(1) Introduction (2) Chemical Treatment (3) Activated Sludge (4) Origins of sewage (5) Process overview (6) Pretreatment (7) Disease Potential (8)

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1 I would like to acknowledge my school management for giving me an opportunity to do the project work and providing me all support and guidance which made me complete the project on time. I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Mr.Digvijay Nath Dwivedi, our Chemistry teacher, who constantly gave me precious suggestions and supervision for completion of this project. One further imperative individual is my sister who helped me in furnishing additional magnetism to my project.

2 (1) Introduction (2) Chemical Treatment (3) Activated Sludge (4) Origins of sewage (5) Process overview (6) Pretreatment (7) Disease Potential (8) Treatment of sludge in sewage water and its disposal (9) Sewage treatment in developing countries (10) Aim of the project (11) Experiment _ 1 (12) Procedure (13) Experiment _ 2 (14) Procedure (15) Observation (16) Result (17) Conclusion (18) Bibliography

3 Dialysis of sewage water is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both runoff (effluents), domestic, commercial and institutional. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an environmentally safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer). Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for drinking water, although Singapore is the only country to implement such technology on a production scale in its production of NEWater.

4 Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, commercial and industrial establishments. It includes household waste liquid fromtoilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposed of via sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. The separation and draining of household waste into greywater and blackwater is becoming more common in the developed world, with greywater being permitted to be used for watering plants or recycled for flushing toilets. Sewage may include stormwater runoff. Sewerage systems capable of handling storm water are known as combined sewer systems. This design was common when urban sewerage systems were first developed, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Combined sewers require much larger and more expensive treatment facilities than sanitary sewers. Heavy volumes of storm runoff may overwhelm the sewage treatment system, causing a spill or overflow. Sanitary sewers are typically much smaller than combined sewers, and they are not designed to transport stormwater. Backups of raw sewage can occur if excessive infiltration/inflow (dilution by stormwater and/or groundwater) is allowed into a sanitary sewer system. Communities that have urbanized in the mid

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6 Few reliable figures exist on the share of the wastewater collected in sewers that is being treated in the world. In many developing countries the bulk of domestic and industrial wastewater is discharged without any treatment or after primary treatment only. In Latin America about 15 percent of collected wastewater passes through treatment plants (with varying levels of actual treatment). In Venezuela, a below average country in South America with respect to wastewater treatment, 97 percent of the country s sewage is discharged raw into the environment. In a relatively developed Middle Eastern country such as Iran, the majority of Tehran's population has totally untreated sewage injected to the city s groundwater. However, the construction of major parts of the sewage system, collection and treatment, in Tehran is almost complete, and under development, due to be fully completed by the end of In Isfahan, Iran's third largest city, sewage treatment was started more than 100 years ago. In Israel, about 50 percent of agricultural water usage (total use was 1 billion cubic metres in 2008) is provided through reclaimed sewer water. Future plans call for increased use of treated sewer water as well as more desalination plants.

7 (!) COLLECT 3-4 DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF SEWAGE WATER FROM DIFFERENT PLACES. Dialysis of Sewage Water : 1. FILTER SAMPLE 1 TO REMOVE THE SUSPENDED IMPURITIES AND COLLECT THE FILTRATE IN A BEAKER. 2. MAKE A BAG OF THE CELLOPHANE PAPER BY FOLDING IT, INSERTING THE STONE OF THE FUNNEL INTO THE MOUTH OF THE BAG AND TYING IT WITH A THREAD, AS SHOWN IN THE FIGURE. 3. PUT THE FILTERED SEWAGE WATER INTO THE BAG THROUGH THE FUNNEL FILL 3/4TH OF THE BAG IS FULL.