Bridging the gap between nutrient recovery and recycling. Dr. Christian Kabbe

Transcription

1 Bridging the gap between nutrient recovery and recycling Dr. Christian Kabbe

2 Why??? Phosphorus Critical Raw Material Demand relies on fossil resources geopolitically sensitive non-substitutable Bottleneck for fertiliser and food supply Excl. manure since already recycled Wastewater /sewage sludge is a relevant and renewable resource in a circular economy

3 Sludge / biosolids N&P recovery from aqueous phase P recovery from solid phase / ash Three pillars for nutrient recycling from sewage 40% 60% Food Fertiliser / Agriculture Humas Nutrients Sewage WWTP Sewage sludge ~ 11 million tons dry solids/a in EU 28 Challenge: Enabling techn. alternatives to complement /compensate traditional route!

4 Hot spots for P recovery from municipal wastewater 100% P load * 50% of P load 25 % of P load 40-90% of P load (solubility, contaminants) *forced P dissolution 5-20 % of P load *30-50% of P load > 80% of P load Note: Difference between precipitation/crystallization and actual separation/harvest

5 Overview: P-recovery from wastewater technologies in Europe AirPrex Struvite PEARL/Wasstrip Struvite NuReSys Struvite Aqueous phase (dissolved P) PHOSPAQ Struvite FIX-PHOS CaP/CSH ANPHOS Struvite Grundfos Struvite REPHOS Struvite NutriTec Struvite, DAS Wet sludge and liquor P-RoC Struvite/CSH STRUVIA Struvite Ecobalans Struvite, NPK With enforced P dissolution Budenheim DCP LYSOGEST Struvite Gifhorn Struvite/CaP Stuttgart Struvite Sludge and sludge ash Acidic digestion /leaching Thermal Fert. Industry Mineral fertilizer ECOPHOS H 3 PO 4 /DCP MEPHREC P-slag THERMPHOS P 4 EDASK H 3 PO 4 TetraPhos H 3 PO 4 AshDec (Outotec) P-mineral Inducarb FP7 H 3 PO 4 /P 4 LEACHPHOS H 3 PO 4 RECOPHOS DE MCP PYREG P-mineral KUBOTA P-slag Full-scale Demo / Pilot Lab-scale

6 Recycling = only by value chains/cycles Recovery Recycling Other industries Household, industry WWTP Raw material Fertiliser Fertiliser Agriculture Waste, raw material or product? -> Question of homogenity! Sludge organo-mineral fert. (40% EU28) (C, N and P) Struvite NP fertiliser in some MS (proven good fert. eff., appr. 8,000 t/a in 2016) Ash generally not plant available, rather raw material processing needed (only P) Biochar to be clarified, fertiliser value will depend on input, process -> rather co-fuel

7 Status of recovery and recycling options - sewage Traditional (but not excluding innovation) Agricultural use of treated sewage sludge (currently 40% in EU average) Decreasing acceptance, increasing consumer concerns (organic contaminants, heterogenious composition or organo-mineral recyclate ) Technical (innovative alternatives) Recovery in WWTP as mineral like crystallized struvite (~ 20 running full-scale, providing environmental and economical benefits) = lowest hanging fruit but limited in application and recovery rates -> good quality mineral fertilisers Technical recovery after WWTP mainly from sewage sludge ash -> various pilots (highest technical recovery potential) products like H 3 PO 4, DCP, struvite or raw materials -> mineral compounds or after HTC/pyrolysis: carbonisates/ biochars with disputed fertilising eff. Trade-off between recovery rates and efforts (energy, chemicals, product quality)

8 Current implementation status - sewage Kabbe 2013, AirPrex Kabbe 2016 Kabbe 2015, AirPrex Kabbe et al. (2015): IFS proceedings 763

9 The Berlin struvite recovery process AirPrex 22% P recovery rate (Amsterdam West) + 4% dry solids in dewatering Reduced sludge volume (red. disposal cost) Reduced polymer demand Reduced maintenance Various full-scale inst. NH 4 MgPO 4 x6h 2 O

10 PEARL and WASSTRIP 1st P re-dissolution prior digestion Doubled P-recovery rate (40%?) Lysis increases biogas yield and P rediss. Less digester volume (-30%) Amersfoort (NL) full-scale Guaranteed offtake by OSTARA 2 Source: P-REX factsheet THAMES_case_study.pdf

11 Next generation: smart (energyeff.) nutrient recovery cascades NH 3 stripping: -ph ~12 - by air, membrane or vacuum - recovery products: - (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 - NH 4 NO 3 - NH 4 H 2 PO 4 or (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 - Purity depends on acid quality P recovery as struvite Source: N recovery as NH 4 - salt SMART combination/cascading enables both: Energy eff. and higher multi-nutrient recovery rates Kabbe 2015

12 Budenheim (wet sludge) CO 2 as solvent DCP commercial product Pilot in Mainz Demo in Itzehoe (planned) Source: P-REX 2015

13 Sludge ash (How to catch the big P-fish?) Challenges: P content Heavy metal content HM depletion Source: gemäß Krüger & Adam 2014

14 ECOPHOS (ash acidolation and purification) Source: ECOPHOS, R. de Ruiter 2014 Flexible low-grade inputs Commercial products (H3PO4) Commercial by-products (Metal salts) Independent from Fe/Al content First EU full-scale facility in Dunkerque (FR)

15 REMONDIS TetraPhos Source: Remondis, 2015 different low-grade inputs Commercial products Commercial by-products Pilot in Hamburg (DE)

16 Sewage sludge management Berlin today (2013) 2025?

17 Berlin vision 2025+? P recovery from ash

18 Bridging the gap between reco-recy or supply-demand Needs: from market push to market pull! Sound and real monitoring based data on relevant waste streams (and nutrient species) Level playing field for both, primary and recycled nutrients (legally and economic) Harmonized requirements!!! (Water and Waste Frame Dirs., Nitrates Dir., Sewage Sludge, Animal byproducts, Fertiliser Reg., Organic Farming, Soil conservation, IED, EMAS, Ecolabels, REACH) Clarity on relevance of potential hazards (need for new risk assessment guidelines for organic compounds and heterogenious matrices) Full-scale references to facilitate innovation & replication (most urgent!) Nutrient recycling is complex and needs multi-sectoral cooperation! DG X DG Y DG Z

19 PHOSPHORUS RECYCLING FROM PROTOTYPE TO MARKET Thank you Think forward, act

20 Annex / references Schoumans, O.F., Bouraoui, F., Kabbe, C., Oenema, O. and van Dijk, K.C. (2015): Phosphorus management in Europe in a changing world, AMBIO, 44, Kabbe C., Remy C., Kraus F.(2015): Review of promising methods for phosphorus recovery and recycling from wastewater, Proceedings International Fertiliser Society 763, ISBN Egle L, Rechberger H, Zessner M. (2015): Overview and description of technologies for recovering phosphorus from municipal wastewater. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 105: van Dijk KC, Lesschen JP, Oenema O. (2016): Phosphorus flows and balances of the European Union Member States. Science of The Total Environment 542, Part B: Kraus F., Kabbe C., Remy C., Lesjean B. (2016): Klärschlammmanagement und Phosphorrecycling in Deutschland Eine Abschätzung von Kosten, Umweltauswirkungen und Konsequenzen der geplanten Novelle der AbfKlärV, Korrespondenz Abwasser und Abfall, acc. P-REX material (deliverables) available for download here: (policy brief, recovery process factsheets, LCA, cost, market survey, risk assessment )