Composting. What is composting? Why composting is necessary now? Why composting is necessary now? How to make compost? Water 1

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The Technical Demonstration funded by MAFF Japan Composting For easy manure handling, less odor and water pollution and better soil quality for crop production January 23, 201, in Hanoi By A.

For composting, following 3 conditions are important. a) Proper water level b) Proper Nitrogen level c) Sufficient aeration Why composting is necessary now?

1 The Technical Demonstration funded by MAFF Japan Composting For easy manure handling, less odor and water pollution and better soil quality for crop production January 23, 201, in Hanoi By A. Koyama What is composting? Aerobic microbial decomposition of organic materials such as animal manure and crop residue After composting, animal manure becomes dry, blackish color and no odor. For composting, following 3 conditions are important. a) Proper water level b) Proper Nitrogen level c) Sufficient aeration Why composting is necessary now? In the past - Scattered animal number amount of manure Now - Intensified local natural capacity for absorbing the impact of animal manure Why composting is necessary now? In Vietnam, number of animal per farm is increasing. Under medium and large number of animals, biogas system has a limitation. Simple flushing out to rivers and canals causes water pollution. Odor raises serious problems in suburban areas. Composted manure is much better for crop growth than raw manure. How to make compost? Water 1 In general animal manure has too much water for composting. Separation of feces from urine by slope with ditches on the floor of animal pens is important to minimize water in feces. Proper water level for composting is 60-6%. Adding some agents such as saw dust and rice straw which absorbs excessive water is effective. How to make compost? Water 2 After adjusting water level, grasp the material by hand tightly. When you open your hand, If the shape is kept, water level is still too high. If it is broken slightly, it is OK. 1

2 How to make compost? - Nitrogen In general animal manure has too much Nitrogen to Carbon. CN ratio of cow and pig manure are 16 and 11, respectively (C16:N1, C11:N1). Proper CN ratio for composting is Mixing something of low C such as sawdust and rice straw is needed. CN ratio of sawdust and rice straw are 00 and 60 (C00:N1, C60:N1). How to make compost? - Aeration Sufficient aeration cannot be expected in raw manure because manure is sticky and wet. If animal manure is kept in a plastic bag or bucket, it will not become compost because of insufficient aeration. Mixing something that enhances aeration such as rice straw is effective. Turning over during composting is also very effective for aeration. How to make compost? Normal way 1. Separate feces and urine as much as possible in animal pens. 2. Take out feces and mix with saw dust, rice straw, dry leaves etc for reducing water and N level and maximizing aeration. 3. Make a heap and prevent from raining.. Turn over every week or every 2 weeks.. It takes 1-2 months in summer and 2-3 months in winter for composting. How to make compost? Questions 1. Separate feces and urine as much as possible in animal pens. How to handle urine and flushing water? 2. Take out feces and mix with saw dust, rice straw, dry leaves etc for reducing water/n level and maximizing aeration. How to take out feces? By hand or by machine? How to get agents such as saw dust? Their cost? 3. Make a heap and prevent rain water. By hand or by machine? Is a heap necessary?. Turn over every week. By hand or by machine? Is turning over necessary?. It takes 1-2 months in summer and 2-3 months in winter for composting. Is it possible to shorten the time for composting? Demonstration Calculation1 Recipe Cost Water ratio water N ratio N C/N ratio C kg VND % kg % kg kg Raw pig manure Saw dust Rice straw Rice bran Mixed Raw cow dung Saw dust Rice straw Rice bran Mixed Demonstration Calculation2 Recipe Cost Water ratio water N ratio N C/N ratio C kg VND % kg % kg kg Raw pig manure Saw dust Rice straw Rice bran Mixed Raw cow dung Saw dust Rice straw Rice bran Mixed

Demonstration Calculation3 Recipe Cost Water ratio water

1000 76 760 0.6 6 11 66 Saw dust 80 10000 1 10 0.0 0.0 00 20 Rice straw 200 1 30 0.

2 Mixed 128 62 800 6.9 19 13.2 Raw cow dung 1000 86 860 0.

Rice straw 20 1 37. 0. 1 60 60 Rice bran 3000 1 0.7 2 0.

7 Demonstration A Cow 1 Put drain pipes for aeration.

bran. [sandwich] Demonstration A Cow 1 Sandwich system

.. Demonstration B Cow 2 Made layer with cow dung, rice

Demonstration B Cow 2 Sandwich system Manure=>Rice bran=>

.. Demonstration C Pig 1 Made layer with pig manure, rice

3 Demonstration Calculation3 Recipe Cost Water ratio water N ratio N C/N ratio C kg VND % kg % kg kg Raw pig manure Saw dust Rice straw Rice bran Mixed Raw cow dung Saw dust Rice straw Rice bran Mixed Demonstration A Cow 1 Put drain pipes for aeration. Made layers with cow dung, rice straw, sawdust and rice bran. [sandwich] Demonstration A Cow 1 Sandwich system Manure=>Rice bran=>saw dust=>rice straw=> Manure... Demonstration B Cow 2 Made layer with cow dung, rice straw, sawdust and rice bran [sandwich] Put 2 drain pipes for aeration. Put another perpendicular pipe in the middle of the heap Demonstration B Cow 2 Sandwich system Manure=>Rice bran=> Saw dust=>rice straw=> Manure... Demonstration C Pig 1 Made layer with pig manure, rice straw, sawdust and rice bran to make a heap.[sandwich] Put 2 drain pipes for air circulation. Cover for preventing rain water. Lift up 2 pipes for aeration after several days 3

4 Demonstration C Pig 1 Sandwich system Manure=>Rice bran=> Saw dust=>rice straw=> Manure... Demonstration D Pig 2 Mix pig manure with rice straw, sawdust and rice bran and put into sucks. No turning over but the suck allows aeration. As heat is not kept, it takes time for composting. No.1/No.2 were mixed, No.3/No. were mixed and drier than No.1/No.2 and No./No.6 were sandwich Demonstration D Pig 2 Mixing system Mix manure with sawdust and rice bran. Mix rice straw and pack into a suck

Test method for compost quality Simple test for compost quality 1.

Root growth test Seed pack Komatsuna seed Brassica rapa var. perviridis Dr.

Maturity testing kit Storage box Reagent bottle 1cc x 10pcs.

Temperature sensor Pen filler Centrifuge tube Gloves Evaluation in 3

5 Test method for compost quality Simple test for compost quality 1. Germination test Tanepita 2. Root growth test Seed pack Komatsuna seed Brassica rapa var. perviridis Dr.Compo Color scale Centrifuge Spoon 3. Maturity testing kit Storage box Reagent bottle 1cc x 10pcs. Tracing temperature in compost Compost thermometer Taion-kun Data logger Temperature sensor Pen filler Centrifuge tube Gloves Evaluation in 3 stages, in comparison with color scale III : Amber and clear brown - Matured II : Dark brown Middle phase I : Black muddy - Initial maturation phase Sensor probe Temperature sensor 1

Procedure : Extraction For Germination & Root growth test i.

Germination test i. Prepare germination test sheet, Sprinkle seeds on it ii.

solution A 10ml for germination test B 30ml for root growth test Control : Distilled water Test plot : Extracted

How to evaluate Germination rate : 100%=, 80-100% =, 60-80% = 3, less than 60% = 2, 0% = 1 Appearance : Observed

rate 100%) How to evaluate Germination rate = Number of sprouts in experimental plot / number of sprouts in

6 Procedure : Extraction For Germination & Root growth test i. Prepare extracted solution from compost Compost g + Distilled water 0ml Stir for 30min by horizontal stirrer Germination test i. Prepare germination test sheet, Sprinkle seeds on it ii. Pour 10ml of extracted solution to experimental plot and control Filter (Medical gauze, double folded) Get the solution A 10ml for germination test B 30ml for root growth test Control : Distilled water Test plot : Extracted solution iv. Incubate for 2-3 days in 30 incubator. How to evaluate Germination rate : 100%=, % =, 60-80% = 3, less than 60% = 2, 0% = 1 Appearance : Observed leaves, roots and rootlet = Observed leaves and roots = Compost A Compost B (Germination rate 38%) (Germination rate 100%) How to evaluate Germination rate = Number of sprouts in experimental plot / number of sprouts in control (Control = Distilled water) Observed either leaves or roots =3 Observed sprout bud =2 No buds = 1 TOTAL SCORE = Germination rate + Appearance 8~10 : Growth inhibition material in the sample compost was not observed < 7 : Suspected the influence of growth inhibition material 2

Pour extracted solution 30ml Keep it in dark place with temperature 2-30 for about - days.

7 Root growth test i. Sprinkle the seeds on germination test sheet, ii. Cut the sheet as per below photo and place 2pcs of on the top of bag cut sheet. iii. Pour extracted solution 30ml Keep it in dark place with temperature 2-30 for about - days. Evaluation for root growth test Measure the length TEST RESULTS Compost A Compost B Photo: Cultured for days at 30 in dark place Left : Germination rate 38% Right : Germination rate 100% <Correlation between germination rate and root growth observed> 3

Collected compost sample from farms (A ~

8 Collected compost sample from farms (A ~ D) and Moncada AI center ( stages of maturity) Jan. 13, 1, 201 Appearance A B C D Distilled water Moncada months Moncada 3. Test results : comparison chart, 1 st week Germination Root Maturity NH -N % Mark Appear. TOTAL score Cm (2days) By Dr.Compo mg/l III III + Moncada III Moncada II Moncada 1 st month 2 nd month 3 rd month th month A I + B I 3.0~6.0 C II D I Result of germination test, 1 ST week Incubated 2 days, 30 Result of germination test, 1 st week Mature compost (Moncada) months Total score, 10 Control, distilled water Total score, 9 Immature compost, Sample B Total score, 7

Result of root growth test, 1 st week Incubated 2 days,

months Root growth cm Immature compost B Root growth 3.

compost, stage I Sample B Rapid test for nutrient by

detected from compost sample, 1 st week Stir by hand for

Dilute with stilled water Before dilution 10times

carbonate 10mg (2)Take 3ml () Up and down the test sheet

9 Result of root growth test, 1 st week Incubated 2 days, 30 Result of maturity test, 1 st week Mature compost months Root growth cm Immature compost B Root growth 3.cm Mature compost, stage III months 3months Immature compost, stage I Sample B Rapid test for nutrient by citric acid extraction Weigh 1g of compost Ammonia, detected from compost sample, 1 st week Stir by hand for 1 min. Add 0ml of 2% citric acid to 1g of compost. Dilute with stilled water Before dilution 10times dilution NH -N (1)Dilute for 10 times (3) Add sodium carbonate 10mg (2)Take 3ml () Up and down the test sheet in the solution for 30sec. Take it out and wait for 30sec. () Compare with color chart Matured compost months 0.2mg/l Immature compost B mg/l Method by Prof.Goto, Tokyo University of Agriculture

Comparison chart, 2 nd week Germination Root NH -N Temp.

10cm 30cm 92 90 9 92 C 92 92 + + 3 9+ 9 9 9+ 9 8 3.0 2.0 3.0 3. 2. 1. 17. 26.

0 30cm Compost B Sampling on Jan.1 D-1 96 9 D-2 9 90 + 3 3 9+ 8 9 8 2. 2.0 2.

8 30cm Compost B, depth 10cm Sampling on Jan.

10 Comparison chart, 2 nd week Germination Root NH -N Temp. change % Score Appear. TOTAL cm mg/l From Jan. 13, 1 to Jan. 20 ambient Control Result of germination test, 2 nd week Incubated 2 days, 30 A 10cm 30cm B 10cm 30cm C cm cm cm cm cm cm Compost B Sampling on Jan.1 D D cm cm cm cm Compost B, depth 10cm Sampling on Jan. 21 Compost B, depth 30cm Sampling on Jan. 21 Result of maturity test, 2 nd week Ammonia, detected from compost sample, 2 nd week Result 1 st week Result 2 nd week Result 1 st week Approaching 2 nd stage of maturity Result 2 nd week 0.mg/L 6

Soil Changes in temperature during composting (Ambient temperature 18 2 ) From Agricultural structures 29-3 1998, Haga et al Feature :

11 Temperature change in maturing process Cross section of compost pile before aeration 2. Nutrient balance check after application to soil Field soil testing kit Dr.Soil Changes in temperature during composting (Ambient temperature 18 2 ) From Agricultural structures , Haga et al Feature : Extraction at once for 9 parameters Soil nutrient test result Sample collected at Moncada AI Center NH-N NO3-N P2O K2O Uncultivated land Soil, applied compost from beef cattle 20t/ha, after cultivation Unit : mg/100g 7

A simplified guide on compost making

A simplified guide on compost making FANGSOTO FARMER FEDERATION. Mandinaba Village, Kombo East District, West Coast Region, The Gambia. Tel: (220) 7246168 / 6563678 Email: 3158285@gmail.com This guide