater Sources (Natural and Anthropogenic) of Cobalt and Economic Importance Environmental Situations of Concern 296 Various Jurisdictions in Freshwater and Seawater Mechanisms of Toxicity Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Cobalt: Evidence For and Against Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification of Cobalt Characterization of Uptake Routes Characterization of Internal Handling Characterization of Excretion Routes Behavioral Effects of Cobalt Molecular Characterization of Cobalt Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones Genomic and Proteomic Studies Interactions with Other Metals Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions Selenium David M. Janz 1. Introduction Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater 329

4 viii CONTENTS 3. Sources of Selenium and Economic Importance Environmental Situations of Concern Survey of Water Quality Guidelines Mechanisms of Toxicity Selenium Essentiality Potential for Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Selenium Characterization of Uptake Routes Characterization of Internal Handling Characterization of Excretion Routes Behavioral Effects of Selenium Molecular Characterization of Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones Genomic and Proteomic Studies Interactions with Other Metals Interactions with Water Temperature Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions Molybdenum and Chromium Scott D. Reid 1. Chemical Speciation in Freshwater and Seawater Sources (Natural and Anthropogenic) of Molybdenum and Chromium and Economic Importance Environmental Situations of Concern 379 Various Jurisdictions in Freshwater and Seawater Mechanisms of Toxicity Essentiality or Non-Essentiality of Molybdenum and Chromium: Evidence For and Against Potential for Bioconcentration and/or Biomagnification of Molybdenum and Chromium Characterization of Uptake Routes Characterization of Internal Handling Characterization of Excretion Routes Behavioral Effects of Molybdenum and Chromium Molecular Characterization of Molybdenum and Chromium Transporters, Storage Proteins, and Chaperones Genomic and Proteomic Studies Interactions with Other Metals Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions Field Studies on Metal Accumulation and Effects in Fish Patrice Couture and Greg Pyle 1. Historical Review of Natural and Anthropogenic Contamination of Aquatic Environments by Metals Relative Importance of Diet Versus Water as Metal Sources in Wild Fish Bioenergetic Effects of Metal Contamination in Wild Fish 434

5 ix 4. Metal Effects on Behavior Seasonal, Interannual, and Age-dependent Variations in Fish Condition and Contamination Applying Predictive Models in Field Situations Concluding Remarks 461 INDEX 475 OTHER VOLUMES IN THE FISH PHYSIOLOGY SERIES 495 COLOR PLATE SECTION