Platzhalter für Bild

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of Technology Platzhalter für Bild SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

1 Waste Water treatment C. Gallert, J. Winter Institute of Biology for Engineers and Biotechnology of Wastewater, KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Platzhalter für Bild SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT (ISoSUD 2011) Trisakti University - Jakarta, Indonesia 21 July 2011 KIT die Kooperation von Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH und Universität Karlsruhe (TH)

2 Outline Introduction Water consumption and wastewater characteristics Domestic wastewater treatment the case of Karlsruhe (more than IE) Industrial wastewater treatment, the case of a paper factory Conclusions 2

3 Per capita water consumption Sewage: Used fresh water (personel use: drinking, dishwashing, laundry, etc.) Rain water (combined sewers, storm water) Groundwater (infiltration into leaky sewers) Wastewater from business and industry Germany: 127 l per capita and day 3

Characterisation of sewage Parameter IE [g per Inhabitant and day] Konzentration [mg/l] * 120 l water consumption Konzentration [mg/l] ** German average, data from a BOD 5 60 500 274 (231-402) COD

4 Characterisation of sewage Parameter IE [g per Inhabitant and day] Konzentration [mg/l] * 120 l water consumption Konzentration [mg/l] ** German average, data from a BOD ( ) COD ( ) TKN ,8 (38-83,1) P tot ,0 (5,6-14) COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand; BOD 5 = Biological Oxygen Demand in 5 days; TKN = Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen; P tot = Total Phosphorus Real concentration is lower than expected from the IE dilution with groundwater/infiltrating water a 22. DWA Leistungsvergleich kommunaler Kläranlagen

5 Sanitation situation in Germany On average, 95 % ( %) of the people are connected to a central WWTP Wastewater is transported via underground sewers to the WWTP ~ 6060 WWTP treating Mio m 3 sewage Only 3.6 % of the WWTP s with a capacity of > IE treat 51 % of the total wastewater IE = 60 g BSB 5 per day 5

6 Legally required nutrient elimination depends on the size of the WWTP Size of the WWTP 1 < 1000 IE 60 kg BSB 5 /d 2 < 5000 IE 300 kg BSB 5 /d 3 < kg BSB 5 /d 4 < kg BSB 5 /d 5 > >6000 kg BSB 5 /d COD [mg/l] BOD 5 [mg/l] NH 4 -N [mg/l] N tot* [mg/l] P tot [mg/l] N tot* = Sum of NH 4 +-, NO 3- -, and NO 2- -N 6

Domestic wastewater treatment Domestic Wastewater

population are connetcted to the Sewer System Domestic

Official boundary pollution values Decentralized

7 Domestic wastewater treatment Domestic Wastewater (Households, Business) Sewer System 95 % of the population are connetcted to the Sewer System Domestic WWTP 93 % of the population is connected to a WWTP Official boundary pollution values Decentralized alternatives e.g. lagoons, constructed wetlands Discharge into rivers, surface water 7

8 WWTP in Karlsruhe Data: Catchment area: 4586 ha combined sewer system: 57 % separate sewer system: 43 % 1990 km sewers (t max = 11 h) Wastewater: m 3 /a (Q dry weather = 2.1 m 3 /sec, Q rainy weather = 4,0 m 3 /sec) m 3 /d containing the COD of IE (inhabitants & industry) Sludge: t sewage sludge (TS) t ash after incineration Energy consumption for WWT: 22 Mio KWh/a electricity (aeration, facility management) 300 m 3 /a fuel 8

WWTP in Karlsruhe: ~ 6 ha area requirement for 360000 IE population Mechanical steps Biological steps Activated

addition of Fe 2+ sulfate Pre-denitrification Elimination of BOD 5 by the action of sludge bacteria intensive

9 WWTP in Karlsruhe: ~ 6 ha area requirement for IE population Mechanical steps Biological steps Activated sludge process Trickling filter Elimination of particulate matter, sand and fat Phosphate elimination by addition of Fe 2+ sulfate Pre-denitrification Elimination of BOD 5 by the action of sludge bacteria intensive aeration required Residual BOD 5 - Elimination Nitrification Solid-Liquid Separation Liquid River Rhein Sludge Incineration 9

10 WWTP in Karlsruhe Mechanical steps Screen Aerated sand sedimentation Freight lift, screw pump 10 Fat flotation

11 WWTP in Karlsruhe Biological steps: Activated sludge process Pre-denitrification and aerobic BOD5 degradation Off-gas treatment in a bio-tricklingfilter 11 Intermediate clarifyer

12 WWTP in Karlsruhe Biological steps: Trickling filter Nitrification in trickling filters filled with Lava stones Secondary clarifyer 12

WWTP in Karlsruhe Discharge to river Rhine 13 Capacity COD N P Concentration in sewage [mg/l] 551 39 7 Freight [kg/d]

13 WWTP in Karlsruhe Discharge to river Rhine 13 Capacity COD N P Concentration in sewage [mg/l] Freight [kg/d] Concentration in the effluent [mg/l] Boundary value [mg/l] Efficiency [%]

WWTP in Karlsruhe Collection of rain water

14 WWTP in Karlsruhe Collection of rain water Collection and treatment of rain water: 27 stormwater storage basins =Regenrückhaltebecken discharge into the sewer system 8 stormwater reservoirs =Regenklärbecken (mechanical treatment) 13 stormwater overflow tanks =Regenüberlaufbecken RÜB 14

WWTP in Karlsruhe Treatment of sewage sludge: Aerobic

stabilization Incineration Fertilizer Sludge

2 % 5 % TS) Mixing condenser (15 oc 55 oc) Addition of

Incineration within a fluidized bed kiln at 850 oc,

15 WWTP in Karlsruhe Treatment of sewage sludge: Aerobic stabilization Anaerobic (mesophilic or thermophilic) stabilization Incineration Fertilizer Sludge treatment: Thickener (1.2 % 5 % TS) Mixing condenser (15 oc 55 oc) Addition of polymers Zentrifuge 27 % TS Disc dryer 42 % TS Incineration within a fluidized bed kiln at 850 oc, production of steam 25 bar, 300 oc electricity Off-gas purification Sludge water wastewater treatment 15

Wastewater Own treatment process Direct discharge into

16 Industrial wastewater treatment Sewer System Domestic WWTP Indirect discharge into the WWTP Industrial Wastewater Own treatment process Direct discharge into rivers boundary values according to the type of industry 16

17 Boundary values of wastewater law Parameter Domestic WWTP* + Industrial WW treatment Indirect dischargers Direct dischargers** COD 75 mg/l <110 / 9 mg/l (kg/t) BOD5 15 mg/l < 25 / 25 mg/l Total N 13 mg/l < 18 / 10 mg/l NH4-N 10 mg/l < 10 mg/l Total P mg/l < 2 / 2 mg/l * WWTP with more than inhabitant eqivalents IE ** Depending on the type of industry: Special boundary values exist for different industries. Parameters valid for breweries (Anhang 11) or for paper factory (Anhang 19) RahmenAbwasser Verwaltungsvorschrift 17

18 Costs Domestic WW treatment Industrial WW treatment Every person must pay for the amount of consumed drinking water = wastewater Fees include also treatment of rain water e.g. Karlsruhe: 1.20 per m3 German average is 2.65 m3 18 Direct discharge after treatment in own WWT plant: data not avialable, depends on the type of treatment Indirect discharge into a domestic WWTP: Damage Unit DU = 35,79 DU COD 50 kg O2 P 3 kg N 25 kg AOX 2 kg Hg 20 g

Paper factory: StoraEnso Maxau Data from 2010: 531.

24 kg NOx (SO2, dust) 762 kg fossil CO2 12.3 m3 wastewater 6.551.

19 Paper factory: StoraEnso Maxau Data from 2010: tons paper (287 Mio annual sales) 1 ton of paper needs 3.37 MWh 12.8 m3 water releases 0.24 kg NOx (SO2, dust) 762 kg fossil CO m3 wastewater m3 wastewater/a m3/d (300 d working) m3 activated sludge basin, 12 h HRT Data from: 19

20 Paper factory: StoraEnso Maxau Costs for wastewater treatment according to the pollution data of produced wastewater Parameter Freight [t] DU Costs COD Ninorg Ptot AOX Pretreatment of wastewater onsite to reduce COD, N and P with an aerobic fluidized bed reactor: reduction of DU and discharge of pretreated ww to the WWTP aerobic process production of excess sludge incineration onsite saving of costs Data from: 20

21 Conclusions National wastewater management depends on a powerful legislation Polluter pay prinicple : every person, the business and industry has to spend money for the treatment of wastewater The availability of water influences the amount of produced wastewater and the costs for WWT is the driving force for conserving water In Germany, more than 93 % of the population is connected to the public sewer system and to domestic wastewater treatment plants The quality of the surface waters in Germany is good because of effective WWT The danger of an outbreak of waterborne infectious disease is low but not impossible 21

EHEC outbreak in Germany EHEC outbreak in Germany Countries in the WHO

WHO/Europe under the International Health Regulations, since an outbreak began

22 EHEC outbreak in Germany EHEC outbreak in Germany Countries in the WHO European Region have reported significant numbers of infections from enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) bacteria, and cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), to WHO/Europe under the International Health Regulations, since an outbreak began in Germany in May EHEC cases, 12 deaths 810 HUS cases, 27 deaths Fälle entsprechend der Referenzdefinition des RKI 22

23 Thank you for your attention 23

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