TRENDS IN U.S. THERMOELECTRIC POWER. WATER/ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM WATER & ENERGY POLICY IN THE 21 ST CENTURY September 13 16, 2009

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1 TRENDS IN U.S. THERMOELECTRIC POWER WATER USE WATER/ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY SYMPOSIUM WATER & ENERGY POLICY IN THE 21 ST CENTURY September 13 16, 2009

2 U.S. TRENDS IN WATER USE WI THDRAWALS WITHDRAW WALS OPULATION P POPULATI ION 0 TOTAL, BILLION GALLONS POPULATION, THOUSANDS TOTAL, BILLION GALLONS POPULATION, THOUSANDS 05-40

3 U.S. TRENDS IN THERMOELECTRIC ,000 M ILLION GA ALLONS PER DAY ,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, S GIGAWA ATT-HOUR W IT HDRAW ALS ENERGY

4 2005 ALABAMA WATER USE GROUNDWATER SURFACE WATER THERMOELECTRIC TOTAL WIT HDRAWALS, IN BGD

5 TREND HIGHLIGHTS TH GW withdrawals 1 to 2 percent of the total t groundwater withdrawals Geothermal through 1995 Saline withdrawals, ,, 18 states 2000, 39 states U.S. GROUNDWATER WITHDRAWALS FOR THERMOELECTRIC POWER 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, ,200 1,610 1,470 1, ,200 Mgal/d ,

6 Average Annual Water Withdrawals in 1000 gallons per square mile Pacific Northwest 117 G Great t Basin B i 42 Upper Upper MS 123 Missouri 70 Ohio 185 CO 65 CA 227 Lower L CO 57 Rio Grande 50 AK-White-Red AK White Red 65 TX Gulf Region 99 High Source: 1995 Data from USGS Publication 1200 Great Lakes TN Lower MS 199 South Atlantic Gulf 119 Low NE 61 Mid Atlantic 198

7 Pacific Northwest 33% 48% Great Lakes 5% Upper MS 7% Ohio 6% Missouri 39% Great Basin 54% Upper CO 34% CA 69% Lower CO 57% AK-White-Red 51% Rio Grande 44% Average Annual Consumptive Losses High Mid Atlantic 5% 3% TN Lower MS 39% TX Gulf Region 41% NE 10% South Atlantic Gulf 17% Low i percentt off water in t withdrawn ithd Source: 1995 Data from USGS Publication 1200

8 Water withdrawals by category Livestock Domestic Public Supply Thermoelectric >1 percent >1 percent 11 percent 48 percent >1 percent Less than 1 5 percent percent 34 percent Mining Aquaculture Industrial Irrigation

9 DISTRIBUTION OF 2000WATER USE Excluding Thermoelectric 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Irrigation 65% 50% 40% 30% 20% Public supply 21% 10% 0% TH IR PS IN AQ MI DO LV

10 Geographic distribution of thermoelectric power withdrawals

11 THERMOELECTRIC WATER USE DATA BY SUBCATEGORY Site specific Condenser Other on site Fuel type Cooling type cooling needs Fossil geothermal nuclear once through recirculating County State 1955 to Watershed to Water Resources Region

12 BY COOLING TECHNOLOGY 2000 AND 2005 Amendment to the Federal Pollution Control Act of 1972 and 1977 that required stricter water quality standards Limited it water supplies in some areas of the U.S. Cumberland Power Plant

13 BY COOLING TECHNOLOGY Once through cooling Lower consumptive use relative to withdrawals Courtesy TVA

14 COOLING TECHNOLOGY IMPACTS ON THE Recirculating cooling WATER RESOURCE Higher consumptive use relative to withdrawals Courtesy TVA

15 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF U.S. THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS. 2000

16 THERMOELECTRIC TREND HIGHLIGHTS 1950 TO 2000 ~11 fold 11 fold increase in energy production ~5 fold increase in water use Reduced gal/kwh g / 44 gal/kwh 19 gal/kwh Bull Run Steam Plant

17 COOLING TECHNOLOGY IMPACTS By percent of generating capacity an alternative to once-through cooling 9 percent of the water withdrawn plants using recirculating cooling WATER DEMAND Alabama Power Company

18 WATER AVAILABILITY THERMOELECTRIC WATER USE

19 THERMOELECTRIC POWER USGS ENERGY/WATER DATA GAPS Energy Data sufficiency Universe of power plants Water withdrawals Return flow Consumptive use Public supply deliveries Monthly data Data reliability Accuracy of reporting Data accessibility Centralized datastorage Water Targeted gaging networks Targeted QW samplingsites sites Targeted groundwater models

20 WATER/ENERGY DATA COLLECTION DOE Energy Information Administration USGS National Water Use Information Program Data Element Monthly water withdrawals. x return flows. x Monthly Monthly consumptive use. x Nuclear water data Annual withdrawals, return flow, consumptive use. x. Data Element By 8 digit watershed. X Consumptive use. X Public supply deliveries. X Fuel type. X Cooling system type X. Hydroelectric power. X

21 THERMOELECTRIC PLANT UNIVERSE OWNERSHIP TENNESSEE EIA 2005 The Three C Group 2005 USGS UTILITIES NONUTILITES CO GENERATION Industrial category

22 CRITERIA: USGS RECIRCULATING PONDS Dedicated to a single purpose; no competing needs Constructed (perched) on property Intake and discharge are internal No direct discharge to a river or lake no receiving body name Not t a Water of the U.S. and regulated by USEPA Pond is not self-sustainable