Professionalism in increasingly Entrepreneurial & Bureaucratic work-economic contexts: Implications for Applied Psychologists

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1 Professionalism in increasingly Entrepreneurial & Bureaucratic work-economic contexts: Implications for Applied Psychologists Kim Yin Chan, Jeffrey C. Kennedy, & Yi-Meng Li Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

2 Professionalism 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

1968 ASR paper Professionalization & Bureaucratization Richard Hall operationalized attitudinal Professionalism via a 5-factor Likert scale : Using the Professional Organization as a Major Referent

3 1968 ASR paper Professionalization & Bureaucratization Richard Hall operationalized attitudinal Professionalism via a 5-factor Likert scale : Using the Professional Organization as a Major Referent Belief in Public Service Belief in Self-Regulation Sense of Calling to the Field Autonomy Note: Paper highlighted tensions between professionalism & bureaucratization (or management) 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

4 Key questions in Sociology of Professions What is the purpose of professions in society? Functionalist Approach (late-19 th cent; Durkheim) What differentiates professions from other occupations? Taxonomic Approach (1920s-30s; Carr-Saunders) service orientation, technical knowledge, specialized training How occupations develop to become professions? Professionalization Approach (1960s; Wilensky) the necessary steps Why (some) occupations professionalise? (to dominate?) Power Approach (1970s; Friedson, Johnson, Larson) How different occupations compete/depend on each other as a system? Systems Approach (Abbott, 1988) System, of expert knowledge work, jurisdiction, competition 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

Since mid-20 th century, macro researchers have noted major changes 1980s-90s witnessed corporatisation of professionals Steady drift of professionals away from independent practice into corporate

5 Since mid-20 th century, macro researchers have noted major changes 1980s-90s witnessed corporatisation of professionals Steady drift of professionals away from independent practice into corporate settings Rise of multi-professional firms & salaried professionals In 2001, sociologist Andrew Abbott wrote: Recent historical changes have brought the organization of experts into a more uniform pattern worldwide, (the) older professional form of organization has broken down under the pressure of salaried employment, rising state dominance, and an increased capitalization of expert work 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

6 Recently, Laurie Cohen in Work, Employment & Society, 2005 Remember I m the bloody architect! There is an emerging consensus that globalization, deregulation, the diffusion of managerialism, rapid technological change and ever-more knowledgeable & empowered consumers, have significantly altered the contexts in which the traditional professions operate (Dent & Whitehead, 2002; Leicht & Fennell, 2001; Reed, 2000). 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

7 Jane Broadbent (1997) The End of the Professions? The restructuring of professional work institutionalised control is being degraded by the introduction of systems of individual accountability based on customer reaction. To many of us this may seem like an end to professionalism as we perceive it. The norms and routines that have served us well are being cast as outdated practices unsuited to a new era and we are in the course of developing new understandings of what is meant by the term professionalism. Cultural Changes 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

Organizational scientists are Studying changes in Professional organization Restructuring the Professional Organization: Accounting, Health Care &

Powell (Eds) Exploring archetypal change in PSFs from generalist professional partnerships to corporate forms with autonomous specialist business

8 Organizational scientists are Studying changes in Professional organization Restructuring the Professional Organization: Accounting, Health Care & Law, D. Brock, C. R. Hinings, M. Powell (Eds) Exploring archetypal change in PSFs from generalist professional partnerships to corporate forms with autonomous specialist business units Recent: 2013 Special issue of Journal of Management Studies Professions and Institutional Change: Towards an Institutionalist Sociology of the Professions Daniel Muzio, David M. Brock androy Suddaby Structural Changes 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

9 Question: How are applied psychologists responding to the new challenges faced by professionals in the 21 st century? Do we understand what motivates those who seek or pursue professional work? How is this motivation affected by commercial/competitive, bureaucratic/efficiency demands & alternatives? How do entrepreneurial & bureaucratic interests affect professional commitment & performance? Do generalist managers understand the professional development needs of professionals? How to better prepare professionals to cope with these challenges? 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

10 Fundamentally: Can there be an Applied Psychology of the Professional worker? Is there a certain professional personality? Any common motivation, values, orientation? What is the comparison group? Who s not attracted? What is a successful/effective professional? Criterion of professionalism beyond job performance? How is professional development more than management/leadership development? How can organizations support professionals professional development needs? 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

11 Propose: Framework for Applied Psych Res on Psychology of Professionalism: 3 Contexts Professional Career Who wants to do professional work? Who will pursue professional careers? Psychology of Professionalism Professional community Identifying-with, socializing into, commitment to the profession Professional Work What is professional job performance? Adherence to Stds? Judgment/discretion? Ethics/integrity? Inter-disc teamwork? 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

Suggest: Applied Psychology of Professionalism focus on what s unique about how Professionals need to think & act in all 3 contexts Eliot Freidson: Professionalism as the

control over work is realized by the occupation instead of by the market or by an hierarchy (Freidson 2001: p. 9).

12 Suggest: Applied Psychology of Professionalism focus on what s unique about how Professionals need to think & act in all 3 contexts Eliot Freidson: Professionalism as the third ideal form of work organization alongside Adam Smith s free market & Max Weber s bureaucracy Argued: Professionalism is an ideal type where the organization of, and control over work is realized by the occupation instead of by the market or by an hierarchy (Freidson 2001: p. 9). Tensions: Suggested that advocates of the market and of bureaucratic management treat professionalism as an aberration rather than something with a logic and an integrity of its own (p. 11) 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

Separately, Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1989) Careers & the Wealth of Nations Called for better understanding of the link between careers at individual &

leader); Logic: Advancement; Seeks: Security; Values: hierarchy, control, efficiency Professional: Logic: Craft/skill/reputation; Seeks: Prof Mastery;

13 Separately, Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1989) Careers & the Wealth of Nations Called for better understanding of the link between careers at individual & organizational levels with economic, social & political issues in societies Suggested 3 principal Career Forms each with own logic : Bureaucratic (org leader); Logic: Advancement; Seeks: Security; Values: hierarchy, control, efficiency Professional: Logic: Craft/skill/reputation; Seeks: Prof Mastery; Values: Prof Independence Entrepreneurial: Logic: Create value; Seeks: Opportunity & Risk; Personal Freedom & Autonomy Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

14 Recently Chan et al. (2012) adapted MTL scale to measure Entrepreneurial & Professional Motivation Who wants to be An Entrepreneur? Seize opportunities to create new products or services to the market? E ntrepre-neur? P rofessional-vocationaltechnical? L eader-manage A Specialist / Professional? Specialize more in a specific area of expertise A Leader/Manager? Be responsible for others? Help others organize, focus & find meaning in their work? C R E Vocational Interests I S A Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July Slide 14

15 EPL framework: Everyone has work-economic potential in 3 career dimensions Leader-manager Careers as vectors in dimensional space as opposed to trajectories or pathways which may lead some to assume a single dimensional career path Profession / specialisation Entrepreneurship/ business Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

16 Conceptual boundary-spanning spanning Idea: Research conducted within each field may fail to help us appreciate the relative extent & nature of antecedents, processes, outcomes & criteria of each of these work roles. EPL can provide research framework for relative or comparative understanding of leadership vs professional vs entrepreneurial work to clarify conceptual boundaries. Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

17 EPL framework allows for Conceptual boundary-spanning spanning research Example: Trait-antecedent questions: Are similar or different individuals in attracted toward Entrepreneurial vs. Leadership vs. Professional careers or work roles? Is the role of individual differences greater in predicting who becomes an entrepreneur than with who becomes a leader or a professional, or vice-versa? Are there those who do not aspire towards leadership or enterprise but want to be professionals or the best in their vocational specialization or role? Kim-Yin Chan, Sasha Chernyshenko, Ringo Ho & Emma Sam, 2013 IMTA Korea. Slide 17

18 EPL framework allows for Conceptual boundary-spanning spanning research Beyond clarifying trait antecedents: How do entrepreneurially, professionally, leadershipmotivated differ in terms of: Information processing? Social relationships/networking? Work performance? Task vs. Contextual? Developmental processes that work/don t Crossing boundaries: From P to L work roles, L to E? Career & life satisfaction & success? Kim-Yin Chan, Sasha Chernyshenko, Ringo Ho & Emma Sam, 2013 IMTA Korea. Slide 18

19 Beyond studying potential or nascent stage aspirations, EPL framework allows study of Leader-manager E-P-L networking & relationships in society E-P-L HR capacity in companies/organizations E-P-L ethics / social Profession / responsibility specialisation Mid-career E-P-L development & transitions Entrepreneurship/ business Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

20 Conclusion: Toward an Applied psychology of professionalism in 21 st century Useful to distinguish 3 contexts: Professionalism viz Career, Community, & Work/Org contexts Useful to examine unique logic or psychology of Professionalism by contrasting it or examining tensions with Commercial/Entrepreneurial & Managerial/bureaucratic logics / 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

21 Thank you! 7/3/2014 Chan Kim Yin, ICAP Paris, July

Unit 1. I.T.S Management & IT Institute Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad

Unit 1. I.T.S Management & IT Institute Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad Organization Behavior Unit 1 I.T.S Management & IT Institute Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad Unit-1: Contents Concept, Nature, Importance & Characteristics of OB Conceptual Foundations Models of Organization Behavior