GREENHOUSE GAS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WESTMINSTER STUDENT HOUSING PROJECT

Transcription

1 GREENHOUSE GAS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WESTMINSTER STUDENT HOUSING PROJECT ESCONDIDO, CALIFORNIA APN Submitted to: City of Escondido 210 North Broadway Escondido, California Prepared for: Marcus McArthur, Ph.D. Vice President for Administration Westminster Seminary California 1725 Bear Valley Parkway Escondido, California Prepared by: Jeremy Louden Ldn Consulting, Inc. c/o Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc Poway Road, Suite A Poway, California May 21, 2015; Revised June 24, 2015

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... II LIST OF FIGURES... III LIST OF TABLES... III ATTACHMENTS... III LIST OF ACRONYMS... IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... V 1.0 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY PROJECT LOCATION PROJECT DESCRIPTION EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING UNDERSTANDING GREENHOUSE GASSES EXISTING SETTING CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY CLIMATE CHANGE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT REGULATORY STANDARDS (ASSEMBLY BILL 32) REGULATORY STANDARDS (SENATE BILL 97) REGULATORY STANDARDS (ASSEMBLY BILL 341) ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF AB 1493 (PAVLEY STANDARDS) EXECUTIVE ORDER S CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT (CEQA) SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS ARB SCOPING PLAN MEASURES CITY OF ESCONDIDO IMPACT THRESHOLDS METHODOLOGY CONSTRUCTION CO 2 E EMISSIONS CALCULATION METHODOLOGY OPERATIONAL VEHICULAR EMISSIONS CALCULATION METHODOLOGY FINDINGS PROJECT RELATED CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS PROJECT RELATED OPERATION VEHICULAR EMISSIONS CERTIFICATIONS REFERENCES Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/15 ii Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

3 List of Figures FIGURE 1-A: PROJECT VICINITY MAP... 2 FIGURE 1 B: PROPOSED SITE LAYOUT... 3 List of Tables TABLE 3.1: EQUIVALENT EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM ADOPTED PAVLEY 1 AND 2 REGULATIONS... 9 TABLE 4.1: EXPECTED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT TABLE 5.1: EXPECTED ANNUAL CONSTRUCTION CO 2 E EMISSIONS SUMMARY MT/YEAR TABLE 5.2: EXPECTED OPERATIONAL EMISSIONS SUMMARY MT/YEAR Attachments CALLEEMOD Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/15 iii Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

4 LIST OF ACRONYMS Assembly Bill 32 (AB32) Business as Usual (BAU) Climate Action Plans (CAP), California Air Pollution Control Officers Association s (CAPCOA) California Air Resource Board (CARB) California Climate Action Registry General Reporting Protocol Version 3.1 (CCARGRPV3.1) California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Cubic Yards (CY) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Green House Gas (GHG) International Residential Code (IRC) Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) Methane (CH4) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) San Diego Air Basin (SDAB) San Diego Air Pollution Control District (SDAPCD) Senate Bill 97 (SB97) Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/15 iv Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This analysis has been completed in order to quantify Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from the project site and was prepared according to guidelines established within the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 Assembly Bill 32 (AB32), Senate Bill 97 (SB97), California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), which is acceptable in the City of Escondido. Greenhouse Gasses analyzed in this study are Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), Methane (CH 4 ), and Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O). To simplify greenhouse gas calculations, both CH 4 and N 2 O are converted to equivalent amounts of CO 2 and are identified as CO 2 e. In other words CO 2 e is an equivalent volume or mass of CO 2 converted from global warming potentials of other gases that may cause equivalent warming. The proposed project site is a partially developed 9.7 acre parcel located at the southeast corner of the Bear Valley Parkway / Boyle Avenue intersection within the City of Escondido. The existing site consists of seminary school buildings, a chapel, parking lots and open land. The proposed project would add additional buildings and parking to the existing facilities and develop 72 new student housing units. All phases of the proposed project are anticipated to be completed by The proposed project will emit greenhouse gas emissions directly throughout the burning of carbon-based fuels such as gasoline and natural gas as well as indirectly through the usage of electricity and water and from the anaerobic bacterial breakdown of organic solid waste disposed into landfills. The Proposed project would generate approximately Metric Tons of CO 2 e each year business as usual, which is below the City of Escondido s 2,500 Metric Ton CO 2 e per year screening thresholds and would not be required to implement mitigation measures beyond those required within local building codes. No further analysis would be required. Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/15 v Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

6 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of this Study The purpose of this Green House Gas Assessment (GHG) is to show conformance to the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 Assembly Bill 32 (AB32) and Senate Bill 97 (SB97). AB32 requires that by 2020 the state's greenhouse gas emissions be reduced to 1990 levels and SB97 a "companion" bill directed amendments to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) statute to specifically establish that GHG emissions and their impacts are appropriate subjects for CEQA analysis. Should impacts be determined, the intent of this study would be to recommend suitable design measures to bring the project to a level considered less than significant. 1.2 Project Location The proposed development site currently houses a seminary school and open space of approximately 9.7 acres, which is surrounded by residential lots and open space. It is located at the southeast corner of the Bear Valley Parkway / Boyle Avenue intersection within the City of Escondido. Access to the project exists along the north-western portion of the project on Boyle Avenue. A general project vicinity map is shown in Figure 1 A on the following page. 1.3 Project Description The proposed project would consist of the construction of 72 new student housing residential units on 9.7 acres adjacent to the existing seminary. The proposed development includes grading and improvements which would include additional parking, a new educational building, and driveways. The Site plan is shown in Figure 1 B on Page 3 of this report. Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

7 Figure 1-A: Project Vicinity Map Project Site (Google Maps, 2015) Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

8 Figure 1-B: Proposed Site Layout (MARCA TECTS, 2015) Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

9 2.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 2.1 Understanding Greenhouse Gasses Greenhouse gases such as water vapor and carbon dioxide are abundant in the earth s atmosphere. These gases are called Greenhouse Gases because they absorb and emit thermal infrared radiation which acts like an insulator to the planet. Without these gases, the earth ambient temperature would either be extremely hot during the day or blistering cold at night. However, because these gases can both absorb and emit heat, the earth s temperature does not sway too far in either direction. Over the years as human activities require the use of burning fossil fuels stored carbon is released into the air in the form of CO 2 and to a much lesser extent CO. Additionally, over the years scientist have measured this rise in Carbon Dioxide and fear that it may be heating the planet too. Additionally, it is thought that other greenhouse gases such as Methane and Nitrous Oxide are to blame. Greenhouse Gasses of concern as analyzed in this study are Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), Methane (CH 4 ), and Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O). To simplify greenhouse gas calculations, both CH 4 and N 2 O can be converted to an equivalent amount of CO 2 or CO 2 e. CO 2 e is calculated by multiplying the predicted levels of CH 4 and N 2 O by a Global Warming Potential (GWP) or a multiplication factor measure of how much a given mass of greenhouse gas is estimated to contribute to global warming relative to the same mass of carbon dioxide (whose GWP is by convention equal to 1). The exact calculations are complicated however; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency publishes GWPs for various GHGs and reports that the GWP for CH 4 and N 2 O is 21 and 310, respectively. 2.2 Existing Setting The project site is located at the southeast corner of the Bear Valley Parkway / Boyle Avenue intersection within the City of Escondido. The existing use of the site includes a seminary school, chapel and open space of approximately 9.7 acres. The site is surrounded by a mix of residential, agricultural and open space. Access to the project exists along the north-western portion of the project on Boyle Avenue. Elevations on site range from approximately 730 feet to 800 feet above mean sea level. Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

10 2.3 Climate and Meteorology Climate within the SDAB area often varies dramatically over short geographical distances with cooler temperatures on the western coast gradually warming to the east as prevailing winds from the west heats up. Most of southern California is dominated by high-pressure systems for much of the year, which keeps San Diego mostly sunny and warm. Typically, during the winter months, the high pressure system drops to the south and brings cooler, moister weather from the north. It is common for inversion layers to develop within high-pressure areas, which mostly define pressure patterns over the SDAB. These inversions are caused when a thin layer of the atmosphere increases in temperature with height. An inversion acts like a lid preventing vertical mixing of air through convective overturning. Meteorological trends within the Escondido area are generally mild. Temperatures vary from an average high of 68 in December to an average high of 89 in August, with average lows ranging from 42ºF in December to 63ºF in August. The average annual precipitation - rainfall is inches (US Climate Data, 2015). Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

11 3.0 CLIMATE CHANGE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Regulatory Standards (Assembly Bill 32) The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32), requires that by 2020 the state's greenhouse gas emissions be reduced to 1990 levels or roughly a 28.3% reduction. Significance thresholds have not been adopted but are currently being discussed. AB 32 is specific as to when thresholds shall be defined. The pertinent sections are referenced within Part 4 of AB 32 Titled Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions are shown below: Section (b) states: On or before January 1, 2010, the state board shall adopt regulations to implement the measures identified on the list published pursuant to subdivision (a). Section states: (A) On or before January 1, 2011, the state board shall adopt greenhouse gas emission limits and emission reduction measures by regulation to achieve the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in furtherance of achieving the statewide greenhouse gas emissions limit, to become operative beginning on January 1, (B) In adopting regulations pursuant to this section and Part 5 (commencing with Section (38570), to the extent feasible and in furtherance of achieving the statewide greenhouse gas emissions limit, the state board shall do all of the following: 1. Design the regulations, including distribution of emissions allowances where appropriate, in a manner that is equitable, seeks to minimize costs and maximize the total benefits to California, and encourages early action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 2. Ensure that activities undertaken to comply with the regulations do not disproportionately impact low-income communities. 3. Ensure that entities that have voluntarily reduced their greenhouse gas emissions prior to the implementation of this section receive appropriate credit for early voluntary reductions. 4. Ensure that activities undertaken pursuant to the regulations complement, and do not interfere with, efforts to achieve and maintain federal and state ambient air quality standards and to reduce toxic air contaminant emissions. 5. Consider cost-effectiveness of these regulations. 6. Consider overall societal benefits, including reductions in other air pollutants, diversification of energy sources, and other benefits to the economy, environment, and public health. Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

12 7. Minimize the administrative burden of implementing and complying with these regulations. 8. Minimize leakage. 9. Consider the significance of the contribution of each source or category of sources to statewide emissions of greenhouse gases. (C) In furtherance of achieving the statewide greenhouse gas emissions limit, by January 1, 2011, the state board may adopt a regulation that establishes a system of G-based declining annual aggregate emission limits for sources or categories of sources that emit greenhouse gas emissions, applicable from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2020, inclusive, that the state board determines will achieve the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, in the aggregate, from those sources or categories of sources. (D) Any regulation adopted by the state board pursuant to this part or Part 5 (commencing with Section 38570) shall ensure all of the following: 1. The greenhouse gas emission reductions achieved are real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable, and enforceable by the state board. 2. For regulations pursuant to Part 5 (commencing with Section 38570), the reduction is in addition to any greenhouse gas emission reduction otherwise required by law or regulation, and any other greenhouse gas emission reduction that otherwise would occur. 3. If applicable, the greenhouse gas emission reduction occurs over the same time period and is equivalent in amount to any direct emission reduction required pursuant to this division. 3.2 Regulatory Standards (Senate Bill 97) SB 97 requires the Office of Planning and Research to prepare and transmit to the Resources Agency, guidelines and directed amendments to the CEQA statute specifically for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions or the effects of greenhouse gas emissions. 3.3 Regulatory Standards (Assembly Bill 341) This bill makes a legislative declaration that it is the policy goal of the state that not less than 75% of solid waste generated be source reduced, recycled, or composted by the year 2020, and would require the department, by January 1, 2014, to provide a report to the Legislature that provides strategies to achieve that policy goal and also includes other specified information and recommendations. This bill will increase diversion requirements by an additional 25% over Business as Usual as was defined under AB 939 and SB 1322 which were Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

13 signed into law as the Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989, which as of the year 2000 only required 50 percent diversion. 3.4 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (P.L , H.R. 6) is an energy policy law adopted by congress which consists mainly of provisions designed to increase energy efficiency and the availability of renewable energy. The law will require automakers to boost fleet wide gas mileage averages from the current 25 mpg to 35 mpg by 2020, which will reduce energy needs by 28.5%. This fleet wide average is known as the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard. 3.5 AB 1493 (Pavley Standards) AB 1493 regulations are similar to CAFE Standards however would produce a Greenhouse Gas Benefit greater to that of the CAFE Standard and would be double the amount of GHGs saved under CAFE. The Pavley rules or also referred to as California Standards are designed to regulate GHG emissions while the federal standards are aimed at reducing the nations fuel consumption. Under Pavley starting with vehicles produced in 2009, manufactures have the flexibility in meeting California standards through a combination of reducing tailpipe emissions of Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Methane and hydrofluorocarbons from vehicle air conditions systems. Furthermore, the California standards are estimated to increase fuel efficiency to 43 miles per gallon by The 2020 reductions are based on a more stringent emission limit than the current California Standards, Called the Pavley 2 Rule, as set forth in the California Climate Action Plan and committed to by the ARV in its Early Action Measures under AB32. CARB staff recommends through example the use of more stringent emission reduction beginning in 2017 as well as applying more stringent standards through The percent reductions will be further discussed in the methodology section of this report. (Source: Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Reduction for the United States and Canada under U.S. CAFE Standards and California Air Resources Board Greenhouse Gas Regulations 2/2008) otherwise referred to as CARB s Enhanced Technical Assessment on the relationship between CAFE standards and Pavley Standards. This report utilized a baseline year of 2002 and calculated cumulative baseline equivalent GHG Reductions based on Pavley standards. One conclusion of the study finds that Pavley reductions are as high as 20% from 2002 levels. Also, it should be noted that reductions under Pavley were not assumed from 2002 through In 2009 Pavley regulations went into effect and become more stringent with time which will require automobile companies to produce vehicles that generate less GHG emissions each Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

14 year. The 20% reduction is calculated based on the fact that the overall baseline emissions over the 18 years averages out to 496,200 tons per day and cumulative reductions under Pavley reduce up to 100,500 tons per day or a 20% reduction. Table 3.1 below is a general duplicate of Table 11 within the CARB Enhanced Technical Assessment. Table 3.1: Equivalent Emission Reductions from Adopted Pavley 1 and 2 Regulations PC/LDT1 (1000 tons per day) LDT2 (1000 tons per day) Model Year Baseline %GHG Reduction Tons Reduced Baseline %GHG Reduction Tons Reduced 2008 and Older % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Grand Baseline Reduction Executive Order S Executive Order S was signed by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in January 2007 and is effectively known as the Low Carbon Fuel Standard or LCFS. The executive order seeks to reduce the carbon intensity of California s passenger vehicle fuels by at least 10% by The LCFS will require fuel providers in California to ensure that the mix of fuel they sell into the California Gas meet, on average, a declining standard for GHG emissions measured in CO 2 e grams per unit of fuel energy sold. On December 29, 2011, the United Stated District Court for the Eastern District of California issued an injunction preliminarily enjoining the California Air Resources Board (CARB) from enforcing the Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) adopted by the State of California, which standard is relied on in part in connection with the GHG analysis for the project. On April 23, 2012, the United States Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals granted a motion to stay the injunction Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

15 issued by the lower court. As a result, CARB is continuing to enforce the existing LCFS. Based upon the uncertainty of LCFS implementation, the City of San Diego, however, continues to recommend that GHG evaluations omit the reductions attributable to the LCFS. For purposes of this analysis, LCFS will not be applied. 3.7 California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Significance Thresholds As directed by SB 97, the Natural Resources Agency adopted Amendments to Title 14 Division 6 Chapter 3 CEQA Guidelines for greenhouse gas emissions on December 30, On February 16, 2010, the Office of Administrative Law approved the Amendments, and filed them with the Secretary of State for inclusion in the California Code of Regulations. The amendments became effective on March 18, The pertinent sections are shown below: Section Determining the Significance of Impacts from Greenhouse Gas (a) The determination of the significance of greenhouse gas emissions calls for a careful judgment by the lead agency consistent with the provisions in section A lead agency should make a good-faith effort, based to the extent possible on scientific and factual data, to describe, calculate or estimate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from a project. A lead agency shall have discretion to determine, in the context of a particular project, whether to: 1. Use a model or methodology to quantify greenhouse gas emissions resulting from a project, and which model or methodology to use. The lead agency has discretion to select the model or methodology it considers most appropriate provided it supports its decision with substantial evidence. The lead agency should explain the limitations of the particular model or methodology selected for use; and/or 2. Rely on a qualitative analysis or performance-based standards. (b) A lead agency should consider the following factors, among others, when assessing the significance of impacts from greenhouse gas emissions on the environment: 1. The extent to which the project may increase or reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared to the existing environmental setting; 2. Whether the project emissions exceed a threshold of significance that the lead agency determines applies to the project. 3. The extent to which the project complies with regulations or requirements adopted to implement a statewide, regional, or local plan for the reduction or mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Such requirements must be adopted by the relevant public agency through a public review process and must reduce or mitigate the project s incremental contribution of greenhouse gas emissions. If there is substantial evidence that the possible effects of a particular project are still cumulatively considerable notwithstanding compliance with the adopted regulations or requirements, an EIR must be prepared for the project. Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

16 General Questions recommended within the environmental checklist are: (a) Will the project generate greenhouse gas emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment? (b) Will the project conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases? 3.8 ARB Scoping Plan Measures In response to AB 32, California Air Resource Board (ARB) developed the Climate Change Scoping Plan. In that plan, the Board developed GHG emission reduction strategies which expanded energy efficiency programs, increased utility renewable energy requirements, developed clean car and Low Carbon Fuel Standards (LCFS), developed the cap-and-trade program and identified adopted discretionary measures to assist the state in meeting the 2020 limits established by AB 32. In May 2014, the ARB adopted the first update to the original scoping plan which was necessary to establish long-term GHG policies to make deep GHG emission reductions to achieve an 80% reduction below 1990 levels by The update includes key recommendations for six key economic sectors (energy, transportation, agriculture, water, waste management, and natural and working lands) as well as short-lived climate pollutants, green buildings, and the Cap-and-Trade Program. The findings largely affect regulatory measures that will indirectly reduce GHG emissions and generate a need to update local policies. 3.9 City of Escondido Impact Thresholds The CEQA guidelines support projects that lower the carbon footprint of new development, and encourage programmatic mitigation strategies that may include reliance on adopted regional blueprint plans, Climate Action Plans (CAP), and general plans that meet regional and local GHG emissions targets and that have also undergone CEQA review. The criteria needed to use adopted plans in evaluating impacts of GHG emissions from subsequent development projects is found in CEQA Guidelines Based on the City s CAP, proposed projects must first be screened to determine if the project will produce more than 2,500 MT CO2e. If the project generates less than 2,500 MT CO2e, it would be considered to have a less than significant GHG emissions impact. Projects exceeding this threshold would be required to use the screening table to demonstrate compliance with the City s CAP (Atkins, 2013). Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

17 4.0 METHODOLOGY 4.1 Construction CO 2 e Emissions Calculation Methodology Construction of the proposed project is estimated to have a worst-case construction duration of one year. The project would begin with site preparation and grading which would be expected to last approximately six weeks and would include all necessary underground trenching for the facility infrastructure. Once grading is complete, approximately two weeks of paving would be required followed by Building Construction. Construction of the facilities would likely be completed in roughly nine months. Full build out would be late Table 4.1 below shows the expected timeframes for the construction process at the proposed project location. Table 4.1: Expected Construction Equipment Equipment Identification Proposed Start Proposed Completion Construction Days Quantity Site Preparation 1/1/2017 1/15/ Rubber Tired Dozers 2 Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 Grading 1/16/2017 2/15/ Excavators 1 Graders 1 Rubber Tired Dozers 1 Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 Paving 2/16/2017 3/5/ Pavers 2 Paving Equipment 2 Rollers 2 Building Construction 3/6/ /31/ Cranes 1 Forklifts 3 Generator Sets 1 Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 Welders 1 Architectural Coating 3/24/ /31/ This equipment list is based upon equipment inventory within CALLEEMOD The quantity and types are based upon assumptions from Projects of similar size and scope in the County of San Diego and City of Escondido. Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

18 GHG impacts related to construction will be calculated using the latest CalEEMod air quality model which was developed by ENVIRON International Corporation for South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). Additionally, CO 2 e emissions generated from blasting will be added to the CalEEMod output. CalEEMod incorporates emission factors from the EMFAC2011 model for on-road vehicle emissions and the OFFROAD2011 model for off-road vehicle emissions. Because CO 2 emissions from construction only occur at the beginning of a project, emissions will be averaged over a 20-year period. 4.2 Operational Vehicular Emissions Calculation Methodology Once construction is completed the proposed project would generate air quality and GHG emissions from daily operations which would include sources such as Area, Energy, Mobile, Solid waste and Water uses, which are calculated within CalEEMod. Area Sources include usage of consumer products, landscaping and architectural coatings as part of regular maintenance. Energy sources would be from uses such as electricity and natural gas. Solid waste generated in the form of trash is also considered as decomposition of organic material breaks down to form GHGs. GHGs from water are also indirectly generated through the conveyance of the resource via pumping throughout the state and as necessary for wastewater treatment. Finally, the project would also generate GHG through the use of carbon fuel burning vehicles for transportation. The proposed project s estimated traffic numbers were utilized within the CalEEMod analysis and no credit was taken for those prior project trips. The annual CalEEMod inputs are shown in Attachments A at the end of this report. Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

19 5.0 FINDINGS 5.1 Project Related Construction Emissions Utilizing the CalEEMod inputs for the model as shown in Table 4.1 above, we find that grading and construction of the project will produce Metric Tons of CO 2 e. When utilizing the CAPCOA thresholds, total construction emission are averaged over a 20 year period which represents the expected life of the project. Based on this, the project would on average contribute MT over the life of the project. A summary of the construction emissions is shown in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1: Expected Annual Construction CO 2 e Emissions Summary MT/Year Year Bio-CO2 NBio-CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e (Metric Tons) Year Average (Metric Tons) Expected Construction emissions are based upon CalEEMod modeling assumptions for equipment and durations listed in Table 4.1 above. 5.2 Project Related Operation Vehicular Emissions As previously discussed, emissions generated from Area, Energy, Mobile, Solid Waste and Water uses is also calculated within CalEEMod. The program is largely based on default settings which are automatically populated throughout the model based on the imputed land use. Statewide averages for utility emissions were utilized for the calculations throughout the model. The calculated operational emissions are identified in Table 5.2 on the following Page. The proposed project will emit approximately Metric Tons of CO 2 e each year during a typical operational year and combined with the Metric Tons per year of CO 2 e expected from the project lifetime average, the project would produce MT CO 2 e which would not exceed the City s established 2,500 MT screening threshold. Therefore, no mitigation measures or further analysis is required. It should also be noted that emissions generated by this project would further be reduced through indirect measures such as LCFS, Pavley and renewable requirements placed on utility providers within California but are not discussed within this analysis. Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

20 Table 5.2: Expected Operational Emissions Summary MT/Year Year Bio-CO2 NBio-CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Area Energy Mobile Waste Water Operations Construction Emissions Cumulative Emissions Expected Construction emissions are based upon CalEEMod modeling assumptions for equipment and durations listed in Table 5.1 above. Data is presented in decimal format and may have rounding errors. Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

21 6.0 CERTIFICATIONS The contents of this report represent an accurate depiction of the projected CO 2 e emissions from the proposed development. This report was prepared utilizing the latest emission rates and reduction methodologies. DRAFT Jeremy Louden, Principal Date June 24, 2015 Ldn Consulting, Inc jlouden@ldnconsulting.net Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

22 7.0 REFERENCES Atkins. (2013). Climate Action Plan Documents. Retrieved from Escondido.org: City-Data.com. (2015). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from City-Data.com: Google Maps. (2015). Map data: Google. MARCA TECTS. (2015). Site Plan. San Diego County Water Authority. (2015). Retrieved May 11, 2015, from US Climate Data. (2015). Climate Escondido - California. Retrieved from U.S. Climate Data: Ldn Consulting, Inc. 6/24/ Westminster Student Housing GHG Study

23 ATTACHMENT A CALLEEMOD

24 Page 1 of Project Characteristics 1.1 Land Usage Westminster Seminary San Diego County, Annual Land Uses Size Metric Lot Acreage Floor Surface Area Population Apartments Low Rise Dwelling Unit , Other Project Characteristics Urbanization Urban Wind Speed (m/s) 2.6 Precipitation Freq (Days) 40 Climate Zone 13 Operational Year 2018 Utility Company San Diego Gas & Electric CO2 Intensity (lb/mwhr) CH4 Intensity (lb/mwhr) N2O Intensity (lb/mwhr) User Entered Comments & Non-Default Data

25 Page 2 of 27 Project Characteristics - Land Use Acre parcel Construction Phase - Proposed Construction Off-road Equipment - Proposed equipment Off-road Equipment - Proposed equipment Off-road Equipment - Proposed equipment Off-road Equipment - Proposed equipment Off-road Equipment - Proposed equipment Demolition - Grading - acreage disturbed Vehicle Trips - Students will be living on campus, thus making a daily commute to and from campus unnecessary. Since students will already be on campus, they can simply walk to class or the library and then walk back to their residence. Vechicle Emission Factors - Vechicle Emission Factors - Vechicle Emission Factors - Woodstoves - No fireplaces or woodstoves in student housing. Mobile Land Use Mitigation - Area Mitigation -

26 Page 3 of 27 Table Name Column Name Default Value New Value tblconstructionphase NumDays tblconstructionphase NumDays tblconstructionphase NumDays tblconstructionphase NumDays tblconstructionphase PhaseEndDate 10/8/ /31/2017 tblconstructionphase PhaseEndDate 12/29/ /31/2017 tblconstructionphase PhaseEndDate 3/3/2017 3/5/2017 tblconstructionphase PhaseEndDate 1/13/2017 1/15/2017 tblconstructionphase PhaseStartDate 1/1/2018 3/24/2017 tblfireplaces FireplaceDayYear tblfireplaces FireplaceHourDay tblfireplaces FireplaceWoodMass 3, tblfireplaces NumberGas tblfireplaces NumberNoFireplace tblfireplaces NumberWood tblgrading AcresOfGrading tblgrading AcresOfGrading tbloffroadequipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount tbloffroadequipment OffRoadEquipmentUnitAmount tblprojectcharacteristics OperationalYear tblvehicletrips ST_TR tblvehicletrips SU_TR tblvehicletrips WD_TR tblwoodstoves NumberCatalytic tblwoodstoves NumberNoncatalytic tblwoodstoves WoodstoveDayYear tblwoodstoves WoodstoveWoodMass 3,

27 Page 4 of Emissions Summary 2.1 Overall Construction Unmitigated Construction Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Year tons/yr MT/yr e e Mitigated Construction Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Year tons/yr MT/yr e e

28 Page 5 of 27 Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e Percent Reduction Overall Operational Unmitigated Operational Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Area e e e Energy e e e e Mobile e e e Waste Water e e e e e

29 Page 6 of Overall Operational Mitigated Operational Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Area e e e Energy e e e e Mobile e e e Waste Water e e e e e Bio- CO2 NBio-CO2 CO2 CH4 N20 CO2e Percent Reduction Construction Detail Construction Phase

30 Page 7 of 27 Phase Number Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Num Days Week Num Days Phase Description 1 Site Preparation Site Preparation 1/1/2017 1/15/ Grading Grading 1/16/2017 2/15/ Paving Paving 2/16/2017 3/5/ Building Construction Building Construction 3/6/ /31/ Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 3/24/ /31/ Acres of Grading (Site Preparation Phase): 9.7 Acres of Grading (Grading Phase): 9.7 Acres of Paving: 0 Residential Indoor: 141,750; Residential Outdoor: 47,250; Non-Residential Indoor: 0; Non-Residential Outdoor: 0 (Architectural Coating sqft) OffRoad Equipment

31 Page 8 of 27 Phase Name Offroad Equipment Type Amount Usage Hours Horse Power Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes Grading Excavators Grading Graders Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Grading Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes Paving Pavers Paving Paving Equipment Paving Rollers Building Construction Cranes Building Construction Forklifts Building Construction Generator Sets Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes Building Construction Welders Architectural Coating Air Compressors Trips and VMT Phase Name Offroad Equipment Count Worker Trip Number Vendor Trip Number Hauling Trip Number Worker Trip Length Vendor Trip Length Hauling Trip Length Worker Vehicle Class Vendor Vehicle Class Hauling Vehicle Class Site Preparation LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Grading LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Paving LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Building Construction LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT Architectural Coating LD_Mix HDT_Mix HHDT 3.1 Mitigation Measures Construction

32 Page 9 of Site Preparation Unmitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Dust Off-Road e e e e e e e e e e Unmitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor Worker e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

33 Page 10 of Site Preparation Mitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Dust Off-Road e e e e e e e e e e Mitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor Worker e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

34 Page 11 of Grading Unmitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Dust Off-Road e e e e Unmitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor Worker e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

35 Page 12 of Grading Mitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Dust Off-Road e e e e Mitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor Worker e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

36 Page 13 of Paving Unmitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Off-Road e e e e e e Paving e e e e e e Unmitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor Worker e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

37 Page 14 of Paving Mitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Off-Road e e e e e e Paving e e e e e e Mitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor Worker e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

38 Page 15 of Building Construction Unmitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Off-Road e e Unmitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor e e e e e e e e e Worker e e e e e e e e

39 Page 16 of Building Construction Mitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Off-Road e e Mitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor e e e e e e e e e Worker e e e e e e e e

40 Page 17 of Architectural Coating Unmitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Archit. Coating Off-Road e e e e Unmitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor Worker e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

41 Page 18 of Architectural Coating Mitigated Construction On-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Archit. Coating Off-Road e e e e Mitigated Construction Off-Site Bio- CO2 NBio- CO2 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e Category tons/yr MT/yr Hauling Vendor Worker e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e Operational Detail - Mobile