EFFECTIVE WORKPLACES SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTS, JOB DESIGN, AND SUSTAINABILITY

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Kristin Kelly
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1 Institute of Facility Management Workplace Research & Management EFFECTIVE WORKPLACES SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTS, JOB DESIGN, AND SUSTAINABILITY IFMA Workplace Strategy Summit

2 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Study I: Multilevel analysis of building/design parameters, perceptions, job characteristics, and employee-level outcomes 3. Study II: Quality of sustainable office buildings 4. Conclusions 2

3 Introduction 3

4 Evidence-based reasoning In god we trust, all others bring data (attributed to W. Edwards Deming) 4

5 Conceptual model of environment-behaviour relationship (Marans & Spreckelmeyer, 1981, p. 22, modified) Objective Features of the Environment Perception and Appraisal of Features of Environment Attitudes and emotional Reactions Behaviour and long-term Reactions 5

6 Study I: Multilevel analysis of building/design parameters, perceptions, job characteristics, and employee-level outcomes 6

Goals and characteristics of study I Goals of the study Analysis of relative effects of (perceived) office environment and (perceived) job characteristics on user-level outcomes Analysis of office

7 Goals and characteristics of study I Goals of the study Analysis of relative effects of (perceived) office environment and (perceived) job characteristics on user-level outcomes Analysis of office users' perceptions and building/design parameters on userlevel outcomes Characteristics of study Cross-sectional quasi-experimental field study 24 organisations 39 buildings 1373 employees completed survey Predominant office type: Cell office (1-2 employees): 11 Small group office (3-15 employees): 11 Large group office ( employees): 14 Open space (> 50 employees): 2 Combi office:1 7

Effective workplaces: spatial environments and job design Office environment Spatial organisation of offices Layout Spatial Density Workspace quality Work and storage spaces Workplace appropriateness

8 Effective workplaces: spatial environments and job design Office environment Spatial organisation of offices Layout Spatial Density Workspace quality Work and storage spaces Workplace appropriateness Indoor environmental conditions Office noise Indoor climate Lighting Control over environment Socio-spatial environment Social density Privacy Crowding Distractions Employee-level outcomes Satisfaction Health Work performance Job design Scope of action decision possibilities with regard to procedures, equipment, time frame, and sequence of actions Variety degree to which skills and abilities can be applied for dealing with work tasks, deciding, and learning new things on the job Overload Quantitative overload (time pressure, high workload) qualitative overload (overtaxing information processing) 8

9 Explained variance: relative effects of office environment and job characteristics Work Engagement Work Performance Health Job Design Office Design Office Satisfaction Job Satisfaction Substantial effects of office design variables on all outcome dimension 9

10 Multi-level Analysis 10

11 Floor space per workplace per building Amount of floor space is not statistically related to employee-level outcomes (satisfaction, health, work performance) 11

12 Floor space ratios per workplace per building Ratios of floor space / office type are not statistically related to employee-level outcomes (satisfaction, health, work performance) 12

13 Office quality lies in the eyes of the beholder Satisfaction, health, and work performance cannot be explained by spatial building parameters but depend on users' perceptions 13

14 Ranking of job characteristics and office design effects on employee-level outcomes Job Satisfaction Health Self-assessed Work Performance Rank 1 Variety Gender Variety Increasing importance (effect size) Workspace quality Overload Distractions Control over work environment Indoor climate Overload Social density Scope of action Distractions Workplace appropriateness Workspace quality Gender Distractions Age Workplace appropriateness Office design Job design 15

15 Summary from perspective of Job Demands- Resources model 16

16 Study II: Quality of sustainable office buildings 17

17 Background FM Comfort, health, work performance, energy-related user behaviour: Effects of sustainable office buildings vs. Interaction between users and sustainable office buildings 18

Goals and characteristics of study II Goals of the study What are the benefits and disadvantages of sustainable office buildings for the user?

18 Goals and characteristics of study II Goals of the study What are the benefits and disadvantages of sustainable office buildings for the user? How do occupants deal with sustainable office buildings and what are the consequences of their behavior on ecological aspects of sustainability? Characteristics of study Cross-sectional quasi-experimental field study 10 organisations 26 buildings 6092 employees completed survey economy environment Individuals / society 19

19 Theoretical framework Buildings Employees Building properties IEQ Comfort Job satisfaction Health Work performance Energy consumption Behaviour Job characteristics Social environment 20

20 Energy-related Behaviour: What kind of things do employees bring to their workspaces? 50% 40% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2.1% 16.1% 3.7% Heater Fan Air humidifier 2.0% Plug-in lamp 11.6% 11.8% Electric kettle Coffee machine 21.4% Radio 5.4% PC/ Laptop 14.8% Fridge 21

21 Manipulations by Occupants 70% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 13.6% Covered / blocked / sealed / diverted ventilation 8.1% 9.9% 7.8% Blocked/opened Opened / blocked automated/unoperable doors that are not windows intended for ventilation Blocked automated blinds 1.4% Manipulated sensors 22

22 Perceived importance of reasons for energetically suboptimal behavior Importance of mentioned reason Very important Not important at all 1 Lacking proenvironmental attitudes Lacking selfefficacy Lacking incentives Goal conflicts Lacking Information Conflicting habits 23

Air condition CO2 Noise (db) Speech intelligibility Temperature Relative humidity Gender Age Comfort Perceived

23 Multi-level Analysis for Work Engagement Work Engagement Building-level predictors Individual-level predictors Effect No effect Social density Physical density Building automation Energy-efficiency label Operable windows Air condition CO2 Noise (db) Speech intelligibility Temperature Relative humidity Gender Age Comfort Perceived IEQ Variety Holistic job Social support Distractions / interruptions Scope of action Overload Social Stressors 24

24 Conclusions 27

25 Conclusions 1. Substantial effects of office design These effects are independent from job design and social environment effects 2. Significant differences between buildings in relation to (a) effect sizes of office design impacts on employees and (b) energy-relevant behaviour 3. Building characteristics are not significant predictors for individual level outcomes Multi-level Modelling takes the (in)consistency of the relationship between building characteristics and outcomes across different contexts into account 4. Interaction of users and their environment Occupants control their comfort in the workplace 28

Effective workplaces User-centered design and management tailored to the specific situation Evidence-based reasoning Social density: balance of informal interaction and

26 Effective workplaces User-centered design and management tailored to the specific situation Evidence-based reasoning Social density: balance of informal interaction and distractions Resources (not only demands) in the work environment Control over elements of the office environment Information and expectation management Integration with job design 29

27 Vielen Dank. Thank you. Lukas Windlinger, PhD Institute of Facility Management Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland 30

Post-occupancy Evaluation of Green Buildings Are they as green as we thought? Guy Newsham, Ph.D. and colleagues

Post-occupancy Evaluation of Green Buildings Are they as green as we thought? Guy Newsham, Ph.D. and colleagues Introduction How do green buildings perform when occupied? Indoor Environment Quality, Occupant