Leaflet Series: B. Number: 3. Research Institutes: Salinisation. Massimo Iannetta, Nicola Colonna
|
|
- Maurice Booth
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Leaflet Series: B Number: 3 Research Institutes: Salinisation Massimo Iannetta, Nicola Colonna
2 Introduction Salinisation is one of the key processes that can lead to desertification. It is a growing phenomenon all over the world and affects millions of hectares across Europe. Agriculture plays a major role in driving the phenomenon, by causing high water consumption and water chemical degradation, but at the same time it is the economic sectors that are facing the strongest impacts. Moreover current climate change scenarios could significantly increase salinity and result in the expansion of the affected areas. Salinisation processes The term salinisation is used for the process of salt accumulation in the soil. It occurs especially in arid and semiarid areas where soluble salts precipitate within or on the surface of the soil. Increasing salt levels in the top soil layers can negatively affect plant growth and productivity to the point of plant death. High concentrations of various salts (e.g., sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium sulphates and bicarbonates) affect plant growth both directly, through their toxicity, and indirectly, by increasing osmotic potential and lowering root water uptake. In dry climates continuous salt accumulation can lead to desertification, while in humid or subhumid climates moderate or severe salinisation may occur seasonally. Salt soil accumulation is the end product of several different processes. Thus, the term salinisation may include different processes driven by different causes that bring about the same result. Generally speaking, we can distinguish primary salinisation, due to natural soil characteristics, and secondary salinisation where human activities play a central role. Basically, salinisation occurs where, depending on the soil and groundwater table characteristics, the equilibrium between rainfall or irrigation and evaporation is moved towards evaporation. We can identify three main processes that can cause salinisation: the rising of the water table to, or close to, the ground surface: it occurs in non-irrigated drylands where salts accumulate by water evaporation in the top soil surface; the excessive use of water for irrigation in dry climates, with heavy soils, causes salt accumulation because they are not washed out by rainfall; the intrusion of saltwater: this occurs in coastal areas where seawater replaces groundwater that has been over-exploited. The first process occurs in alluvial plains or depressions in semiarid regions when groundwater levels are close to the soil surface. Capillarity sucks water to the surface where it evaporates due to the intense solar radiation, leaving behind deposits of salt. In those soil types we can often observe salt crusts. The second process occurs in cultivated areas where irrigation is associated with high evaporation rates and a clay texture of the soil. In this context salt leaching is scarce or absent and sodium magnesium and calcium ions accumulate in the soil surface layers. The last process occurs in coastal areas where excessive extraction of water, due to multiple demands, causes the lowering of the water table and the intrusion of sea water. In recent years, this process has spread dramatically throughout Mediterranean coastal areas. Increased salinity from groundwater affects productivity of irrigated crops and, in a medium- to longterm perspective, contributes to secondary soil salinisation. However, moderate soil salinisation is reported even in areas irrigated with good quality water depending on irrigation methods and aridity conditions, while salinisation may not occur in areas where farmers have relied on salt-rich water for years. These two examples clearly show that in each area potentially affected by salinisation a different and peculiar equilibrium between the different factors influences the salinisation process. How to measure Salinity? Whenever we collect data or read the literature about salinisation we face the difficulties of comparing different research results or data due to the use of different ways to measure salinity. Scientists and technicians are used to dealing with different units of measurement, but for the layman it is not immediately obvious how to compare the different measures. Salinity is a measure of the quantity of dissolved salts in water, and is traditionally measured in parts per thousand (ppt, or ) or as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). TDS is the concentration of a solution as the total weight of dissolved solids. (1 ppm = 1 milligram/litre, and 1 ppt=1 gram/litre) More often salinity is calculated from the conductivity of the solution. As a general rule, the higher the salt concentration in a solution, the better is its ability to conduct electricity. Electrical conductivity of water (ECw) is nowadays expressed in units such as decisiemens per meter (ds/m). Rain water, for example, has a conductivity of 0.02 ds/m, while sea water has a conductivity of ds/m. TDS and conductivity are not linearly related, two solutions with the same TDS could have a different ECw depending on the different types of ionic salts and their concentration. A generally accepted rule of thumb to convert TDS to conductivity is: TDS (ppm) = conductivity (ms/cm) x It is common to find other measurement units such as mho/cm, or to meet submultiples such as ms (millisiemens) or µs (microsiemens). Table XX above will help to avoid confusion. The Siemens is the official unit for conductivity used in the Metric System while mho is an older unit commonly used in North America. Areas affected and prone to salinisation Salinisation is a worldwide issue. The FAO Unesco assessment in 1999 showed that saline and sodic soils are widespread and affect millions of hectares of land all over the world. Different estimates have been produced showing that a significant percentage of salt affected soils are human induced. In 1998, the second environmental assessment of the European Environmental Agency reported that about 4 million hectares of European soils were affected by salinisation, mainly in the Mediterranean countries. Four years later, in the third assessment, the total amount of soil affected was about 16 million of hectares. This new assessment, however, included countries, such as Russia, that were not considered in the previous report, so that the data are not directly comparable. The same source shows that in the Mediterranean area 25% of irrigated cropland is affected by moderate to high salinisation.
3 Another updated source of data is Europe's water: an indicator based assessment, published in 2003, where saltwater intrusion is evidenced in different European countries, particularly Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey. Maps clearly shows a strong connection between the water exploitation index and areas affected by salinisation. It is clear that many of the areas where an intense littoralisation process has occurred are the same as where we are now facing salinisation. Cause and effect relationships Several different indicators have been proposed to assess and monitor salinisation throughout Europe and to measure how the process evolves over time and space. No single indicator is able, by itself, to provide enough information about the process. At the same time we have to deal with an heterogeneous availability of data between countries and inside countries, so we do not yet have a clear picture of the situation and of its dynamics. DPSIR conceptual framework for salinisation Driving forces Industry, Agriculture, Tourism, Households, Human settlement growth Pressures High water consumption, Groundwater over-exploitation State Surface water quality and quantity, Soil chemical quality, Soil structure, Groundwater status Impacts Groundwater levels, Saltwater intrusion, Soil salinisation, Low crop yields, Abandonment of non tolerant crops, Farmer income reduction, Land abandonment, Desertification Responses Alternative supplies (dams, pipelines), Water use restrictions, Regulations, Water contracts agreements, Desalinisation, Crop tolerance improvements, Water saving techniques Impacts on agriculture Productivity is not affected by low level salinity, but a sudden drop in productivity is observed after a speciesspecific threshold is crossed. Cereals are generally more tolerant to salinity than horticultural or fruit-tree species. The economic impact of salinisation is not easy to evaluate because of the nonlinear relation between salinisation and productivity. Thus, salinisation may remain undetected for years at moderate levels of salinity, while a further increase may cause land abandonment in a few years. Tolerance of crops to salinity Sensitive Bean, Onion, Clover, Potato, Pepper Moderately tolerant Corn, Soybean, Tomato, Oats, Wheat Tolerant Barley, Cotton, Olive, Rye Mitigation and adaptation measures Agriculture plays a double role as both the first and the last element of the salinisation causal chain. On the one hand, it increases pressures on soil and water resources, while on the other hand it has to deal, by mitigation and adaptation strategies. Farmers are adapting to increased soil and water conductivity by a mixture of strategies that include better choice of crops and cultivars, rotation, irrigation methods, water storage, water mixing, water reuse, and desalinisation. Case studies in Spain The Vélez River Coastal Aquifer The scarcity of rainfall in the first half of the 1990s and the increased groundwater extractions, led to a considerable decrease of the piezometric levels in the aquifer. A significant advance of the salt water wedge was registered and the water shortage due to the severe Vélez River Coastal Aquifer drought was aggravated by deterioration in the water quality. During the last few years rainfall increased and the reservoir has supplied water, thus the pumping of freshwater from the aquifer has almost stopped. At present, the aquifer presents no evidence of significant marine intrusion, but an outflow from the dam sufficient to maintain a subterranean discharge to the sea is necessary in order to get a long-term control of this problem. Case studies in Cyprus: the Akrotiri peninsula By the early 1990s, with a water average exploitation rate of 18 million m3/year, the salinisation of the irrigated land had become alarming, causing the farmers to modify their agricultural practices and abandoning coastal crops and several wells. More lately, the aquifer has been declared a conservation area by the authorities and exploitation has been reduced to 7 million m3/year.
4 Nowadays intensive farming is the main economic activity in the area, while planned tourism development could increase water consumption. A permanent multi-parametric probe to collect conductivity data in a specific point of the Salso-Imera river has been wirelessly connected to the Agricultural Extension Service Office (SOAT) of Licata in the framework of the research RIADE project on desertification. This information is used to alert the farmers of critical situations and give them the possibility to adopt the best solution to reduce the salinity reaching their fields. Conclusion The challenges we are facing today, to provide solutions to the problems of salinisation, include the need to mobilise the scientific community to mount an integrated and a multi-disciplinary program for methods, standards, data bases and research networks for assessment and monitoring of water and soil salinisation. It is, however, not enough to research and understand the problems. We have to ensure that the knowledge we have gained is applied in practical ways, for the benefit of mankind. Akrotiri peninsula At present, to enable the efficient and sustainable management of the aquifer only limited extraction is permitted. Irrigation demand for citrus plantations and seasonal crops mainly relies upon a very costly irrigation system which conveys surface water from the Kouris river dam. In additon, in order to mitigate the adverse effects of reduced water availability and deteriorating water quality in the aquifer, there is artificial recharge with water from the upstream dam or from a sewage plant. Case studies in Italy: the Licata Plain area The Licata plain is included in the Imera river basin that crosses the central part of Sicily where naturally salty soils are widespread. Greenhouse expansion to produce high value vegetables for the national market strongly increased groundwater abstraction from the 1960s (more than 2000 legal and illegal wells) to reach critical levels (average ECw was 5,9 ms/cm). Sicily, the Southern Imera Basin
5 Contributing projects: UNIVERSIDADE LUSÓFONA de Humanidades e Tecnologias Humani nihil alienum Integrated Research for Application of innovative technologies and processes to combat Desertification ( )
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION... 1 SALINISATION PROCESSES... 2 AREAS AFFECTED AND PRONE TO SALINISATION... 4 CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS...
INTRODUCTION CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 1 SALINISATION PROCESSES... 2 AREAS AFFECTED AND PRONE TO SALINISATION... 4 CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS... 6 IMPACTS ON AGRICULTURE... 7 MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
More informationManagement of Salinity in Agriculture; Iranian Experience
Management of Salinity in Agriculture; Iranian Experience MOHAMMAD H. EMADI CONSULTATION MEETING ON SALINE AGRICULTURE 28 MAY 2018 FAO ROME Challenges, Experiences and lesson learned Source and importance
More informationLecture 8: Irrigation Water Quality
The Islamic University of Gaza- Civil Engineering Department Irrigation and Drainage- ECIV 5327 Lecture 8: Irrigation Water Quality Prepared by Husam Al-Najar Physical Parameters used in the evaluation
More informationQuality of reclaimed water for turfgrass irrigation. Clinton Williams Lead Research Soil Scientist USDA-ARS ALARC
Quality of reclaimed water for turfgrass irrigation Clinton Williams Lead Research Soil Scientist USDA-ARS ALARC Cost for Increasing Water Supply Option Cost (acre-ft) Desalination $1,400 Recycling for
More informationSalinity. Concentration of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Units: milligrams/liter (mg/l) or parts per million (ppm) 1mg/l = 1 ppm
Salinity Concentration of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Units: milligrams/liter (mg/l) or parts per million (ppm) 1mg/l = 1 ppm Electrical Conductivity (EC) Units: decisiemens per meter (ds/m) 1 ds/m =
More informationLecture 18. Soil Acidity, Alkalinity, and Socidity
Lecture 18 Soil Acidity, Alkalinity, and Socidity 1 Questions ow can acidification occur in soils? ow does p affects availability of N, P, K? ow can acidic soils be managed? Define a saline and sodic soil.
More information15. Soil Salinity SUMMARY THE ISSUE
15. Soil Salinity AUTHORS: B.H. Wiebe, R.G. Eilers, W.D. Eilers and J.A. Brierley INDICATOR NAME: Risk of Soil Salinization STATUS: Provincial coverage (AB, SK, MB), 1981 to 2001 SUMMARY At very low levels,
More informationWATER QUALITY AND STANDARDS Vol. II -Salinization of Soils - Hideyasu Fujiyama, Yasumoto Magara
SALINIZATION OF SOILS Hideyasu Fujiyama Professor of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan Yasumoto Magara Professor of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Keywords: Capillary effect;
More informationChapter 9: Adoption and impact of supplemental irrigation in wheat-based systems in Syria
Chapter 9: Adoption and impact of supplemental irrigation in wheat-based systems in Syria 131 132 Chapter 9: Adoption and impact of supplemental irrigation in wheat-based systems in Syria A. Bader, N.
More informationProspects and Potential of Salt-tolerant Crops in Nuh. Natalie Bidner, Iowa State University
Prospects and Potential of Salt-tolerant Crops in Nuh Natalie Bidner, Iowa State University Introduction Salinity is progressively threatening the livelihoods of farmers around the world as it impairs
More informationEC Water Quality Criteria for Irrigation
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 1997 EC97-782 Water Quality Criteria for Irrigation
More informationElectrical Conductivity/Salinity Fact Sheet
Electrical Conductivity/Salinity Fact Sheet What is Electrical Conductivity/Salinity/TDS? Solids can be found in nature in a dissolved form. Salts that dissolve in water break into positively and negatively
More informationCool waters and atmospheric high pressure
QU: How does human activity contribute to drought risk? AIM: To evaluate the human influence of drought events in Africa's Sahel region. ST: What part of the ENSO cycle is at work here? What does it mean
More informationAlternative water supply options
Building blocks of the policy review on Water Scarcity & Droughts in the EU Alternative water supply options Stakeholders meeting Brussels, March 27, 2010 Andrea Nam, European Commission, DG ENV, Protection
More informationHuman Impact on Water
Human Impact on Water Date: Water, Water Everywhere Why is water important? shapes Earth s surface and affects Earth s weather and climates. Most processes use water. For and other organisms, access to
More informationHamdy A. (ed.). Regional Action Programme (RAP): Water resources management and water saving in irrigated agriculture (WASIA PROJECT)
Sustainable use of highly saline water for irrigation of crops under arid and semi-arid conditions: new strategies. Corn yield response to saline irrigation water applied with a trickle system under Mediterranean
More informationManaging Salinity in Walnuts. Janet Caprile Farm Advisor UC Cooperative Extension Contra Costa & Alameda Counties
Managing Salinity in Walnuts Janet Caprile Farm Advisor UC Cooperative Extension Contra Costa & Alameda Counties jlcaprile@ucdavis.edu Quad County Walnut Institute Stockton - March 6, 2014 Higher Salinity
More informationMinistry for the Environment, Land and Sea of Italy. Bruxelles, 8th December 2011
Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea of Italy Bruxelles, 8th December 2011 Basic Data Reference of the Call for Proposals EuropeAid/131046/C/ACT/Multi Title of the Call for Proposals Sustainable
More informationRegional Workshop Use of Brackish Water for Agricultural Production in the Near East and North Africa:
Regional Workshop Use of Brackish Water for Agricultural Production in the Near East and North Africa: Status, Good Agricultural Practices and New Developments Cairo Egypt / June 10-12, 2013 Case study
More informationCYPRUS REPORT FOR COMBATING DESERTIFICATION
CYPRUS REPORT FOR COMBATING DESERTIFICATION CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 3 DESERTIFICATION FACTORS IN CYPRUS CLIMATE 5 SOIL 5 WATER MANAGEMENT 5 ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS 6 GENERAL MEASURES TO
More informationSalinity in the Central Valley
Salinity in the Central Valley Salinity Stakeholder Workshop April 17, 2008 Elaine Archibald California Urban Water Agencies Presentation Overview What is salinity? What is the problem? Why is salinity
More information02/06/1437. Brackish Water Definition. Impact of Irrigation with Brackish Water on Soil and Plants. How can Salinity be expressed
: Brackish Water Definition According to the Commonwealth of Australia (2011), brackish water is defined as the water that has more saline than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from
More informationSharon Benes Professor, Dept. Plant Science CSU Fresno. UC-ANR Vegetable Crops Program Team Meeting December 10, 2014; Davis, CA
Sharon Benes Professor, Dept. Plant Science CSU Fresno UC-ANR Vegetable Crops Program Team Meeting December 10, 2014; Davis, CA 1 Agricultural Salinity & Drainage Hanson, Grattan & Fulton (2006). Ag &
More informationSalinity Management Soil and Cropping Systems Strategies
Salinity Management Soil and Cropping Systems Strategies Michelle Leinfelder-Miles Delta Crops Resource Management Advisor UC Cooperative Extension, San Joaquin County Alfalfa and Forage Field Day Kearney
More informationCLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN GHANA
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN GHANA OPPONG-BOADI KYEKYEKU PRINCIPAL PROGRAMME OFFICER, ENERGY RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE UNIT, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ACCRA, GHANA. 1 INTRODUCTION Climate change
More informationProf. Harvey Shear Department of Geography University of Toronto Mississauga. February 5, 2013
Prof. Harvey Shear Department of Geography University of Toronto Mississauga February 5, 2013 Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink. Rime
More informationof Tunis (CITET) Institutional and Economic instruments for sustainable The deterioration of available Groundwater resources in Tunisia
1 International Center For Environmental Technologie of Tunis (CITET) INECO Institutional and Economic instruments for sustainable management of water resources in the Mediterranean Region The deterioration
More informationStatus of Soil Resources and Priorities towards Sustainable Soil Management
NENA Soil Partnership Conference: towards a regional implementation plan on sustainable management of soil resources 1-3 June 2015, Amman, Jordan Status of Soil Resources and Priorities towards Sustainable
More informationLand Degradation, Desertification Most Critical Challenges in West Asia, as Rolling Conflicts Damage Environment, Human Health
Land Degradation, Desertification Most Critical Challenges in West Asia, as Rolling Conflicts Damage Environment, Human Health Land degradation and desertification The spread of land degradation and desertification
More informationReuse of Treated Effluent in Cyprus
13 th International Conference EUROPE INBO 2015 Reuse of Treated Effluent in Cyprus Panayiota Hadjigeorgiou Senior Executive Engineer Water Development Department Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development
More informationWilbur-Ellis Company. Carl Bruice - National Nutrition Technical Manager
Wilbur-Ellis Company Carl Bruice - National Nutrition Technical Manager Potential Effects of Water Chemistry Total salt accumulation Specific ion toxicity (B, Na, Cl) Reduced infiltration (Na and ECw)
More informationManagement of Water Resources in Cyprus
Management of Water Resources in Cyprus CHARLES DEMETRIOU Hydrologist Water Development Department Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources & Environment 9 July, 2012 OUTLINE Mission of the Water Development
More informationNutrient Cycling in an Aquatic Ecosystem
Nutrient Cycling in an Aquatic Ecosystem 2.1 Productivity 2.2 Oxygen 2.3 Salinity 2.4 Carbon 2.5 Nitrogen 2.6 Phosphorous 2.7 Iron 2.8 Sulphur 2.9 Silica 2.3 Salinity of Inland Waters The salinity of freshwaters
More informationSUBSOL bringing coastal SUBsurface water SOLutions to the market
POLICY BRIEF APRIL 2018 Safeguarding the water reserves of Cyprus Water management is a growing issue in Cyprus. On the background of an analysis of the water supply issues and the legal and policy framework
More informationA new methodology for producing of risk maps of soil salinity, Case study: Payab Basin, Iran
JASEM ISSN 1119-8362 All rights reserved Full-text Available Online at www.bioline.org.br/ja J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. September, 2006 Vol. 10 (3) 9-13 A new methodology for producing of risk maps of
More informationRashid Ali Khan, FAO (Ret.) Gurgaon, Haryana
Sustainability and Water Conservation mentioned in the draft strategic plan of DDWS was not provided adequate coverage, though important for improving the supply. In view of the unpredictable rainfall,
More informationWATER PRODUCTIVITY FOR HYBRID MAIZE UNDER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE. Chittaranjan Ray, Director Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska
WATER PRODUCTIVITY FOR HYBRID MAIZE UNDER IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE Chittaranjan Ray, Director Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska OUTLINE OF TALK Global Food/Feed/Energy Demand The Challenge: Managing
More informationSalinity Management Soil and Cropping Systems Strategies
Salinity Management Soil and Cropping Systems Strategies Michelle Leinfelder-Miles Delta Crops Resource Management Advisor UC Cooperative Extension, San Joaquin County Plant and Soil Conference Fresno,
More informationInnovations for Improving water use efficiency and agriculture productivity in dry areas
Innovations for Improving water use efficiency and agriculture productivity in dry areas Global Food Security Challenges Milan Expo, Italy, 7-8 August, 2015 Pre-Conference of ICAE, Co-organized by the
More informationThe effect of Hilti / Salahi Recharge Dam in Batineh Area, Sultanate of Oman on the Quality of Groundwater Using GIS
The effect of Hilti / Salahi Recharge Dam in Batineh Area, Sultanate of Oman on the Quality of Groundwater Using GIS William Bajjali University of Wisconsin Superior, Department of Biology & Earth Sciences,
More informationRemediation of Brine Spills- What Goes Wrong Kerry Sublette
Remediation of Brine Spills- What Goes Wrong Kerry Sublette University of Tulsa Spills of produced water or brine on soil result in two types of damage: Excess salinity Creates an osmotic imbalance that
More informationSALINITY MANAGEMENT IN PROCESSING TOMATOES. Brenna Aegerter and Michelle Leinfelder-Miles UC Cooperative Extension San Joaquin County
SALINITY MANAGEMENT IN PROCESSING TOMATOES Brenna Aegerter and Michelle Leinfelder-Miles UC Cooperative Extension San Joaquin County WHERE DO SALTS COME FROM? Irrigation water is the primary source of
More informationSoil salinity. Introduction
Starting point for salinity bulletin [but see latest version of Nutshell for alternative view on cause of dryland salinity] This is too long for a Bulletin Introduction Soil salinity Salt is an inherent
More informationCurrent understanding of global climate change and of its possible impacts on agriculture. Maurizio Sciortino.
Current understanding of global climate change and of its possible impacts on agriculture Maurizio Sciortino maurizio.sciortino@enea.it Outline 1. Scientific understanding of climate change The greenhouse
More informationWASA Quiz Review. Chapter 2
WASA Quiz Review Chapter 2 Question#1 What is surface runoff? part of the water cycle that flows over land as surface water instead of being absorbed into groundwater or evaporating Question #2 What are
More informationEC A Water Quality Criteria for Irrigation
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 1997 EC97-782-A Water Quality Criteria for
More informationH. Mansouri 1, B. Mostafazadeh-Fard 2 & A. Neekabadi 3 1 Ab-Fan Consulting Engineers, Iran 2 Irrigation Department, College of Agriculture, Abstract
Sustainable Irrigation and Drainage V 33 The effects of different levels of irrigation water salinity and leaching on the amount and distribution pattern of soil salinity and ions in an arid region H.
More informationDrought and salinity in crop production. February 14 th 2017, Greet Blom-Zandstra
Drought and salinity in crop production February 14 th 2017, Greet Blom-Zandstra Outline Drought and salinity Plant responses Farm management strategies WUR projects in cooperation with public and private
More informationIrrigation and Runoff Management. Water Quality for Irrigation. Soil Salinity and Sodicity
Irrigation and Runoff Management Water Quality for Irrigation Soil Salinity and Sodicity Dr. Sharon Benes, Fresno State Franz Niederholzer, UC Farm Advisor fjniederholzer@ucdavis.edu Irrigation and Runoff
More informationSoil Treats, Gaps, and Technical Assessment. Agricultural University of Athens Costas Kosmas
Soil Treats, Gaps, and Technical Assessment Agricultural University of Athens Costas Kosmas Identified important threats to European soils The European Commission adopted a Soil Thematic Strategy (COM(2006)
More informationSTATE OF SEAWATER INTRUSION IN CYPRUS
Costas Avraamides Hydrogeologist.Geological Survey Department of Cyprus ABSTRACT The Island of Cyprus lies in the north-eastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea and covers an area of 9251 km 2. The coastal
More informationRe-examination of water quality criteria for assessing wastewater suitability for irrigation
Re-examination of water quality criteria for assessing wastewater suitability for irrigation Steve Grattan, Ph.D Department of Land, Air and Water Resources University of California, Davis Multiple types
More informationDROUGHTS, SALTWATER INTRUSION IN VIETNAM. 7-9 June 2016 Bangkok, Thailand
DROUGHTS, SALTWATER INTRUSION IN VIETNAM 7-9 June 2016 Bangkok, Thailand DROUGHTS, SALTWATER INTRUSION PROCESS From the end of 2014, El Nino affected to Vietnam, which caused droughts and saltwater intrusion
More informationThe State of the World s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
The State of the World s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Resources availability land and water availability in high income countries land
More informationReuse of Treated Effluent in Cyprus
WG PoM 2 nd Meeting (25-26 March 2014) Reuse of Treated Effluent in Cyprus Panayiota Hadjigeorgiou Senior Executive Engineer Water Development Department Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and
More informationSAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL. GATE, IES & PSUs Civil Engineering
SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL Postal Correspondence Course GATE, IES & PSUs Civil Engineering HYDROLOGY & IRRIGATION C O N T E N T 1. IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES AND WATER REQUIREMENT OF CROPS 03-34 2. CANALS AND DESIGN
More informationStatus, priorities and needs for sustainable soil management in Iraq
Status, priorities and needs for sustainable soil management in Iraq Dr.Iman Sahib Salman Ministry of Agriculture Iraq/Baghdad Regional NENA Soil partnership conference Amman, Jordan 17-19 June 2014 6/24/2014
More informationChapter 9 Soil and Agriculture Guided Notes
Chapter 9 Soil and Agriculture Guided Notes This lecture will help you understand: The relationship between and Major agricultural The fundamentals Causes and of soil erosion and Principles of soil No-till
More informationWater Management in Pecan Orchards. Dr. Jim Walworth Dept. of Soil, Water & Environmental Sci. University of Arizona
Water Management in Pecan Orchards Dr. Jim Walworth Dept. of Soil, Water & Environmental Sci. University of Arizona Orchard Water Use = Evapotranspiration Soil Evaporation + Plant Transpiration Combined
More informationProduced Water Quality Limits for Irrigated Agriculture. Robert Flynn, Ph.D. Extension Plant Sciences, NMSU
Produced Water Quality Limits for Irrigated Agriculture Robert Flynn, Ph.D. Extension Plant Sciences, NMSU rflynn@nmsu.edu Introduction Water Quality Affects Soil Productivity Crop Performance Poor Water
More informationSalinity effects of irrigation water on maize crop production at maizube farms, Minna, Nigeria
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 63-68, 2011 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Salinity effects of
More informationCrops. Information contained in this presentation came from the National Engineering Handbook Irrigation Guide
Crops Information contained in this presentation came from the National Engineering Handbook Irrigation Guide Crops The purpose of irrigation is to supplement natural precipitation so that the moisture
More informationNon-Conventional Resources for Irrigation Water Demand in Egypt
Non-Conventional Resources for Irrigation Water Demand in Egypt This presentation comprises four parts 1- Introduction 2- Egypt and Challenges 3- Water resources of Egypt 4- Conclusions and recommendations
More informationJoint Spain-Algeria Initiative for Water Strategy in the Western Mediterranean Basin
Joint Spain-Algeria Initiative for Water Strategy in the Western Mediterranean Basin Spain and Algeria are active members of the United Nations, the Union for the Mediterranean and the 5+5 Dialogue for
More informationClimate Change and the Eastern Mediterranean Precipitation Regime
Climate Change and the Eastern Mediterranean Precipitation Regime Manfred A. Lange Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute EWACC2010 Energy, Water & Climate Change in the Mediterranean
More information08. WATER BUDGETING AND ITS IMPORTANCE - IRRIGATION SCHEDULING - APPROACHES
08. WATER BUDGETING AND ITS IMPORTANCE - IRRIGATION SCHEDULING - APPROACHES Water budgeting: Allocation of the water receipt including anticipated within the crop period and its detailed account of expenditure
More informationSALT IN THE SOIL By Prof. R.B. Mapa, Dr. W.M.A.D.B. Wickramasinghe, D.N. Sirisena and K.M.A. Kendaragama
SALT IN THE SOIL By Prof. R.B. Mapa, Dr. W.M.A.D.B. Wickramasinghe, D.N. Sirisena and K.M.A. Kendaragama Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka P.O. Box 10, Peradeniya. Email: soilscisoclk@yahoo.com Due to
More informationIrrigation Water Quality for B.C. Greenhouses
Greenhouse FACTSHEET July 2015 Irrigation Water Quality for B.C. Greenhouses INTRODUCTION An abundant supply of good irrigation water is the first step to producing high quality greenhouse crops. Small
More informationChemical Analysis of Ground Waters in Tabriz Area, Northwestern Iran
Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 21, No. 2 (2009), 1217-1224 Chemical Analysis of Ground Waters in Tabriz Area, Northwestern Iran N. MEHRDADI, A. BAGHVAND, H. ETEMADI, NAVID RAZMKHAH* and M. ESMAEILI BIDHENDI
More informationThe Review of Saline Water in Desert Management
The Review of Saline Water in Desert Management Maryam Naeimi and GholamReza Zehtabian Abstract Considering the population growth rate in the world currently has about 2 percent which is estimated every
More informationThe Potential Scenarios of the Impacts of Climate Change on Egyptian Resources and Agricultural Plant Production
Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2016, 6, 270-286 Published Online April 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojapps http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojapps.2016.64027 The Potential Scenarios of the
More informationSimulation of Seawater Intrusion Due to Climate Change Impacts in North Gaza Aquifer Using SEAWAT
Simulation of Seawater Intrusion Due to Climate Change Impacts in North Gaza Aquifer Using SEAWAT Reem Fathi Sarsak, MSc UNRWA- Environment Health Department Nablus-Palestine E-mail: reem2525@yahoo.com
More informationCHAPTER 6: Irrigation scheduling
Pressurized Irrigation Techniques 6.1 CHAPTER 6: Irrigation scheduling Irrigation scheduling is one of the factors that influence the agronomic and economic viability of small farms. It is important for
More informationWater Scarcity Research opportunities for competing and conflicting demands
Water Scarcity Research opportunities for competing and conflicting demands Prof. Dionysis Assimacopoulos School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Greece What is Scarcity?
More informationWastewater Reuse for Irrigation : an Acceptable Soil Conditioner?
Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation : an Acceptable Soil Conditioner? Nicholas Kathijotes Department of Civil Engineering Higher Technical Institute Nicosia-Cyprus nkathijotes@hti.ac.cy Abstract: Drought climatic
More informationBest Management Practices for Irrigation Water Salinity and Salt Build-Up in Vineyard Soils
Irrigation Water Quality in the Limestone Coast Region Best Management Practices for Irrigation Water Salinity and Salt Build-Up in Vineyard Soils GRAPE & WINE COUNCIL INC. 1 Best Management Practices
More informationSources. During parts of a year
Course Teacher: Prof. Dr. M. R. Kabir SOURCES & QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER Sources of Irrigation Water CHAPTER 2 Sources Natural Artificial Surface Water Precipitation Ground Water Artificial rainfall
More information13 Water: A Limited Resource
13 Water: A Limited Resource Overview of Chapter 13 Importance of Water Water Use and Resource Problems Water Problems in U.S. and Canada Global Water Problems Water Management Water Conservation Water
More informationWATER SCARCITY DRAFTING GROUP DOCUMENT
MED Joint Process WFD /EUWI WATER SCARCITY DRAFTING GROUP DOCUMENT : WATER SCARCITY MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF WFD POLICY SUMMARY 1 WATER SCARCITY MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF WFD POLICY SUMMARY WATER
More informationWater Issues in Cyprus
Water Issues in Cyprus Sofoclis Aletraris Minister of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment 7 July, 2012 Water scarcity and droughts in Cyprus Severe water scarcity problem in Cyprus for centuries
More information1/21/2019. Where does your water come from? Irrigation Water Testing and Interpretation: Case Studies from the Field
Where does your water come from? Irrigation Water Testing and Interpretation: Case Studies from the Field DR. JUSTIN QUETONE MOSS, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. CHARLES FONTANIER, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR HORTICULTURE
More informationManaged Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Practical Techniques for the Caribbean
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Practical Techniques for the Caribbean Scope of Presentation What is MAR? Antigua and Barbuda water resources issues Why promote MAR? MAR: Techniques MAR: Design criteria
More informationNorth Sea coastal zone agriculture in times of sea level rise.
North Sea coastal zone agriculture in times of sea level rise. guest lecture at the Lincoln Institute for Agri-Food Technology Lincoln University May 30, 2017. by Pier Vellinga Director Water and Climate
More informationCYPRUS NATIONAL REPORT
Convention on Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes SEMINAR ON THE ROLE OF ECOSYSTEMS AS WATER SUPPLIERS (Geneva, 13-14 December 2004) CYPRUS NATIONAL REPORT Water Management
More informationWATER AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
WATER AND THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE Summary Water is essential for the support of life and can be considered as a fundamental environmental good. Water is needed to support human habitation, grow crops and
More informationIRENA Indicator Fact Sheet IRENA 10 - Water use intensity
Indicator Definition Water use intensity by agriculture is indicated by the area and type of crops grown with the aid of full or supplementary irrigation. Indicator links Input Indicator Links: None Output
More informationThe Usage of Saline Water in Desert (Review)
2011 International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science IPCBEE vol.19(2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore The Usage of Saline Water in Desert (Review) Maryam Naeimi 1, Gholamreza Zehtabian
More informationEast TX Test Site (1/2 Treated)
1 East TX Test Site (1/2 Treated) 2 CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY ( CEC ) It is a measure of the quantity of cations reversibly adsorbed per unit weight of soil. CEC is expressed in meq/100 g of mass (meq is
More informationCharlie Paton, Managing Director of Seawater Greenhouse Ltd., United Kingdom
Charlie Paton, Managing Director of Seawater Greenhouse Ltd., United Kingdom CGI rendition of a Seawater Greenhouse Charlie Paton In arid and semi-arid areas such as around the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea,
More informationPhyto-technology to reduce water pollution and sustain forestry and agroforestryactivities in the South Mediterranean region
Phyto-technology to reduce water pollution and sustain forestry and agroforestryactivities in the South Mediterranean region Paolo De Angelis DIBAF University of Tuscia Viterbo- Italy PEOPLE INVOLVED Paolo
More informationWastewater reuse in coastal areas Nutrient flow evaluation
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Environmental Sciences 4 (2011) 260 265 260 xxx Urban Environmental Pollution 2010 Wastewater reuse in coastal areas Nutrient flow evaluation Nicholas
More informationClimate Change (CC) Impacts & Adaptation
Analysis for ENPI countries of Social and Economic Benefits of Enhanced Environmental Protection EuropeAid DCI-ENV/2009/225-962 Climate Change (CC) Impacts & Adaptation Alistair Hunt Department of Economics
More informationAgricultural Water Management. Meeting the Challenge COUNTRY IMPACTS
Agricultural Water Management Meeting the Challenge COUNTRY IMPACTS Agricultural Water Management Global and regional issues and considerations Agriculture accounts for 70% of global freshwater use FAO
More informationWATER REUSE IN EUROPE
Mexico 2006 4 th World Water Forum WATER REUSE IN EUROPE Maria Helena MARECOS do MONTE Former President of the EWA PhD, MSc, Chem & San Eng Professor at ISEL, Lisbon, Portugal hmarecos@dec.isel.ipl.pt
More informationLecture 14. Water: A Limited Resource. Lecture 14
Lecture 14 Water: A Limited Resource Lecture 14 1. Importance of Water 2. Water Use and Resource Problems 3. Water Problems in U.S. and Canada 4. Global Water Problems 5. Water Management 6. Water Conservation
More informationSalinity, Sodicity, & Water Management in Desert Crop Production Systems
Salinity, Sodicity, & Water Management in Desert Crop Production Systems Jeffrey C. Silvertooth Associate Dean Director for Economic Development and Extension BLUF (bottom line up front) Salinity is a
More informationThe soil is a very. The soil can. The manure. Soil Characteristics. effective manure treatment system if manures are applied at the proper rate.
The soil is a very effective manure treatment system if manures are applied at the proper rate. The soil can filter pollutants and prevent them from reaching groundwater. The manure application rate should
More informationYemen s Water Resources And Treated Wastewater*
Yemen s Water Resources And Treated Wastewater* Introduction: Water is the main core in the socio-economic development in the country. Yemen as other countries in the region is situated in arid and semi-arid
More informationManaging Saline Areas with forages. Glenn Friesen Forage Specialist MAFRI, Carman December 15, 2009
Managing Saline Areas with forages Glenn Friesen Forage Specialist MAFRI, Carman December 15, 2009 April 18, 2007 April 18, 2007 Is it Salinity? Saline soils Normal ph, High concentrations of soluble
More informationRecommendations for effective water use in agriculture under changing climate perspectives from Poland
Recommendations for effective water use in agriculture under changing climate perspectives from Poland Leszek Labedzki Institute for Land Reclamation and Grassland Farming Regional Research Centre in Bydgoszcz,
More information