BHUTAN and its LAKES. INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT SEMINAR MARCH, 2010 Kathmandu, Nepal
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1 BHUTAN and its LAKES INTEGRATED LAKE BASIN MANAGEMENT SEMINAR MARCH, 2010 Kathmandu, Nepal
2 Bhutan - Location China Nepal Bhutan Bangladesh India
3 Administration; 20 districts Area = 38,394 sq km Population = 0.634millio
4 Capital - Thimphu 8/18
5 Druk Air Paro Airport
6 Country Profile
7 Gross National Happiness is more important than Gross National Product emphasis towards balanced & holistic development approach towards achievement of material and non-material (spiritual, emotional and cultural needs) needs of individual and society
8 Environment conservation one of the pillars of GNH 1.Preservation of culture 2. Conservation of environment 3. Sustainable development 4. Good governance NES The Middle-Path Throughout the centuries, the Bhutanese have treasured their natural environment and have looked upon it as the source of all life. This traditional reverence for nature has delivered us into the twentieth century with our environment still richly intact. We wish to continue living in harmony with nature and to pass on this rich heritage to our future generations His Majesty Jigme Singye Wangchuck
9 Middle Path: National Environment Strategy 3 avenues to sustainable development Agriculture Intensification Hydropower Industrialization
10 Salient features Topography 100% mountainous terrain ( msl) State religion; Mahayana Buddhism Main economy: Hydropower & Agriculture Agriculture 79% rural Urban settlement: 61 emerging settlements Urban population: 196, 000 Biggest urban settlement: Thimphu (80,000 people) 3/18
11 Conservation measures o High-level political commitment o 10 protected areas representative of diff ecosystems = 51.44% o 42.71% protected area o 8.61% biological corridors o 0.12% conservation area o Pristine Environment biodiversity hotspot o 72.5% forest cover o 60% forest cover for all times
12 Environment High bio-diversity concentration 5,600 known vascular plants >300 medicinal plants 50 sps rhododendron >40 sps of orchids
13 770 sps of birds recorded Grus nigricollis 14 feature in the World Conservation Union s Red List of Threatened Species
14 190 mammal species recorded Of which 26 are globally threatened mammals
15 o Diversity of herpetofauna and invertebrates not adequately explored NEW sps. of Trichoptera and Coleoptera Hydropsychidae Hydropsyche gkarmai Malicky Bhutan only Hydraena karmai
16 Pristine Water Quality Areas of the recent E. laidlawi (blue cloured), recent E. superstes (red cloured) as well as fossil findings of Epiophlebiidae and Stenophlebiidae in the Palaeartic (dotted) Epiophlebia laidlawi - Himalayan relict dragonflies, fossil sps, living ghost - Found in fast running mountain streams (headwaters) - Endangered species & intolerant of pollution - So far found in E.Nepal, Japan
17 National Environment Commission High level multi-sectoral, highest decision making & coordinating body on all matters relating to the protection, conservation & improvement of the natural environment Mandate: Apex body on water resources Promote environmental awareness amongst all levels of Bhutanese society Monitor ambient air and water quality and land-use changes Publish State of Environment Reports promote and conduct environmental research Coordinate and facilitate the implementation of bilateral and multilateral environmental agreements, conventions, treaties or declarations RAMSAR
18 Environmental Related Legislations The Forest and Nature Conservation Act, 1995 Mines & Minerals Management Act, 1995 The National Environment Strategy (The Middle Path) The Environment Assessment Act 2000 The National Environment Protection Act 2007 Waste Prevention and Management Act 2009 Draft Water Act 2009
19 Water Resources in Bhutan
20 Water Resources in Bhutan Characteristic National Features Long-term mean annual flow for entire country Per capita mean annual flow availability Minimum 7 days flow of 10 year return period Per capita minimum flow availability Value/Description 2,325 m 3 /s=73,000 million m 3 /year 109,000 m m 3 /s = 13,500 million m 3 /year 20,000 m 3
21 Water use Domestic Agriculture sector Industry Hydropower 5/10
22 Lakes & water bodies Abode of deities and spirits also wetlands Reverence for nature No serious conservation issues on lakes New reservoir lakes due to hydropower development Human element, Heartware!!! Revelation and to join the ILBM family
23 Glacial Lakes Glaciers = 677 Glacial Lakes = 2674 Potentially dangerous lakes = 24 Rapstreng Tsho Lugge Tsho Thorthormi Glacier / Tsho
24 Glaciers & Lakes in Bhutan Himalayas Lunana Types of glaciers and glacier lakes 1.Debris covered glacier (D-type) 2.Debris free glacier (C-type)
25 Possible future impacts Receding Debris free glaciers : shortage of water resources Debris covered glacier : formation of huge moraine dam lakes ultimately leads to GLOF
26 Average fluctuation rates of glaciers in Nepal and Bhutan
27 Location of potentially dangerous lakes Potentially dangerous lakes = 24
28 GLOF events Time line for past and probable GLOFs in Bhutan ? GLOF emanated from the headwaters of Pho Chhu Sub Basin in these two years. No written records. This GLOF occurred due to partial outburst of Lugge Tsho in the headwaters of Pho Chhu Sub Basin. It brought the dangers of GLOF into public consciousness because of the extensive damages to public infrastructure and private properties such as farmlands and homes, and loss of several human lives and livestock. Field assessments by the DGM and the Institute of Geology, University of Vienna, have predicted probability of outburst of Thorthormi and Raphstreng Tsho, yet again in the headwaters of Pho Chhu Sub Basin, in the next ten years or so. Source: Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Bhutan, ICIMOD/UNEP, 2001
29 Pho chu Punakha Dzong Original course of Pho chhu Mo chhu Pho Chhu diverted
30 GLOF Natural disasters Potential dangers - Raphstreng & Thorthorme glacier and its lakes Landslide dam burst Bareykang area in Trashiyangtse (east Bhutan) in 1964,1970,1974,1983, 1986, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2003 and 2004 Tsatichhu landslide dam burst in 2004
31 What have we done so far? Hazard zonnation map Mitigation of lakes at the source Red :Prohibition zone Yellow : Regulation Zone Blue : Regulation Zone Brown : Information Zone Installation of Technical Early Warning System (TEWS) Create Awareness Rapstreng Tso
32 Operation Thorthorme Supported by the GEF, UNDP and the lowered the lake level by 86 cm 300 workers from 20 districts Lowered only 86cms of the target 1.67m due to inclement weather and harsh climatic conditions Will resume in April-May 2010 The first phase of a project intended to artificially lower the water level at Thorthormi Lake by 5 metres in 3 years The story of Thorthormi lake is shaping up to be a story of successful adaptation to climate change
33 Recent events Koji Fujita, JICA-Japan science & technology project Based on the latest satellite data processing 10 dangerous lakes excluded (9 March 2010 Thimphu workshop)
34 Next task Resume artificial lowering of water level in Thorthormi lakes Follow up on the installation of TEWS along Pho chhu valley (Lunana, Punakha and downstream Conduct similar studies in other watersheds Learn from the experiences of the Region and world
35 Thank You Tashi Delek
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