Commercial scale feasibility of Clean Hydrogen

Transcription

1 Commercial scale feasibility of Clean Hydrogen 9 th Trondheim Conference on CO2 Capture, Transport and Storage TCCS-9 June 14, 2017 Claude Heller (Air Liquide), Guido Magneschi (GCCSI), Kristin Jordal (SINTEF) European Zero Emission Technology and Innovation Platform

2 The Zero Emissions Platform (ZEP) A unique coalition of stakeholders united in their support for CCS as a key technology for combating climate change. ZEP serves as advisor to the European Commission on the research, demonstration and deployment of CCS. The European utilities, petroleum companies, equipment suppliers, scientists, academics and environmental NGOs that together form ZEP have three main goals: 1. Enable CCS as a key technology for combating climate change. 2. Make CCS technology commercially viable by 2020 via an EUbacked demonstration programme. 3. Accelerate R&D into next-generation CCS technology and its wide deployment post-2020.

3 The ZEP report on Clean Hydrogen Written by members of the ZEP NetWork Technology (NWT) Name Surname Organisation Heller Claude Air Liquide (lead) Maas Wilfried Shell Gray Lily Shell Jordal Kristin SINTEF Berstad David SINTEF Wolf Markus GE Peeters Tim Tata Steel van der Ben Cees Vopak Santos Stanley IEAGHG Magneschi Guido GCCSI de Groot Arend ECN Jammes Laurent Actys Bee Millet Pierre Université Paris Sud Alastair Rennie Amec Foster Wheeler Viguier Romain SCCS Pershad Harsh Innovate UK Sadler Dan DECC Howe Harriet CCSA Ahn Hyungwoong SCCS The report provides Main messages and Key Recommendations related to Commercial scale feasibility for Clean Hydrogen

4 Potential Hydrogen Demand Main message: There is significant future potential for hydrogen, both clean and electrolysis-derived from renewable energy Definition in report: Clean hydrogen = "low GHG emissions" hydrogen from natural gas Multiple studies present potential hydrogen demand for different countries and regions (e.g. Japan, UK, US, EU Commission) Areas of use: Transport, Power, heat, industry Recommendation: Maximize cross cutting opportunities with other world initiatives around low carbon hydrogen (Japan, China) and other EU hydrogen initiatives.

5 Areas for Hydrogen Use Buildings (heating and cooling), Japan: ENE- FARM stationary fuel cells project (> units installed) City gas: H21 Leeds City Gate, UK: technical and economic feasibility for conversion of NG grid to H 2. Transport: Japan: aiming at H 2 fuel cell vehicles by 2020, Germany and California: building multiple H 2 fuelling stations

6 Areas for Hydrogen Use (2) Multiple industrial possibilities: chemicals, refining, steel (often connected to CCU) Recommendation: Identify local clusters where synergies could be established between hydrogen production, hydrogen consumption and CCS. First targets are intensive industrial areas like the industrial clusters of Antwerp, Rotterdam and Teesside, especially where H 2 or CO 2 networks exists. Power generation: H 2 -fuelled Combined Cycle Gas Turbines in the future? Recommendation: Investigate the role clean hydrogen could play in decarbonising the EU power sector including an assessment of the ability to balance intermittent renewable energy with hydrogen combustion in CCGTs.

7 Hydrogen Production with CO 2 capture Most mature technology pathway: Steam-methane reforming followed by water-gas shift, CO 2 capture and H 2 purification with PSA

8 Separation technologies Recommendation: Support RD&I for emerging clean hydrogen production technologies with a potential to significantly reduce energy consumption and/or cost. The challenge: separate CO 2 and H 2 with sufficient purity of both and low energy consumption and cost Absorption Adsorption Chemical and physical solvents for CO 2 removal are commercial technology in operation as part of a CCS value chain at Quest since 2015 and applied in many existing SMRs. A PSA for H 2 purification is commercial technology, A PVSA for CO 2 capture from the syngas is also a commercially available technology as its first plant has been operational in Port Arthur, Texas since Membranes Cryogenic separation Low-temperature separation of CO 2 or CO 2 liquefaction High-temperature membranes for H 2 separation are widely being investigated and there are also commercial products on the market, but they have not yet reached industrial-scale. Metallic membranes, typically Pd membranes or Pd-alloy membranes theoretically have an infinite selectivity of H 2, i.e. the ability to produce pure hydrogen. These are progressing towards industrial manufacturing methods and demonstration. Microporous membranes have lower H 2 selectivity but are cheaper and have a higher stability. Can produce moderately pure H 2 from syngas. The technology is commercially available but refrigeration demand is high, meaning that it is typically not used as the main separation technology. The main application for cryogenic technology in hydrogen applications is H 2 liquefaction for (long-distance) transport. Used e.g. at the Air Liquide Port Jerome plant. Has also been demonstrated by Tokyo Gas downstream membrane separation of hydrogen in a hydrogen membrane reformer. The principle is that in a well-designed compression and cooling process, CO 2 condenses and can be separated from lighter gaseous components. Read more in: Voldsund, M. et al. "Hydrogen production with CO 2 capture", Int. J of Hydrogen Energy, 41 (2016)

9 Hydrogen plants with CO 2 capture or CCS Port Arthur, Texas, US Location CO 2 capture capacity CO 2 capture source Capture method CO 2 fate Valero Energy refinery at Port Arthur, Texas, United States 1 Mtpa Steam Methane Reformer (Air Products) Adsorption solid-based process - vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Quest, Alberta, Canada Location CO 2 capture capacity CO 2 capture source Capture method CO 2 fate Scotford Upgrader in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada Approx.1 Mtpa Steam Methane Reformer Chemical absorption - Shell activated amine technology ADIP X Dedicated geological storage

10 Hydrogen plants with CO 2 capture or CCS Tomakomai, Japan Location CO 2 capture capacity CO 2 capture source Capture method CO 2 fate Port-Jérome, France Location CO 2 capture capacity CO 2 capture source Capture method CO 2 fate Tomakomai area (Hokkaido), Japan. 100,000 tonnes per year PSA off gas (hydrogen production plant) Amine-scrubbing Geological storage Esso refinery in Port-Jérôme, France 100,000 tonnes per year Steam Methane Reformer STEPWISE pilot, Sweden Location Cryogenic separation (Air Liquide Cryocap ) No use or storage currently Luleå, Sweden CO 2 capture capacity 14 tonnes per day of CO 2 CO 2 capture source Blast furnace gas from the nearby steel plant of SSAB Capture method CO 2 fate Pre-combustion (SEWGS technology) Vented

11 Comparison of Clean H 2 vs electrolysisderived H 2 from renewables Current H 2 production is predominantly from natural gas via SMR (Steam-methane reforming) ATR (autothermal reforming) is also proven. ATR is anticipated to offer lower-cost clean H 2 and higher capacities Electrolysis-derived hydrogen from renewable energy is anticipated to grow to form a large proportion of the future lowcarbon hydrogen mix Main message: Clean hydrogen production is cost competitive with electrolysis-derived hydrogen production from renewable energy, and also complementary.

12 H 2 production cost: present and future 0,065

13 Carbon-intensity of Clean Hydrogen Clean Hydrogen from natural gas with CCS is not zero-emissions Can H 2 from biomass play a role here? Recommendation: Develop LCA for clean and electrolysis-derived hydrogen from renewable energy value chains to assess the CO 2 abatement potential.

14 Growing Clean Hydrogen Value Chains There is a significant potential for hydrogen to contribute to future energy systems H 2 for refineries is dominating today Mobility: growing (slowly) in Japan, California, Germany, Norway, UK, Potential also in industrial and residential use Main message: Collaboration and infrastructure are key to developing clean hydrogen value chains. For investment to progress in clean hydrogen there needs to be recognition of the differentiated value with stable support mechanisms

15 Collaboration is critical Recommendation: Encourage collaboration along the clean hydrogen value chain to promote new projects. Key players along the value chain must be recognized: energy companies, industrial gas suppliers, OEMs for turbines and fuel cells, car manufacturers, customers and governments All the stakeholders need to be able to recognize the benefit of a new or growing industry for it to be successful Example: The H 2 joint venture in Germany: Air Liquide, Daimler, Linde, OMV, Shell, Total are developing a nation-wide network of 400 H 2 refuelling stations. Funded by the German government and the European Union

16 Recognition of CCS H 2 from natural gas without CCS will have a lower production cost than with CCS or from electrolysis with renewables The value of decarbonisation must be recognized! The positive impacts must be valorized A market mechanism is required for developing a clean + renewable hydrogen economy Long-term regulatory consistency will be required Users and producers will need incentives

17 Hydrogen infrastructure Clean Hydrogen can be an accelerator of the Hydrogen Economy Clean Hydrogen success will require both a hydrogen infrastructure and a CCS infrastructure Hydrogen transport: Compressed gas, liquid (or chemical), depending on volumes and distances Standards are required for hydrogen chains that enable development whilst ensuring safe transportantion and use Recommendation: The establishment of CO 2 transport and storage infrastructure should be initiated as soon as possible, recognising that the production of clean hydrogen can be one of the early suppliers of CO 2 for geological storage or other uses, such as EOR.

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