MOBILITY AND OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH LIFELONG LEARNING! IN SINGAPORE: PROMISE OR TRAP?!

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1 MOBILITY AND OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH LIFELONG LEARNING! IN SINGAPORE: PROMISE OR TRAP?! Rebecca Ye!! MSc Sociology, University of Oxford! Research Associate, Institute for Adult Learning Singapore

2 OVERVIEW Background Why this matters Lifelong learning in SG! Rhetoric & Reality Promise fulfilled? Non-conclusive?! Implications & Conclusions For SG For ASEAN!

3 BACKGROUND: WHY THIS MATTERS //! THE SYSTEMS OF LEARNING IN SINGAPORE

4 WHY THIS MATTERS Rhetoric LLL as the means to an end Better employability, better income! Reality Mobility & opportunities, only for some? LLL under investigation

5 LIFELONG LEARNING IN SG

6

7 CONTINUING EDUCATION & TRAINING Year Milestone Manpower 21 National Manpower Council; National Skills Recognition System Lifelong Learning Endowment Fund Workforce Development Agency Workforce Skills Qualification System & Employability Skills System Recession CET Masterplan; Institute for Adult Learning; Employment & Employability Institute Skills Programme for Upgrading & Resilience (SPUR) Economic Strategies Committee (ESC) report; National Productivity CET Council; inclusive growth

8 A highly skilled and productive workforce is one critical advantage that we must have to compete against others with abundant natural resources. CET should be a core part of the lifelong development of every worker. If we want Singapore to keep growing, our workers too must constantly upgrade.!! PM Lee (2008)

9 RHETORIC VS REALITY HAS LIFELONG LEARNING FULFILLED ITS PROMISE OF OPPORTUNITIES & MOBILITY?!

10 WHAT DO WE KNOW? Educational Attainment Government Expenditure More Skilled Workforce Unemployment Rate Economic Growth

11 WHAT DO WE KNOW? Educational Attainment Government Expenditure More Skilled Workforce Unemployment Rate Economic Growth

12

13 WHAT DO WE KNOW? Educational Attainment Government Expenditure More Skilled Workforce Unemployment Rate Economic Growth

14 Government recurrent expenditure on education (per student)! Source of data: Yearbook of Statistics 2011, Singapore Department of Statistics

15 WHAT DO WE KNOW? Educational Attainment Government Expenditure More Skilled Workforce Unemployment Rate Economic Growth

16

17 WHAT DO WE KNOW? Educational Attainment Government Expenditure More Skilled Workforce Unemployment Rate Economic Growth

18 ! Unemployment rate of Singapore compared to selected developed economies ( ) Data from International Monetary Fund, September 2011 World Economic Outlook

19 ! Unemployment rate of Singapore compared to selected Asian economies ( ) Data from International Monetary Fund, September 2011 World Economic Outlook

20 Unemployment rate of Singapore compared to ASEAN economies ( ) Data from International Monetary Fund, September 2011 World Economic Outlook

21 WHAT DO WE KNOW? Educational Attainment Government Expenditure More Skilled Workforce Unemployment Rate Economic Growth

22 BUT, Aggregated

23 BUT, Aggregated Stratification

24 BUT, Stratification Skilled vs unskilled Vulnerable groups Premium to H.E. Social network Intergenerational! (im)mobility &! income disparity Youth aspirations

25 GINI COEFFICIENT Based on income from work! per household member Source: Singapore Department of Statistics

26 GINI COEFFICIENT Based on income from work! per household member Source: Singapore Department of Statistics

27 BUT, Stratification Skilled vs unskilled Vulnerable groups Premium to H.E. Strength of ties Intergenerational! (im)mobility &! income disparity Youth aspirations

28 IMPLICATIONS: FOR SINGAPORE //! FOR ASEAN

29 LIFELONG LEARNING MEANS TO AN END EMPLOYABILITY

30 Strengthen trust Realistic rhetoric Truthfulness in demonstrating outcomes Ability to produce useful monitoring and evaluation data to provide evidence of impact

31 LIFELONG LEARNING POLICIES (DOMESTIC) MOBILITY BETWEEN STATES (TRANSNATIONAL)

32 The core aim of regionalisation in this realm appears to be the eventual free flow of skilled labour through harmonisation and standardisation (ASEAN, 2007, p. 18). MOBILITY BETWEEN STATES (TRANSNATIONAL) LIFELONG LEARNING POLICIES (DOMESTIC)

33 From an early stage, socio-economic development programmes need to demonstrate results. At the earliest stages this is likely to take the form of outputs, e.g. adoption, number of unemployed people receiving training. However policy makers are soon interested in more substantial results such results are expected to have a bigger impact that relate to policy and programme goals in the longer term (Evalsed, 2009).

34 CONCLUDING REMARKS WHAT ELSE DO WE NEED! TO ESTABLISH THE LINK BETWEEN LIFELONG LEARNING & MOBILITY/OPPORTUNITIES?

35 RECOMMENDATIONS Invest in longitudinal studies, periodic surveys and focused qualitative studies that address the impact of PET & CET Strengthen information systems Design measures and indicators that relate directly to the outcomes of specific programmes & initiatives Sustain the monitoring and evaluation system (Brown, et al., 2011)

36

37 THANK YOU

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