Global mineral extraction for the EU economy

Transcription

1 Global mineral extraction for the EU economy Stefan Bringezu Director Material Flows and Resource Management Wuppertal Institute Presentation at the EO Miners "Minerals and Society Workshop" 19 September 2013 Brussels Professor for Sustainable Resource Management Co-chair WG Land&Soil of the International Resource Panel

2 The presentation Global trends of mineral use Competition for land based resources Mineral supply of the EU Shifting regional pattern of global mining Ongoing research 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 2

3 The presentation Global trends of mineral use Competition for land based resources Mineral supply of the EU Shifting regional pattern of global mining Ongoing research 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 3

4 World GDP decouples from resource use Global material extraction used Source: UNEP (2011) after Krausmann et al Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 4

5 Growing global resource use Projected doubling of used extraction from 2000 to t Unused extraction adds double to triple amount* Source: Aachen Foundations based on SERI/FoE 2009 *not shown: e.g. in 2000: 50 bill t used plus bill t unused extraction 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 5

6 Growing environmental impacts by mineral extraction: Purposeful excavation which remains per se unused Source: Mudd 2009, Australia "Unused extraction" grows more waste, water distraction, landscape change Foto Edgar Llamoca 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 6

7 Ratio of used to "unused" extraction varies Extreme example: Gold mining in rain forest in Peru Rucksack Ratio 1:(20*10 6 ) Total extraction dominated by overburden Without translocation of "unused extraction" the forest would remain undisturbed Mine Madre de Dios Source: Sonja Valivia (2004), Fotos Edga Llamoca the overall extraction volume determines the magnitude of local damage 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 7

8 Environmental Impact of Copper Mine Ok Tedi Mine, Papua New Guinea These images show environmental impact of the mine 1990: Both the mine and township of Tabubil, are clearly visible 2004: Raised river beds, forest damage and decline in biodiversity are some impacts 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 8

9 Limestone quarrying in Western Europe The example of Lengerich, Germany sdf 19 Sep 2013 Fotos: Fabian Hanneforth S. BRINGEZU 9

10 Unused extraction of underground potash mining Hesse, Germany 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 10

11 The presentation Global trends of mineral use Competition for land based resources Mineral supply of the EU Shifting regional pattern of global mining Ongoing research 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 11

12 Open pits may have large footprint And may conflict with agriculture for land and water Tailings pond Open pit Source: wikimedia.org Waste dump Yanacocha gold mine in Peru, aerial view 23. September S. BRINGEZU

13 Underground mining has also impacts on surface For instance per se unused extraction for roads Pogo gold mine, Alaska 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 13

14 A mineral rich country Geological deposits in the Northwest of Germany Quelle: 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 14

15 Mineral deposits in the Northwest of Germany with overlay of various protection areas Wasserschutzgebiete The challenge is to minimize conflicts with other types of resource use domestically and abroad Quelle: 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 15

16 Main causes of degradation of terrestrial and semi-terrestrial biotop types in Germany Intensified use Eutrophication of soil and water bodies Changes of water household Abandonment of extensive agriculture Mechanical impacts Intervention in forests Complete distruction Mineral excavation Browsing by game Interventions in vegetation i.w.s. Soil, air and water pollution Waterway construction/maintenance Start of making use Restoration, sealing, conservation practises Removal/release of plants and animals Use of biocides Erosion protection measures 0 % 36.3 % 22.4 % 15.6 % 13.3 % 13.3 % 12.7 % 10.5 % 10.5 % 9.1 % 7.4 % 7.1 % 5.1 % 4.5 % 2.5 % 2.5 % 2.0 % 1.4 % Quelle: nach Raths et al in: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN), Daten zur Natur 2002 Pollution Agriculture Mining and quarrying 10 % 20 % 30 % SBr-05/23 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 16

17 The presentation Global trends of mineral use Competition for land based resources Mineral supply of the EU Shifting regional pattern of global mining Ongoing research 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 17

18 Europe imports most of the ores used from other regions The example of iron ore from Brasil Duisburg Nord Primary material (TMR) per tonne of steel: 8.1 t/t blast furnace 1.5 t/t recycling Carajás Mine, Brasilien Duisburg Nord 19 Sep S. BRINGEZU 18 Quelle:

19 Environmental profile of mining, beneficiation and smelting technologies The example of copper in Chile and Germany Source: Schüller et al Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 19

20 Regional disparity of environmental pressure: Platinum-Group- Metal production for Europe s supply 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 20

21 Overview of the socio-industrial metabolismus of the EU Input of minerals dominates tonnes 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 21

22 Global resource use of the EU is growing Total Material Requirement TMR Tonnes per capita 35,0 30,0 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 TMR domestic TMR imports TMR exports EU increasingly uses resources outside 0, Metal minerals determine TMR of imports and exports Sources: Schütz/Bringezu, Eurostat 19 Sep % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% TMR domestic TMR import S. BRINGEZU 22 TMR export other (n.e.c.) products erosion excavation metals minerals fossil fuels biomass

23 Mineral use of the EU-27 Metal ores Million tonnes TMR RMI DMI Source: Eurostat and Wuppertal Institute 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 23

24 Mineral use of the EU-27 Non metallic minerals Million tonnes TMR RMI DMI Source: Eurostat and Wuppertal Institute 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 24

25 Metal ores - Trade Balance: The EU-27 is a net importer Million tonnes Foreign Trade Balance in TMR Foreign Trade Balance in RME Direct Foreign Trade Balance Source: Eurostat and Wuppertal Institute 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 25

26 Non metallic minerals - Trade Balance: The EU-27 is net importer of absolute import flows and unused extraction Million tonnes Foreign Trade Balance in TMR Direct Foreign Trade Balance Foreign Trade Balance in RME 100 Source: Eurostat and Wuppertal Institute 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 26

27 The presentation Global trends of mineral use Competition for land based resources Mineral supply of the EU Shifting regional pattern of global mining Ongoing research 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 27

28 World trade: Direct Flows Net suppliers and demanders in 2005 Europe is a net importer Source: Dittrich/Bringezu Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 28

29 World trade: Physical trade balances including ecological rucksacks EU net import shifts burden of resource extraction to other regions 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 29 Source: Dittrich/Bringezu/Schütz 2012

30 GDP is less important for trade balance of resources (incl. rucksack flows)......than population density and natural endowment Source: Dittrich/Bringezu Sep 2013 FG S. BRINGEZU 3: stoffströme und ressourcenmanagement 30

31 Social acceptance: Resource extraction prefers sparsely populated areas as conflicts grow with population density Domestic TMR (t/cap) 19 Sep 2013 Population density (persons/km 2 ) S. BRINGEZU 31 Scource: Bringezu et al. 2009

32 Social conflicts due to largescale mining The example of lignite mining in Germany Rucksack ratio (unused: used extraction) 9 t/t large scale open pits translocation of villages massive groundwater extraction costly rehabilitation Foto Jörg Gläscher, Die Welt Quelle: Firma Rheinbraun ARD Fotogalerie 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 32

33 Transformation of landscapes will proceed in less populated areas The example of iron ore mining in Australia Jimblebar iron ore mine in the Pilbara region, Western Australia. 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 33

34 The presentation Global trends of mineral use Competition for land based resources Mineral supply of the EU Shifting regional pattern of global mining Ongoing research 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 34

35 Land surface disturbances by large-scale mining Ongoing research What is the global footprint of largescale mining of certain metals? Yandi iron ore mine in Australia Where are the highest current and future pressures on biodiversity? Footprints are calculated based on images from the Landsat archive Hypothesis states a significant correlation exists between (total) material mined and surface disturbed at mine site Landsat 5 (TM), Bands 751, Ongoing Ph.D work at University of Kassel and Wuppertal Institute Corporation with RMG and ZFL/Bonn Footprint (2013): 2995 ha Source: Diego Murguia 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 35

36 Conclusions The EU increasingly sources (metal) mineral resources from other regions The net import is associated with growing indirect flows The impact of mining and quarrying to the local environment depends on the overall extraction (both used and "unused" extraction) - landscape changes - biodiversity impacts - water pumping and diversion - waste generation The risk of conflicts with other types of land use might increase, if mining and quarrying will not use options to reduce resource intensity Monitoring total extraction and land use by remote sensing will help mining industry and governments to keep the real footprint as small as possible 19 Sep 2013 S. BRINGEZU 36

37 Many thanks for your attention! ISBN: