ERACOBUILD The Square Mile Project Modelling for Climate Change Adaptation in Euro Climate Zones & Considering Urban Heat Islands in Retrofit Planning

Transcription

1 ERACOBUILD The Square Mile Project Modelling for Climate Change Adaptation in Euro Climate Zones & Considering Urban Heat Islands in Retrofit Planning Assist. Prof. Margarita-Niki Assimakopoulos, NKUA Dr. Vasiliki Assimakopoulos, NOA

2 Introduction Buildings are responsible for more than 40% of global energy use and 1/3 of global GHG emissions. Building energy performance needs to be improved in order to reduce overall energy demand. The EU has set energy savings target of 20% by 2020, through energy efficiency measures and % GHG reduction by 2050.

3 Introduction Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) [Directive 2002/91/EC] to support energy efficiency. Buildings contribute to climate change on a global scale and to climate modification on a local scale due to change of landscape (UHI). The climate of built up areas is dominated by microscale processes and exchanges.

4 Introduction Building energy consumption and urban climate are related and should be considered simultaneously in light of climatic changes. To face this problem: Climatic zoning is required in order to identify the energy performance requirements Selection of appropriate retrofit tools and evaluation of the energy conservation achieved Suitability of the selected retrofit tools in the future

5 Part 1: Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Climatic zoning with energy perspectives is related to energy consumption of buildings. The climatopes of the areas under investigation point out the site specific problems of the European Square Miles. The methodology requires meteorological data from selected ground stations as well as land use data.

6 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Land use Land use mapping for the selected Square Miles: Leicester - UK Nottingham - UK Ollerton and Boughton - UK Pireaus port area - Greece Nea Filadelfeia - Greece Tatoi - Greece

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13 3,03% 2,96% Residential 15,87% 38,70% Transportation, Communications and Utilities Other urban or built-up land 19,29% Industrial and Commercial Complexes Water Agricultural Land 17,49% 2,15% Residential 20,15% Leicester Transportation, Communications and Utilities 19,37% 60,98% Other urban or built-up land Industrial and Commercial Complexes 3,0%0,7% 18,2% Residential Transportation, Communications and Utilities Nottingham Other urban or built-up land 14,4% 63,8% Industrial and Commercial Complexes Agricultural Land Olerton and Boughton

14 9,35% 14,55% Residential 23,25% Transportation, Communications and Utilities Other urban or built-up land 33,78% Industrial and Commercial Complexes Water 16,35% 2,72% Pireaus Commercial and Services 13,80% 9,81% Tatoi 18,48% Residential Transportation, Communications and Utilities 12,23% Other urban or built-up land Industrial and Commercial Complexes Agricultural land 7,46% 6,53% Residential 45,69% 6,26% Transportation, Communications and Utilities Other urban or built-up land 19,28% 60,46% Industrial and Commercial Complexes Filadelfeia Agricultural land

15 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles The Square Miles share common land use categories, typical of urban areas. The building density and height are different among the European Square Miles Green areas Building types Water bodies Land use results

16 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The case of Greece 1.Estimation of cooling/heating degree days for the examined urban area 2.Estimation of Climatic severity index for cold and warm period of the year 3.Downscaling of the index over cells with the same resolution with the land use scheme

17 Energy targeted zoning for Greece Zone A ( HDD), Zone B ( HDD), Zone C ( HDD) and Zone D ( HDD).

18 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The case of Greece Data used T max, T min, T hourly, solar radiation, precipitation, absolute and relative humidity, wind speed and direction Reference values of base temperature for the estimation of heating and cooling degree days Land use scheme

19 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The case of Greece

20 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The case of Greece Heating and cooling degree days (HDD and CDD) are designed to reflect the demand for energy needed to heat/cool a building and are commonly used for the estimation of the normalized energy consumption. One of the ways to effectively characterize the climatic dependency of the heating or cooling requirements of buildings is the Climatic Severity Index (CSI)

21 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The case of Greece Winter CSI Summer CSI A CSI CSI 0.6 B 0.3 CSI CSI 0.9 C 0.6 CSI CSI 1.25 D 0.95 CSI CSI 1.25 E CSI 1.3

22 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The case of Greece

23 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The UK case

24 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The UK case Data used T max, T min, T hourly, precipitation, absolute and relative humidity, wind speed and direction Reference values of base temperature for the estimation of heating and cooling degree days Land use scheme

25 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The UK case

26 Climatic Zoning of Square Miles Local climatological classification The UK case

27 A1B ALL FUTURE CLIMATIC SCENARIA SHOW AN IMPORTANT INCREASE OF URBAN TEMPERATURES A1B B2 A1B FORECAST OF COOLING DEGREE DAYS (26 C), IN ATHENS A2

28 Part 2: Considering Urban Heat Islands in Retrofit Planning Urban areas suffer from the combined effect of climate change and Urban Heat Island which belong to different time scales. URBAN AREAS ARE CHARACTERISED BY AN IMPORTANT TEMPERATURE INCREASE Ambient Temperatures has increased The frequency of heat waves has increased.duration of Hot Spells has increased..the Intensity of Heat Island is increasing continuously.

29 The intensity of HEAT ISLAND in Europe The phenomenon is well established in urban areas around the world. Heat Island intensity ranges between 1-10 C. Heat Island is present in low, mid and high latitude locations. It is observed during the day and the night period. Especially in the south, heat island is very important during the day period contributing to a high increase of discomfort hours, increase of the cooling load of buildings and a very high increase of the peak electricity demand

30 Temperature Increase London : 3.1 C Essen : 4 C Frimbourg (CH) : 5 C Gotemborg : 6 C Bale - Berne = 6 C Malmoe : 7 C Zurich = 7 C Frimbourg (D) : 10 C Paris : 14 C Athens : 14 C USA cities European cities Population

31 An example of urban climate change: ATHENS DH June June July July July c June July June Hours In Athens the number of hours and degree hours above 30 C, has increased considerably during compared to the period The whole phenomenon is statistically significant. DH August t August September August September August d For July and August the corresponding increase is around % Sept Sept Hours

32 An example of urban climate change: ATHENS The annual number of hours above 37 C and 40 C is increasing continuously

33 Impact of Urban Climate change In Athens the cooling demand of an office building increases by 120 % because of the heat island.

34 Impact of Urban Climate change Because of Heat Island in London, cooling load increases by 25 % while the heating load is reduced by 22 %. Also the cooling potential of night ventilation techniques is reduced by 55 %

35 IMPACT OF URBAN CLIMATE CHANGE Measurements of indoor temperatures in almost 60 low income houses without air conditioning, insulation and double glazing, have been performed in Athens, during the whole summer of For almost 50 % of the measurement period, indoor temperatures where higher than 34 C, presenting maximum close to 40 C.

36 IMPACT OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AND URBAN CLIMATE CHANGE A new survey has been performed during the winter of 2013 to investigate indoor environmental conditions in low income housing in Athens. The average temperature is around 15 C, the average minimum temperature 12 C, while during the cold period between 8-10 January, indoor temperatures were between 5 to 10 C

37 Case Study : Improving the Microclimate in The Historical Center of Athens. Client : Elliniki Eteria and Ministry of Environment And Urban Planning Study carried out in 2007

38 Improving the Microclimate in The Historical Center of Athens The specific strategy to improve the microclimate in the area involved: - Increase of the green spaces - Use of Cool Materials - Reduction of the anthropogenic heat - Use of Cool sinks - Proper Shading of Open spaces.

39 Improving the Microclimate in The Historical Center of Athens

40 Improving the Microclimate in The Historical Center of Athens Εxisting Situation Surface Temperature

41 Improving the Microclimate in The Historical Center of Athens Existing Situation Ambient Temperatures

42 Improving the Microclimate in The Historical Center of Athens Air Temperature Proposed Layout

43 Retrofitting of the Kesariani Main Square The specific strategy to improve the microclimate in the area involved actions like : : - Increase of the green spaces - Use of Cool Materials - Reduction of the anthropogenic heat - Proper Shading of Open spaces.

44 Retrofitting of the Kesariani Main Square Temperature Distribution Existing Situation

45 Retrofitting of the Kesariani Main Square Temperature Distribution Proposed Situation

46 Retrofit of a marina in the southern suburbs of Athens

47 The Square Mile case Various retrofit tools in typical houses in different geographical areas Dynamic Thermal Modelling Evaluation Quantitative results of energy conservation and thermal comfort Examples of possible modifications through TRNSYS (Double gazed windows, Under Floor insulation, Floor Insulation, Green Lighting, Cavity wall insulation, HVAC Systems, Heating/cooling controls, Mechanical Ventilation, Ground Source Heat Pumps with Heat Recovery) Suitability of the selected retrofit tools in the future

48 SOME CONCLUSIONS Global Warming and Heat Island increase the temperature in the built environment, increase the duration of hot spells and the frequency of heat waves. This has a serious impact on the energy and environmental quality of the built environment as it increases peak electricity demand, absolute energy consumption, pollution and makes people more vulnerable Facing the problem: view urban areas in an integrated way taking into account land use, local climate, building types, anthropogenic activities and produce urban climatic maps mitigation and adaptation plans have to be undertaken proper mitigation techniques should include any anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources and enhance the sinks of temperature anomaly. Mitigation technology is not well advanced and needs to be promoted by proper research actions. research on environmental materials is of high importance

49 Thank you for your attention! Questions?