Wind Energy: Opportunities and Challenges for Offshore Applications. Presentation Outline

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1 Wind Energy: Opportunities and Challenges for Offshore Applications Presentation to IEEE Richmond Section 07 September 2006 Saifur Rahman George Hagerman Manisa Pipattanasomporn VT Advanced Research Institute Presentation Outline Offshore wind energy resource Wind resource basics Virginia s offshore wind energy potential Offshore wind energy technology Involves a variety of engineering disciplines Large economic development impacts Offshore wind energy developments Global context European examples U.S. project proposals Research and development opportunities in Virginia Virginia Coastal Energy Research Consortium University-industry R&D partnership opportunities 1

2 Wind Speed and Power Density Classes On US East Coast, Greatest Areas for Economical Wind Power are Offshore Economically Developable Area (km 2 ) N.Engl Mid-Atl Calif Pac. NW Land areas with Class 4 resource ( watts/m 2 ) or better Land Offshore Offshore areas with Class 5 resource ( watts/m 2 ) or better AND depth < 25 m, with two-thirds excluded for other ocean use (fishing, shipping) 2

3 Mid-Atlantic Offshore Wind Resource is in Shallower Depths than in Other Regions Virginia s Offshore Wind Energy Potential Much Larger than Onshore Class 4+ areas needed for economical onshore projects are largely in national forests and parks, and even projects on private land seem difficult to permit Class 5+ areas needed for economical offshore projects are in federal waters beyond 3-n.mile limit of state jurisdiction 3

4 Less Regulatory Variability to Develop Offshore Wind Two National Forests, Blue Ridge National Park, state parklands, and county-by-county zoning variability Only one regulatory authority (US Minerals Management Service) Virginia has Unique Features Favorable to Offshore Wind Power Class 6 wind energy resource located within miles (16-24 km) of shoreline and close to major, growing centers of power demand 500 kv 115 kv Robust coastal transmission grid Minimal probability of major hurricane strike (Categories 3 through 5) 230 kv 4

5 Offshore Wind Can Meet a Large Portion of Virginia s Energy Demand Using the same spacing of wind turbines as shown in photo at left, an ocean shelf area the size of Virginia Beach could supply 20% of the state s annual electricity demand Calculations assume same turbine density as shown here off the coast of Wales With wind turbines installed at a density of 10 MW per sq.km, an ocean area of 640 sq.km could produce 21,000 GWh/yr, compared with state consumption of 104,200 GWh/yr in 2005 Largest Existing Offshore Turbine is REpower 5M Rotor diameter = 126 m Each rotor blade weighs 18 tonnes Beatrice Project in North Sea will demonstrate two REpower 5-MW turbines in offshore application for the first time. Other firsts for Europe include: Deepest water (45 m depth) Farthest offshore (25 km) Tower platform and anchoring concept 410-tonne turbine and 210-tonne tower Sep 2004 installation of turbine rotor in onshore prototype at Brunnsbutel, Germany, in Schleswig-Holstein 750-tonne truss-work platform Suction-caisson anchor 5

6 Horns Rev 2-MW Turbines Installed Using Self-Propelled A2 SEA Vessels North Hoyle 2-MW Turbines Installed Using Towed Seacore Jack-Up Rigs 6

7 Large Rotor Blades Shipped by Water Offshore Wind Projects Minimize Transfers GE 3.6 MW rotor (104 m diameter) Business opportunities in Virginia Turbines 45% Estimated maritime industry value of fabrication, installation, and service contracts in Virginia 7

8 New Sustainable Business Value of $ Million per Year in Maritime Sector Alone Typical capital cost breakdown for monopile-based offshore wind project Support structure 25% Turbines 45% 32% of capital cost is in local fabrication and installation Project management 2% Power collection 13% Power transmission 8% Installation 7% Estimated maritime industry value of fabrication, installation, and service contracts to supply 20% of Virginia s electricity: Based on total installed turbine capacity = 6,500 MW At $1,600 per installed kw, total capital investment = $10.4 billion Assuming an installation rate of 325 MW per year= $520 million per year over 20-year build-out Value of local fabrication and installation contracts = $166 million per year until fully built out Value of local offshore service contracts = $190 million per year after fully built out Submarine Power Collection and Transmission to Shore About 20% of the capital cost for an offshore wind project is in power cabling, grid interconnection equipment, and electrical testing Three-phase AC power cable from transformer platform to shore 8

9 Worldwide Growth in Wind Energy 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Rest of the World India Denmark USA Spain Germany Global Summary Global power plant capacity: 3,736 GW GW (2004) Global wind wind power capacity: GW GW (end (end of of 2005) German wind wind capacity: GW GW (end (end of of 2005) European offshore wind: GW GW (end (end of of 2005) At the end of 2005, Germany hosted nearly one-third (31%) of world s wind generation capacity This is followed by Spain (17%), USA (16%), India (6%) and Denmark (5%) Offshore wind now accounts for only1.4% of global total wind generation capacity tremendous growth potential as onshore sites become developed to maximum acceptable extent 9

10 European Offshore Wind Energy Projects Selected European Project Data Location Country Operational MW No. of Turbines Turbine Make and Rated Capacity Vindeby Denmark Bonus 450 kw Lely Holland NedWind 500 kw Tunø Knob Denmark Vestas 500 kw Dronten Holland Nordtank 600 kw Gotland Sweden Wind World 500 kw Current world s largest Blyth Offshore Middelgrunden Uttgrunden Yttre Stengrund Horns Rev Frederikshaven Samsø North Hoyle UK Denmark Sweden Sweden Denmark Denmark Denmark UK Vestas 2 MW Bonus 2 MW GE Wind 1.5 MW NEG Micon 2 MW Vestas 2MW 2 Vestas 3 MW,1 Bonus 2.3 MW and 1 Nordex 2.3 MW Bonus 2.3 MW Vestas 2 MW Nysted Denmark Bonus 2.3 MW Arklow Bank Ireland GE Wind 3.6 MW Scroby Sands UK Vestas 2 MW Totals

11 Horns Rev Project Overview Project capacity = 160 MW (80 turbines), occupying 5.5 km x 5.4 km area (~ 5 MW per sq.km) Mean wind speed = 9.7 m/s at 70-m hub height (Class 6) Annual energy output = 600 GWh (43% capacity factor) Capital investment = 270 million Euro ($325 million à $2,030/kW) Offshore Wind Energy is Next Wave of New Wind Project Construction in Germany 11

12 The proposed offshore wind energy project in Cape Cod, Massachusetts This proposed project is the America s first and the world s largest offshore wind farm in Nantucket Sound, MASS Highlights: 130 wind turbines 417 feet tall Spread over 24 sq miles Up to 420 MW (3/4 of the cape and Islands electricity needs) The Facts Nantucket Sound is famous for natural beauty and abundant, diverse and unique wildlife, recreational boating and fishing, which is very essential to the economy Location: The plant will be about 5 miles from land at its closest point Distance in miles 12

13 The concerns May impact fish and fishing industry May impact tourism industry May interfere navigation systems May interfere vital sea lanes May impact migratory bird paths May impact environment May have visual impacts U.S. Offshore Wind Development Lags 5-10 Years Behind Europe The Energy Policy Act of 2005 authorizes the U.S. Department of the Interior (DoI) to have regulatory jurisdiction over renewable energy development in federal waters beyond the 3-mile limit of state jurisdiction. DoI has designated its Minerals Management Service (MMS) as the implementing agency for this new authority. MMS has assumed oversight of two ongoing U.S. offshore wind energy projects: the Cape Wind project off Massachusetts, and the Long Island Power Authority project off New York. All other offshore wind projects must wait for MMS to issue its new rules for marine renewable energy projects. 13

14 Visual Impact can be Mitigated by Siting Turbines Farther Offshore Natural sea haze and humidity, more common during summer tourist season, will obscure horizon details Photo simulation for Long Island offshore wind project indicates negligible visual impact beyond 11 n.mi (20 km; look at far right) Siting Far Offshore also Better Avoids Migratory Shorebird Flyways Migratory shorebirds fly down the Chesapeake Bay and DelMarVa Peninsula, foraging in coastal marshes and lagoons behind barrier islands. Offshore wind project effects on pelagic birds and migratory shorebirds blown offshore by storms need to be researched. 14

15 VCERC Intended to Operate as a University Industry Partnership Virginia Coastal Energy Research Consortium Ocean engineering Northern Virginia presence (interaction with MMS & DOE) Physical, chemical, & geological ocean sciences Biological ocean sciences Renewable energy curriculum development Wind energy engineering High-tech workforce training Entrepreneurship development Non-University VCERC Directors Integration of marine renewables into Virginia Energy Plan Ensuring compatibility with other marine uses and coastal resources Identification of manufacturing job creation opportunities and industry benefits of long-term, price-stable energy supply Identification of waterfront development opportunities VCERC submitting a CRADA Proposal to Develop Large-Blade Testing Facility Opportunities to develop remote structural monitoring methods for non-destructive testing of long,composite aerospace structures Wind turbine blades require static (bending, twist) and dynamic (fatigue) load testing to ensure durability for book life of project. No North American test facilities now exist that are capable of testing 70 m long blades. 15

16 Hybridizing Marine Renewables with Offshore Gas for Baseload Power ADVANTAGES: Provides high-value baseload power Avoids utility need for land-based spinning reserve to accommodate wind variability Submarine power cable to shore more secure, with less environmental impact than gas pipeline Avoids onshore siting challenge of finding cooling water for land-based gas power plants Prolongs offshore gas reservoir life for more secure future Eclipse Energy s hybrid project in Irish Sea to come on line in 2007 Thank You! Any questions? Saifur Rahman srahman@vt.edu George Hagerman hagerman@vt.edu 16