Working for Energy SUSTAINABLE CITIES SEMINAR ON WASTE-TO-ENERGY THROUGH BIOGAS. Guy Preston 17 JULY 2009

Transcription

1 Working for Energy SUSTAINABLE CITIES SEMINAR ON WASTE-TO-ENERGY THROUGH BIOGAS CITY OF CAPE TOWN CIVIC CENTRE 17 JULY 2009 Guy Preston

2 Hely Hutchinson & Woodhead Dams on Table Mountain

3 Automatic-flushing urinals

4 Hely Hutchinson Dam

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6 10-Point Plan: Tariffs: 1. Escalating Block-rate Tariffs 2. Time-of-use Tariffs Demand-side Management: 3. Electricity Audits 4. Disincentives / Regulations 5. Incentives 6. Labour-intensive Conservation Measures 7. Billing, Advocacy and Communications 8. Pre-payment Metering Supply-side Management: 9. Consolidation of Mainstreamed Supply 10. Diversified Supply-side Options

7 Working for Energy A. Supply-side Management: Labour-intensive focus on the following: 1. Biomass from invasive alien plants and bush encroachment. 2. Biogas generation from farm waste. 3. Biogas generation from municipal solid waste. 4. Biogas generation from municipal waste water. 5. Biogas from household waste. 6. Provision of solar-heated water. 7. Run-of-river generation of electricity. B. Demand-side Management: 8. Audits, retrofits, incentives and advocacy. 9. Thermal performance: Installation of ceilings (in houses of the poor).

8 Working for Energy programme component Effective peak demand reduction: MW Displaced electricity over 3 years: Accumulative GWh Investment, capex + opex, 3 years R Million R million /MW URV, at 6% discount over 20 years: With carbon URVs expressed in terms of best option = 1 Biomass from invasives / bush Biogas: farm waste Biogas: municipal solid waste Biogas: municipal i waste water Biogas: household waste Provision of solar-heated water Run-of-river generation WfE: Supply-side Management 372 2,712 1, Audits, retrofits, incentives, advocacy , Thermal performance: ceilings WfE: Demand-side Management 1,262 10,773 5, Clean Development Management 61 Total 1,634 13,485 6, Medupi coal-fired power station 3,500 29,127 70, Pebble Bed Mudular Reactor ,

9 Demand-side Management (Water and Electricity)

10 Mopani Water and Energy Conservation ( User-pays ) Savings Water and Electricity Use Per Person Per Day Winter: Litres N Mean KWh N Mean Control Experimental % Saving: 74% 52% Summer: Control Experimental % Saving: 72% 66% AVERAGE SAVINGS: WATER : 73% ELECTRICITY: 60%

11 Greater Hermanus Water Conservation Programme 12-Point Plan 1. An assurance-of-supply tariff 2. An 11-point escalating block-rate tariff 3. Informative billing 4. Intensive communication 5. Schools' audit 6. The Hermanus Working for Water project 7. Retrofitting project 8. Water-wise gardening 9. Water-wise food production 10. National water by-laws 11. Water loss management 12. Masekhane (Security / Pre-payment) Meter Project

12 GREATER HERMANUS WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAMME Year Litres Erven Litres/Erf Rainfall 1993/ mm 1994/ mm 1995/ mm Average mm 1996/ mm Savings: 25,5% 255% [93%] [9,3%] 31,9% [11,3%]

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14 L fl h h d Low-flow showerheads use ¼ to ½ of water and electricity used by conventional showerheads

15 Electricity generated by a Pebble-bed Reactor may cost more than 100 times the price (without externalities) to save the same amount of electricity by using compact fluorescent lamps.

16 BERG RIVER DAM Yield = 81million m R2.6 Billion Investment Th l i f i i l b 1998 d 2006 The clearing of riparian areas alone between 1998 and 2006 increased yield by more than 30 million m 3 or 40% of the yield of the Berg River (Skuifraam) Dam, at an investment of only R116 million.

17 New York s investment in Catskill Watershed Risk of development, agricultural l run-off, impervious i surfaces, wastewater. t Invested US$1.3 billion to protect 830,000 hectares in Catskill catchment. 5 million m 3 of naturally filtered water to 9 million people in New York per day. Cost saving of US$8 billion for new filtration facility. Up to US$300 million savings per year in Operational and Maintenance costs.

18 Solar-heated Water

19 Kuyasa solar hot-water systems in Khayelitsha, Cape Town

20 Run-of-River

21 Direction of river flow Turning wheels driving a generator System of blades in an individual unit Set of blades in Surge Pro s Sure Kinetic Energy run-of-river hydro-power generation unit.

22 Installed Capital unit Total capital Total Total unit cost per year for 15 Total elec. generated CER Unit cost including capacity cost cost Op. Ex years per year value CER MW R/mil R Bn R Bn Rmil/MW MWh Rmil Rmil/MW Run-of- River ,927, Medupi 4, ,288,000-5,

23 Biomass from Invasive Alien Plants and Bush Encroachment

24 Alien plants were introduced from continents t such as Australasia and South America.

25 Chromolaena odorata (triffid weed Asteraceae)

26 Infestation in HIP Chromolaena

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30 Chromolaena could have engulfed the Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park within ten years: Little for animals to eat. No animals, no tourists. No tourists, no jobs. (Loss of 3,000 jobs.) Loss of R100 million + p.a. Devastating impact on local economy, in an impoverished part of the country. The KwaZulu-Natal Cabinet committed over R1 billion over ten years, in the KZN Invasive Alien Species Programme, addressing all invasive i species in partnership with the Working for Water programme.

31 If we do not clear invasive alien plants

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33 The lethal cocktail" of environmental change Invasive Alien Species invasive grass in China Habitat destruction: Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda Climate Change: Melting glaciers Torres del Paine National Park, Chile

34 Water hyacinth on Roodeplaat Dam

35 Electricity generation using invasive plant species and bush encroachment Preliminary estimate of total utilisable biomass: Biomass per year over 15 years: Installed capacity: Electricity generated at 75% op. time: Value of electricity at 65c/kWh: Value of carbon sales at R100/tCO2 Total value t t MW MWh Rmill Rmill Rmill Eastern Cape 22,713,750 1,514, , Free State 2,532, , , Gauteng 355,418 23, , KwaZulu-Natal 7,056, , , Mpumalanga 13,462, , , North-West 22,538,617 1,502, , Northern Cape 19,822,231 1,321, , Limpopo 19,717,087 1,314, , Western Cape 5,393, , , TOTAL 113,592,402 7,572, ,733,017 3, ,550 Creating 115 million persondays of work (for 50,000 people) per year for 15 years

36 Water from trees!! Water Management Area Shortfall in Current losses 2000 due to invasive alien trees Potential future losses due to invasive alien trees Economic value of water currently lost, in Rmill, for various values Potential future loss in the economic value of the water, in Rmill, for various values Million m 3 Million m 3 Million m 3 R1.4/m 3 R6.9/m 3 R1.4/m 3 R6.9/m 3 Limpopo (78) 63 (274) Levuhu/Letaba (31) 67 (186) Olifants (36) 133 (69) Inkomati (19) 166 (64) ,145 Thukela (47) 261 (253) ,801 Mvoti-Umzimkulu (52) 420 (174) ,898 Lower Orange 9 8 (89) 88 (978) Gouritz (37) 79 (125) Olifants-Doring 35 5 (14) 52 (149) Berg 5 19 (380) 66 (1320) Total (39) 1,395 (144) 526 2,594 1,953 9,626

37 Biogas from Farm waste, Municipal solid waste, Municipal waste water, Household waste

38 INTEGRATED SERVICES: YARD TANKS, SANITATION, WASTE, ENERGY & WORK

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40 Energy provision in rural areas using cattle manure! 310,000 rural households in SA have the technical capacity to generate energy from cow dung and human waste in biogas digesters. They can be energy independent. They can save R325m per year in energy cost, or Generate R1,2 billion in value as LPG replacement. Generating person years in job opportunities.

41 Working for Energy programme component Effective peak demand reduction: MW Displaced electricity over 3 years: Accumulative GWh Investment, capex + opex, 3 years R Million R million /MW URV, at 6% discount over 20 years: With carbon URVs expressed in terms of best option = 1 Biomass from invasives / bush Biogas: farm waste Biogas: municipal solid waste Biogas: municipal i waste water Biogas: household waste Provision of solar-heated water Run-of-river generation WfE: Supply-side Management 372 2,712 1, Audits, retrofits, incentives, advocacy , Thermal performance: ceilings WfE: Demand-side Management 1,262 10,773 5, Clean Development Management 61 Total 1,634 13,485 6, Medupi coal-fired power station 3,500 29,127 70, Pebble Bed Mudular Reactor ,

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