How Can Chemical Processes Be Designed to Optimise Efficiency?
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1 How Can Chemical Processes Be Designed to Optimise Efficiency? Area of Study 1: What are the Options for Energy Production? Area of Study 2: How Can the Versatility of Non-Metals Be Explained? What is a Fuel Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources Carbon Neutral Fuels Fuels Summary Units for Energy Energy Forms The Laws Relating to Energy Conservation Energy Efficiency Maximum Energy Efficiencies Energy Converters Coal-Fired Power Stations Gas-Fired Power Plants Internal Combustion Engines Combustion of Fuels Enthalpy of Combustion Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions Activation Energy Energy Profiles Thermochemical Equations Calculations Involving Thermochemical Equations Molar Enthalpy of Combustion Molar Heat of Combustion Energy From Fuels The Specific Heat Capacity of Water Experimental Determination of Enthalpy of Combustion Ignition Temperatures Flash Point Energy Density of Fuels
2 Fossil Fuels and Biofuels Environmental Impacts of Mining Coal Coal Seam Gas Environmental Impacts of CSG Production Local Fracking Issues Crude Oil and Natural Gas Liquefied Petroleum Gas Environmental Impacts of Crude Oil/Natural Gas Production Energy Content of Fossil Fuels Energy Densities Carbon to Hydrogen Ratio of Fuels Comparing Energy Values Based on Volume Biofuels Biomass Biogases Syngas via Gasification Electricity from Biogas Liquid Fuels Biodiesel Energy Content of Biofuels Energy Densities Environmental Impacts of Sourcing Biofuels Environmental Impacts of Combusting Fuels The Greenhouse Effect Effects of Emitting Carbon Monoxide Burning Fossil Fuels Biofuel Summary Fuel Comparisons Fuel Comparison: Energy Content Energy Density vs Specific Energy Fuel Comparison: Sourcing Issues Fuel Comparison: Combustion Products Fossil Fuels Fuel Combustion Emissions
3 Fuel Choices: Energy for Electricity Fuel Choices: Energy for Transport Minimising Environmental Impacts Petrol Diesel vs Biodiesel Comparison of Petrol Diesel vs Biodiesel Gases Properties of Gases Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases Limitations to the Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases Pressure Pressure Units Converting Between Pressure Units Volume and Temperature Units The Gas Laws Boyle s Law Charles Law Avogadro s Law The Combined Gas Equation The General Gas Equation Standard Gas Conditions Calculations Involving Gases Stoichiometry Problems Comparing Fuels
4 Area of Study 1 Galvanic Cells Review in Redox Chemistry Oxidants Reductants Summary of Redox Terminology Oxidation Numbers Determining the Oxidation Number of a Specific Element Identifying Redox Reactions Writing Redox Equations Balancing Half-Equations Adding Half Equations Galvanic Cells/Voltaic Cells The Daniell Cell Half Cells The External Circuit The Salt Bridge (Internal Circuit) Overall Cell Reactions Shorthand Notation for Galvanic Cells Common Galvanic Cell Designs Types of Electrodes Standard Reduction Potentials The Electrochemical Series Predicting Redox Reactions Limitations of the Electrochemical Series Writing Redox Reactions EMF and Reaction Spontaneity Portable Power Batteries Primary Cells Secondary Cells The Daniell Cell (A 1 Cell) The Dry Cell of Leclanché Cell (A 1 Cell) The Alkaline Cell (A 1 Cell) The Mercury/Button Cell (A 1 Cell) Summary of Primary Cells and their Reactions Battery Performance Fuel Cells The Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cell (Acidic) Specific Fuel Cell Design Types of Fuel Cells Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cells
5 Types of Fuels Used in Fuel Cells Non-Hydrogen Fuels Energy Transformations and Efficiency Advantages of Fuel Cell Technology Disadvantages of Fuel Cell Technology Applications Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies Summary: Fuel Cells vs Galvanic Cells
6 Rates and Yield of Chemical Reactions The Collision Theory of Reactions Changing Reaction Rates Increasing Reaction Rates by Increasing the Surface Area of Contact Between Reactants Increasing Reaction Rates By Increasing Reactant Concentrations Increasing Reaction Rates By Decreasing The Volume Of A Gaseous System Increasing Reaction Rates By Increasing the Temperature Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Curves Increasing Reaction Rates by Employing Catalysts Exactly How Do Catalysts Work? Measuring Reaction Rates Variation in Rates During Chemical Reactions Problem Solving for Rate Questions Equilibrium Changes in Reaction Rates as Systems Approach Equilibrium Important Points Regarding Systems at Equilibrium The Equilibrium Constant Properties of the Equilibrium Constant Units for the Equilibrium Constant The Significance of K Calculations Involving Systems at Equilibrium The Concentration Fraction/Reaction Quotient Equilibrium Calculations Based on Initial Mole / Concentrations Forced Changes to Equilibrium Systems Analysing Changes to Equilibrium Systems Le Chatelier s Approach The Concentration Fraction Approach Concentration-Time Graph Approach Rate-Time Graph Approach Concentration Changes at Constant Temperature and Volume
7 The Effects of Adding a Reactant at Constant Temperature and Volume Le Chatelier s Approach The Concentration-Time Graph Approach The Rate-Time Graph Approach The Effects of Adding a Product at Constant Temperature and Volume The Effects of Removing a Reactant at Constant Temperature and Volume The Effects of Removing a Product at Constant Temperature and Volume Volume Changes at Constant Temperature Volume Changes to Gas Phase Equilibria at Constant Temperature Le Chatelier s Approach The Concentration Fraction Approach Concentration and Rate Graph Approach Summary of Pressure Changes to Gaseous Systems Volume Changes to Aqueous Equilibria at Constant Temperature Temperature Changes Exothermic Reactions Endothermic Reactions Case Study: The Effect of Temperature on the Ionisation of Water Addition of a Catalyst at Constant Temperature and Volume Graphical Representations of Systems Approaching Equilibrium Concentration-Time Graphs Rate-Time Graphs Applications of Le Chatelier s Principle Buffers The Hydrogen Carbonate Buffer System Acidosis Alkalosis The Self Ionisation of Water The Production of Ammonia The Production of Sulfuric Acid
8 Electrolysis A Comparison Between Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells Predicting Electrolytic Reactions Electrolysis of Water Electrolysis of Molten Salts Factors that Determine Which Reactions Occur Factors that Affect the Rate of Electrolysis The Chlorine Exception Electroplating Factors Affecting the Quality of Electroplating Electrorefining Faraday s Laws Faradays Constant Faradays First Law of Electrolysis Faraday s Second Law of Electrolysis Recharging Cells The Lead Acid Battery (A 2 Cell) The Discharge Process (Production of Electricity) The Recharging Process The Lithium Cell (A 2 Cell) The Nickel Cadmium Cell (NiCad) Industrial Electrolysis Downs Cell Importance of the Molten Electrolyte Membrane Cell Importance of the Semipermeable Membrane Production of Aluminium Importance of the Molten Electrolyte Important Considerations in Industrial Electrolytic Processes
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