An environmental comparison between powdered activated carbon and biochar for tertiary wastewater treatment
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1 An environmental comparison between powdered activated carbon and biochar for tertiary wastewater treatment Kyle Thompson Ph.D. Candidate University of Colorado Boulder Environmental Engineering Co-Authors: Dr. Sherri Cook, Josh Kearns, Dr. Detlef Knappe, Kyle Shimabuku, Dr. Scott Summers USBI 2016 Oregon State University Aug. 24 th, 2016
2 Acknowledgements National Science Foundation Jonah Levine of Biochar Solutions, Inc. and Confluence Energy, LLC Cole Sigmon of City of Boulder Dr. Sherri Cook & Dr. Scott Summers Lab Groups 2
3 Organic micropollutants from wastewater are a pervasive threat to the aquatic environment. Triclosan Nonylphenol Estrone Meador et al. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 213 (C). 3
4 Powdered activated carbon (PAC) is a relatively sustainable treatment method for organic micropollutants. Tansel and Nagarajan. Advances in Environmental Research, 2004, 8 (3-4). 4
5 Powdered activated carbon (PAC) is a relatively sustainable treatment method for organic micropollutants. More 100 Sustainable Composite Index 50 Less Sustainable 0 Ozone + UV Photocatalytic Membrane Reactor Microfiltration + Reverse Osmosis PAC + Ultrafiltration Economic Environmental Social Plakas et al. Water Science & Technology, 2016, 73 (7). 5
6 Biochar can have a net environmental benefit due to renewable energy production and carbon sequestration. Purevsuren and Avid. Journal of Materials Science, 2003, 38 (11). 6
7 Biochar can have a net environmental benefit due to renewable energy production and carbon sequestration. Net carbon abatement (tonnes of CO2 eq. t -1 ) PAC + Ultrafiltration Ibarrola et al. Waste Management, 2012, 32 (5). 7
8 Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is one of the most challenging organic micropollutants to remove by adsorption. Percentage Removal with 5 mg/l PAC 0% 25% 50% 75% Westerhoff et al. Environmental Science & Technology, 2005, 39 (17). 8
9 This The first comparative step of an life LCA cycle is goal assessment definition used and TRACI scoping. to express environmental impacts in 10 midpoint categories. goal definition & scoping inventory impact 75% Removal of SMX from 12.5 MGD of wastewater interpretation Life Cycle Inventory Life Cycle Stages Life Cycle Impacts Life Cycle Impact Assessment categories raw materials energy unit process #1 unit process #2 unit process #3 unit process #4 unit process #5 air emissions water emissions soil emissions classify & characterize respiratory effects (kg PM2.5 eq) global warming (kg CO2 eq) smog (kg O3 eq) ozone depletion (kg CFC-11 eq) acidification (kg SO2 eq) carcinogenics (CTUh) non-carcinogenics (CTUh) ecotoxicity (CTUe) eutrophication (kg N eq) fossil fuel depletion (MJ surplus) 9
10 Three adsorbents: PAC, wood biochar, biosolids biochar Biosolids Biochar Use Wood Biochar Use PAC Use Key Out of Scope (raw material creation) coal (unmined) 2 effluent biosolids trees (forest) 2 effluent biosolids coal or trees biosolids 2 effluent System Boundary wood chip generation material flow PAC generation adsorbent dosing and removal hauling wood chip drying & pyrolysis adsorbent dosing and removal hauling PAC or wood biochar generation biosolids drying & pyrolysis adsorbent dosing and removal hauling WW effluent hauling hauling hauling energy positive storage storage storage Out of Scope (impacts at destination) 70 mg/l receiving water landfill land application site 150 mg/l receiving water landfill land application site 150 mg/l receiving water landfill artificial fertilizer production land application site Shimabuku et al. Water Research, 2016, 96 (C).
11 Results Wood biochar are normalized has lower to environmental PAC. impacts than PAC in 8/10 categories. 2 Wood Biochar 25 th -75 th Percentile 1 PAC 0 Emission Factors (relative to PAC) Eutrophication Eutroph. Carcinogenics Ecotoxicity Acidification Ozone Fossil Fuel fuel (kgn eq) (CTUh) (CTUe) (kgso2 eq) Depletion depletion depletion Depletion (MJ (kgcfc-11 eq) surplus) Smog Smog (kgo3 eq) Global Warming warming (kgco2 eq) Respiratory Non Effects effects Carcinogenics carcinogenics (kgpm2.5 eq) (CTUh) 11
12 Biosolids biochar is worse than wood biochar in all environmental impact categories. Wood Biochar Biosolids Biochar with Wood Biochar 25 th -75 th Percentile PAC Emission Factors (relative to PAC) Eutrophication Eutroph. Carcinogenics (kgn eq) (CTUh) Ecotoxicity (CTUe) Acidification (kgso2 eq) Ozone Depletion depletion (kgcfc-11 eq) Fossil Fuel fuel depletion Depletion (MJ surplus) Smog Smog (kgo3 eq) Global Warming warming (kgco2 eq) Respiratory Non Effects effects Carcinogenics carcinogenics (kgpm2.5 eq) (CTUh) 12
13 Wood biochar had higher impacts from adsorbent storage and adsorbent disposal Smog (relative to PAC) Adsorbent Disposal Adsorbent Storage Hauling (Adsorbent Delivery) Artificial Fertilizer Production Biochar Net Energy Generation Biosolids Biochar Generation Primary Adsorbent Generation Net Environmental Impact PAC Wood Biochar Biosolids Biochar + Wood Biochar
14 Wood biochar had less impact from delivery and an environmental benefit from pyrolysis energy Smog (relative to PAC) Adsorbent Disposal Adsorbent Storage Hauling (Adsorbent Delivery) Artificial Fertilizer Production Biochar Net Energy Generation Biosolids Biochar Generation Primary Adsorbent Generation Net Environmental Impact PAC Wood Biochar Biosolids Biochar + Wood Biochar
15 Biosolids biochar had more impact than wood biochar because its generation is energy consuming Smog (relative to PAC) Adsorbent Disposal Adsorbent Storage Hauling (Adsorbent Delivery) Artificial Fertilizer Production Biochar Net Energy Generation Biosolids Biochar Generation Primary Adsorbent Generation Net Environmental Impact PAC Wood Biochar Biosolids Biochar + Wood Biochar
16 The relative sustainability of wood biochar depends on its adsorption capacity. 10 Emission Factors (relative to California PAC) Kentucky PAC (70 mg/l) California PAC (70 mg/l) Wood biochar (600 mg/l) Wood biochar (150 mg/l) -10 Eutroph. Carcinogenics Ecotoxicity Acidification Ozone Depletion Fossil Fuel Depletion Smog Global Warming Respiratory Non Carcinogenics
17 Wood biochar usage is sufficient to offset the global warming impact of an entire wastewater treatment plant. Standard Deviation Global Warming (kg CO2 eq./m^3 wastewater) wastewater treatment plants with organic matter and nutrient removal (n=6)* Wood Biochar 75% SMX Removal - Carbon Mitigation *Rodriguez-Garcia et al. Water Research, 2011, 45 (16). 17
18 Conclusions Wood biochar has lower environmental impacts than PAC or biosolids biochar. The environmental benefit of wood biochar is largely due energy production during pyrolysis. Relative sustainability of wood biochar depends on adsorption capacity.
Supporting Information for: Environmental comparison of biochar and activated , address: 4001 Discovery Drive, 607 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309
Supporting Information for: Environmental comparison of biochar and activated carbon for tertiary wastewater treatment Kyle A. Thompson, 1 Kyle K. Shimabuku, 1 Joshua P. Kearns, 1,2 Detlef R. U. Knappe,
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