Nutrient Removal Mechanisms in a Cold Climate Gravel Wetland Alison Watts, Robert Roseen, Kim Farah, Heather Gilbert, Jamie Houle

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1 Nutrient Removal Mechanisms in a Cold Climate Gravel Wetland Alison Watts, Robert Roseen, Kim Farah, Heather Gilbert, Jamie Houle The 2009 New Hampshire Joint Water and Watershed Conference Concord, NH

2 Gregg Hall 35 Colovos Road Durham, New Hampshire Dedicated to the protection of water resources through effective stormwater management Research and development of stormwater treatment systems

3 POROUS ASPHALT Watershed Boundary

4

5 Gravel Wetland 2 horizontal flow subsurface gravel cells, preceded by a flooded forebay. Designed to treat a 1-acre catchment with a peak flow of 1cfs. Forebay Distribution box Cell 1 Cell 2 Effluent sampling gallery

6 Flow through the Gravel Wetland

7 NEIWPCC-UNH Project Goals Validation of constructed gravel wetland as a best management practice (BMP) for nutrient reduction Investigation of the nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removal mechanisms and efficiencies of constructed gravel wetlands Provide state and federal environmental managers and their partners with an enhanced understanding of constructed gravel wetlands as a tool to reduce nutrient loading from stormwater to aid in environmental decision-making

8 Project Phases 1. Develop study parameters 2. Develop QAPP 3. Collect, monitor and analyze samples 4. Interpret data and develop final report with recommendations 5. Outreach and technology transfer

9 Sampling Plan 6 storm events 3 cold weather events (Nov Apr) 1 Discrete sample 2 Flow-weighted composite samples 3 warm weather events (May Oct) 1 Discrete sample 2 Flow-weighted composite samples

10 What are we sampling? Analyte Total Dissolved Nitrogen Particulate Nitrogen Ammonia Nitrate Nitrite Total Phosphorus Total Dissolved Phosphorus Ortho-Phosphate Sulfate Detection Limit (mg/l) 0.07 mg N/l 15 ug N/l 5 ug N/L 5 ug N/l 3 ug N/l 20 ug P/l 20 ug P/l 5 ug P/l 0.1 ug S/l

11 Gravel Wetland Sampling within the system

12 Sampling Locations 1. Influent 2. Forebay 4 sampling locations 1. Influent 2. Forebay 3. Last well 4. Effluent 3. GW Cell Water chemistry 4. Effluent

13 How do we collect samples? Automated ISCO sampler

14 Programming the ISCO to capture stormwater samples (influent) at the Distribution Box

15 Water quality measurements using a YSI 556 in the forebay of the gravel wetland

16 Seasonal Variations in Performance Gravel Vegetated Swale 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Summer Winter Annual 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Summer Winter Annual TSS TPH-D DIN Zn TP TSS TPH-D DIN Zn TP Bioretention II Retention Pond 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% TSS TPH-D DIN Zn TP Summer Winter Annual 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% TSS TPH-D DIN Zn TP Summer Winter Annual

17 November Early Storm Total N Particulate Nitrogen Total Dissolved Nitrogen Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Ammonium Nitrite (NO2) Nitrate (NO3) 0 Influent Forebay 2 GW Cell 2 Effluent Concentration ug/l Mid-Storm Influent Forebay 2 GW Cell 2 Effluent Mid-Storm Influent Forebay 2 GW Cell 2 Effluent NITROGEN Late Storm Influent Forebay 2 GW Cell 2 Effluent

18 Organic N NH4 N02 NO3 N2 (gas) Source Runoff and plant material Aerobic Zone Forebay and surface of gravel wetland Anaerobic Zone Subsurface gravel wetland

19 Dissolved Oxygen in Gravel Wetland Effluent GW DO 7:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 11:00:00 AM 1:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 5:00:00 PM 7:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 11:00:00 PM 1:00:00 AM Dbx Flow Oxygen Flow

20 15 Temp (C) Influent Dissolved Oxygen Forebay (surface) ph Cell 1 (subsurface) Conductivity (us/cm3) GW_in Foreb 1 Foreb 2 GW_1a 10/17/ /24/ /31/ /7/ /14/ /20/ /28/ /4/ /12/ /18/2007 2/15/2008 2/25/2008 3/24/2008 4/4/2008 4/10/2008 4/16/2008 4/23/2008 GW_1b GW_2a GW_2b GW_eff Effluent Cell 2 (subsurface)

21 Tree Filter Porous Asphalt Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Sand Filter Retention Pond Bioretention 1 Gravel Wetland Rock Swale Influent Infiltration Chamber DIN (mg/l)

22 Forebay Maintenance - June 2008

23 October 16, Early Storm Total Phosphorous Total Dissolved Phosphorous Orthophosphorous 0 Influent Forebay GW1 GW2 Effluent Concentration ug/l MidStorm MidStorm Phosphorus 200 Late Storm Influent Forebay GW1 GW2 Effluent

24 Nitrogen Conclusions Excellent removal Aerobic/anaerobic treatment chain requires low oxygen concentrations in subsurface Progression from organic to inorganic forms Early storm high concentrations have higher removal Phosphorus Moderate removal Sorption and filtration in gravel substrate High Total P concentrations removed Better removal in the winter? Forebay maintenance may be required to eliminate additional sources

25 Funding FY06 EPA Assessment and Watershed Protection Program Grants (AWPPG) NPS Program National Priority Validation of Constructed Gravel Wetland as a BMP for Nutrient Pollution Reduction

26 Acknowledgements UNH Stormwater Center Robert Roseen, PhD, PE Alison Watts, PhD, PG James Houle Kim Farah, PhD NEIWPCC Laura Chan Heather Gilbert Marianna Vulli Mike Jennings Claire Whittet Technical Advisory Committee Betsy Dake, RI DEM Sarina Ergas, UMass Bill McDowell, UNH Megan Moir, VT DEC Thelma Murphy, EPA Region 1 Sally Snyder, CT DEP Kerry Strout, NEIWPCC EPA Project Officer Bryan Rittenhouse, EPA HQ

27 Questions?

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