Let s make stronger Industrial Power of the Soviet Union, 1932 Propaganda Poster

Transcription

1 Let s make stronger Industrial Power of the Soviet Union, 1932 Propaganda Poster

2 AS Grade: A2 ALPS target: Personal target: Based on your AS performance: what is your most important skills and study targets for studying this essay based topic next year. SKILL TARGET: STUDY TARGET: Russia Skills Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree nor disagree AO1a: I can use a wide range of accurate and relevant evidence. AO1a: I can accurately and confidently use appropriate historical terminology. AO1a: I can create clearly structured and coherent answers to questions. AO1a: I can communicate accurately and legibly. AO1b: I understand how to analyse key concepts (continuity/ change/ causation/ significance) within their historical context. AO1b: I can produce excellent synthesis (drawing links between different rulers across a time period). AO1b: I can produce a thorough synoptic assessment (a judgement over a whole time period). AO1b: I understand different interrelationships across different areas and can support these connections. Study skills: I can take responsibility for my own learning, seek information and clarification independently and know when to ask for help. Study skills: I can keep up to date with deadlines and stay organised. Disagree Strongly disagree

3 New Work Discipline Break Bulk Monopoly Concessions Medele ev Tariff Proletariat Government Bonds Peasant Land Bank Great Spurt Gold Standard GNP per capita Expansionist Foreign Policy Payment in Kind War Communism Grain Requisitioning Five Year Plans Gosplan capital New Economic Policy Nepman Economic autarky Consumer Industries entrepreneurs serf economy bureaucracy

4 Learning Objectives To be able to explain changes to industry under Alexander II and the significance of any changes that they made to Russian economy and society. Success Criteria 1. To be able to apply general ideas about industrialisation to Russia (Ao1a). 2. To be able to describe how Alexander II tried to industrialise (Ao1a). 3. To be able to explain the problems that Alexander II had with industrialising Russia (Ao1a). 4. To be able to explain the effects that industrialisation had on Russia (Ao1b; continuity, change and significance). Task 1: What are the features of Industrialisation? Create a spider diagram around this key word about what the key features of industrialisation are? This might include economic features, but also how society might change and adapt as a result. Use these images to help you. Industrialisation How does this link to the nature of government?

5 Task 2: Russia s situation before Alexander II a) Use these sources to comment on the industrial situation of Russia before Alexander II Figure 1 Figure 2 b) Use these sources to comment on what may have changed during the three Tsars we have looked at. What reasons could you give for these changes? Figure 3

6 c) True or False? Use the Heinemann Russia and Its Rulers textbook, page to identify whether the following statements are true or false. Remember to correct the statements if false, add detail and explain why these things were necessary for industrialisation. *Underlined words highlight a key term. Make sure you have a meaning for it. Statement Russia had lots of readily available capital from developed overseas trade and a strong and improving agriculture that grew crops for a growing market. Russia, unlike Britain, did not have coal readily available at various sources throughout the country for power. The Russian people had the freedom to develop industrial enterprises with weak guild control and government interference. Taxes were low and credit available. Russia did not have a developed middle class out of which entrepreneurs emerged and who provided investors and markets. There was a growing interest in science and engineering among an element of the elite which could provide support for industrial growth. There was a sympathetic attitude towards industrial entrepreneurs from the state. The economy was based on a serf economy with a top heavy bureaucracy. Russia was an easy country to get around and its geography leant itself well to transport development. During the Free Trade Era (circa 1840s-1870s) there was a good deal of foreign investment. There were excellent harvests throughout the entire period. True or False? Correction (if necessary) or extra details. Why was this necessary for industrialisation?

7 Task 3: What needed to be in place for Russia to Industrialise? Imagine that you are Alexander II in What would be the top five things you would need to change in order to industrialise Russia? How easy might that be to achieve? 1: Why have you chosen to change those things? 2: 3: 4: What difficulties might you have changing those things? 5: Task 4: Why did Russia need to industrialise? This section links quite closely with the impact of war and revolution. Complete this diagram to note all of the external and internal pressures on Russia to industrialise. Use page of the Heinemann Russia and Its Rulers book. External Pressures to Industrialise Internal Pressures to Industrialise

8 Task 5: Alexander II and the proto-management of the economy a) Why did Alexander II decide to industrialise? Use Access to History, Russia and its Rulers (page 103). * answer must include the phrase a new work discipline. b) Which features of Industrialisation does Alexander II (and his Minister of Finance, Mikhail Reutern) decide to work on? Why? c) Read page 104 and construct the railway line with the factors that helped to cause industrialisation. Agricultural Russia Industrial Russia Key words to include: break bulk, government bonds, taxation exemptions, monopoly concessions. d) On lined paper, list: i. The effects of industrialisation on Russia ii. The significance of these changes. To what extent was Russia s industry transformed under Alexander II?

9 Learning Objectives To be able to explain change and continuity in economic policy between 1881 and Success Criteria 1. To be able to describe the features of Witte s Great Spurt (Ao1a, recalling, selecting and deploying relevant knowledge). 2. To be able to explain both the positive and negative impact of Witte s economic reform (Ao1b, significance within an historical context). 3. To be able to link Witte s reforms with reforms under Alexander II. Task 1: To what extent did the economy improve, ? Interpret the following statistics to explain to what extent the economy improved under Alexander II and Nicholas II. Key term Pud: Russian unit of measurement, about kilograms Economic Growth Indicator Pig iron production million puds Coal million puds ,200 Raw cotton million puds Railway building 000 km Imports 000 roubles Exports Production Russia France UK Germany Austria Pig iron 000 tonnes Steel Cotton spindles 8,990 7,400 55,633 11,186 4,090 World machines (%)

10 Note any conclusions down in this box. Task 3: 1881, New Finance Minister Nikolay Bunge (1882-6) Use page 105 of Access to History, Russia and its Rulers to complete these boxes with notes on Bunge s reforms. Fiscal Amendments Peasant Land Bank Railways Why did Bunge make these reforms? What happened to Bunge? Who was Bunge replaced with and what did they do? Effect of their policies. Task 3: Witte s Great Spurt a) On lined paper, make well spaced out notes on the features of Witte s Great Spurt from Take one colour- underline anything different from previous Russian government policy. Take another colour- underline anything that fits in with previous Russian government policy (make sure that you add the policy that it is similar to). Extra Reading: check pages of Heinemann, Russia and its Rulers Add any other information (such as influences on Witte, and other issues that may have affected either Russian industry or Russian people as a result of Russian industry). There is also an article about Witte available in your extra reading folder, from History Today, Sergei Witte: The Last Statesman of Imperial Russia by Lional Kochan.

11 b) The Positive and Negative Impacts of Witte s Economic Reform. Read the following from Michael Lynch s Access to History, Reaction and Revolution: Russia and highlight positive and negative impacts of Witte s economic reform.

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14 c) What was the impact of Witte s policies on the Russian people? Read the Heinemann, Russia and its Rulers, pages and add notes explaining the impact of large scale economic development on the different groups/ people. Include some way of showing positives and negatives. Impact on the Russian Proletariat Impact on the Russian Peasants

15 Impact on Russian Industries Impact on Russian culture Impact on Russian nobility

16 Learning Objectives To be able to assess the extent to which the First World War affected the industrialisation of Russia. Success Criteria 1. To be able to explain how suitable the Russian economy was for fighting a war and to describe what was done to improve it (Ao1a, knowledge and recall). 2. To be able to explain the impact the First World War had on the Russian economy (Ao1b, assessment of consequence and significance within an historical context). 3. To be able to assess the reasons for Russian industrialisation across all three Tsars (Ao1b, synthesis across the period). 4. To be able to create a synoptic judgement about who deserves the title Industrial Tsar of Imperial Russia (Ao1b, synoptic judgement). 5. Target grades B+: Ao1a- wide range of evidence, accurately and relevantly deployed to create judgements. Ao1b- excellent, well supported synoptic judgements may be unexpected but substantiated claims made across the period). (Note: try and do this over ALL tasks) Quite a lot of this section links with the Nature of Government (Opposition). Try to show where! Task 1: The Fall of Witte and a War Economy a. Why did Witte fall? Use page 107 of Access to History, Russia and its Rulers to find out, if you can t remember. b. What features of industrialisation does a war economy require? What other features does a war economy require? (Success Criteria 1: remember, this will help you judge the readiness of Russia for war). c. How suitable was the Russian economy to fighting a war? (Come back to this task after your Fact Finding Mission)

17 Task 2: Fact Finding Mission. The Impact of the First World War on Russian Industry (Success Criteria 2) Instructions: Read Pages of Access to History: Russia and its Rulers (left hand side of this page), of the Heinemann Russia and its Rulers (right hand side of the page) and the reading (after this page) to complete the spider diagrams below. Problems that war caused Russian Industry Problematic Cylinder The Other Effects of war on Russian Industry Other Banner Solutions to the problems that war caused Russian Industry Solution Pentagon Don t forget your links to opposition (NoG)

18 Task 2: To what extent was the First World War a catalyst for industrialising Russia? (Bridging the gap between success criteria 1 and 2) (This question can reference the words of Trotsky- to what extent was war the locomotive of change- what do you think this means?) Answer this question considering the consequences of the First World War on Russian Industry. Plan out what you might say in this box (just bullet points will do) What does creating a synoptic judgement demand? Underline or highlight your bullet point (HINT: Crimea/ Russo Japanese- what else can you think of?) Task 3: Synopticity Task (success criteria 3) During the Tsarist regimes, several factors can be said to have affected the continuity and change of Russian Industry, both causing change and affecting continuity). Explain how, with reference to all 3 Tsars. War Government Policies Foreign Help/ Support Desire to preserve autocracy Examples of other countries Available resources Other factors? Plan your answer on A3 paper. Task 4: Synoptic Judgement (success criteria 4) Decide which of the three Tsars (Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II) deserve the title of Industrialisation Tsar. Write your justification in the box below.

19 Learning Objectives To be able to assess how the Bolshevik s initially controlled the economy and assess the impact that it had on the people of Russia. Success Criteria 1. To be able to explain how the Bolsheviks initially controlled the economy (Ao1a, knowledge and recall). 2. To be able to explain and identify change and continuity between Bolsheviks and Tsars (Ao1b, assessment of change and continuity/ synthesis across the period). 3. To be able to assess the impact of Bolshevik actions on the economy (Ao1b, assessment of consequence and significance within an historical context). 4. Target grades B+: Ao1a- wide range of evidence, accurately and relevantly deployed to create judgements. Ao1b- excellent, well supported synoptic judgements may be unexpected but substantiated claims made across the period). (Note: try and do this over ALL tasks) There are many links between this section and the end of the First World War. Task 1: The Problems Inherited from the First World War (Success Criteria 1 and 2) Create a bar chart using what you already know about the Russian economy/ Bolshevik ideology to assess the economic problems that Lenin would have to solve. *Note: you may wish to include an explanation as to what these problems are. Very significant More significant Column2 Column3 Column4 Insignificant The Land Question (who should own it) Food Shortages Lack of technical expertise Inflation Crippling of transport industry Private Enterprise (clash of ideology) This is a hard problem- what do you know of Bolshevik ideas to help you explain it?

20 *Which problems Witte s are policies new to are Lenin? sometimes said to have been successful if not interrupted by WWI. Do you think that this is true? *Hint: Look at page 107 of your Access to History, Russia and its Rulers for some clues. Task 2: Bolshevik Solutions to War Problems (Success Criteria 3) Here are the solutions to the problems caused by the war. Explain how they were intended to solve the problems that Russia had and how successful they were. You can use 108 of your Access to History, Russia and its Rulers to help you and the reading that follows. Remember: key words that you must have defined are underlined in the text. The Bolshevik s Solutions (give a few details so that you know what they are!) State Capitalism How was it supposed to solve problems with the economy and industry? Did it successfully solve the problems? What was the impact of this policy on the Russian people? Decree on Land Decree on Workers Control Formation of the Supreme Economic Council/ Supreme Council of the National Economy (Vesenkha) The Treaty of Brest Litovsk How does this link to opposition? What effect does this opposition have on Lenin s policies?

21 Learning Objectives To be able to explain what War Communism and the NEP were and to assess how they compared to Tsarist industrial policies. Success Criteria 1. To explain the reasons for the introduction of War Communism and the NEP (Ao1a, knowledge and recall). 2. To have made synoptic links between a) Tsarist industrial policies and b) opposition to regimes (Ao1b, synoptic judgement and synthesis across the period). 3. To have drawn conclusions regarding the success of War Communism and the NEP, and to explain the effect that they had on the lives of the Russian people (Ao1b, assessment of consequence and significance within an historical context). 4. Target grades B+: Ao1a- wide range of evidence, accurately and relevantly deployed to create judgements. Ao1b- excellent, well supported synoptic judgements may be unexpected but substantiated claims made across the period). (Note: try and do this over ALL tasks) Task 1: The Russian Civil War and its impact on the Economy (Success Criteria 1) Read the following text and highlight: The factors that caused problems to the economy that were to do with the Russian Civil War. The factors that caused problems to the economy that were not to do with the Russian Civil War. *Note, this text is from the SHP textbook, Communist Russia under Lenin and Stalin While Trotsky managed the Civil War, Lenin concentrated on building and consolidating the Bolshevik state... Lenin took charge of the day-to-day business of the Sovnakom and the problems he faced were formidable. Chief amongst was these was the rapid deterioration of the economy in the spring of To ensure their survival in the first months after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks had handed over control of the land to the peasants and control of the factories to the workers committees. The pressure from peasants and workers had been irresistible. But it was not long before the shortcomings of both policies became apparent. Industry fell apart as workers committees proved incapable of running the factories (although the economic collapse was underway well before the workers took over, so they cannot be blamed entirely). This was compounded by acute shortages of raw materials created by the Civil War. Industrial output, particularly consumer goods, shrank in the Bolshevik-held central area. The shortage of goods led to soaring price inflation and the value of the rouble collapsed. Peasants would not supply food to the cities if there were no goods for which food could be exchanged and paper money was worthless. Moreover, the rich wheat areas of the Ukraine were outside Bolshevik control. So the food shortages got worse and as early as February 1918, the bread ration in Petrograd had reached an all-time low of only 50 grams per person per day. There were food riots in many cities in early Workers started to flee from the cities, leaving factories short of workers. The situation was desperate. Lenin was faced with two main problems: keeping the workers in the cities to produce munitions, essential war supplies and other desperately needed goods.

22 feeding the workers. It was not only economic problems that Lenin faced in the summer of 1918; he was also confronted by the full onslaught of the Civil War. From this point onwards, the Bolsheviks were fighting for their lives. As a result, the whole economy of the Red-held part of Russia was geared towards the needs of the army. The name given to the policies Lenin adopted from is War Communism. The Problem of Food Supply Getting food into the cities had been a problem since 1915 and had contributed significantly to the February and October Revolutions. For some time the peasants had been uncooperative. During 1917, they had been interested only in getting the land and once they had it they wanted to be left alone to farm it. Their main wish was to run their lives without outside interference. They were not really concerned about the problems in the cities, which had little to offer them in return for their grain. Added to this, large peasant households had split themselves into several smaller households to increase their claim for land and consequently the land had been broken up into small parcels. This encouraged a return to subsistence farming rather than productions for the market. Yet Lenin had promised to give the workers bread and this was a promise he could not afford to renege on. Task 2: Analysing War Communism (Success Criteria 2 and 3) Read the main features of War Communism and then complete the analysis questions below. Grain requisitioning The Bolsheviks had been sending units of Red guards and soldiers out into the countryside to find grain for the hard-pressed cities. In May 1918 a Food-Supplies Dictatorship was set up to establish the forcible requisitioning of grain as the standard policy. Unsurprisingly, the peasants resisted bitterly. What was the impact of grain requisitioning on the peasants? Is this change or continuity? Banning of private trade All private trade and manufacture were banned. However, the state trading organisation was extremely chaotic and industry was simply not producing enough consumer goods. So an enormous black market developed, without which most people could not have survived. What does this demonstrate to you about the success of communist principles in the economy?

23 Nationalisation of industry All industry was brought under state control and administered by the Supreme Council of National Economy (Vesenkha). Workers' committees were replaced by single managers reporting to central authorities. These were often the old bourgeois managers now called 'specialists'. This was the only way to stop the chaos caused by the factory workers' committees who had voted themselves huge pay rises, intimidated management and stolen materials for illegal goods. Not all workers were against nationalisation: many, faced with the closure of their factory, urged that it be nationalised and kept open. They were desperate to keep their jobs. What does this demonstrate to you about the success of communist principles in the economy? Labour discipline Discipline was brought back to the work place. There were fines for lateness and absenteeism. Internal passports were introduced to stop people fleeing to the countryside. Piece -work rates were brought back, along with bonuses and a work book that was needed to get rations. Why do you think passports were necessary? Is there change or continuity between Tsarist industrial policy? Rationing A class-based system of rationing was introduced. The labour force was given priority along with Red Army soldiers. Smaller rations were given to civil servants and professional people such as doctors. The smallest rations, barely enough to live on, were given to the burzhui or middle classes - or as they were now called, 'the former people'. The Red Terror Another crucial element of War Communism was the systematic use of terror to back up the new measures and deal with opposition. The Bolsheviks faced increased opposition inside the cities from: workers who were angry at their economic plight, low food rations and state violence. There were calls for a new Soviet elections, a free press, the restoration of the Constituent Assembly and the overthrow of the Sovnakom. Signs appeared on city walls saying Down with Lenin and horsemeat! Give us the Tsar and pork! left wing Socialist Revolutionaries who were protesting about the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. They turned to terrorism, shooting the German ambassador in July 1918 to try to wreck the Russian relationship

24 with the Germans. They captured the head of the Cheka in May and managed to shoot Lenin in August Two other Bolshevik Party leaders were murdered. An assassination attempt on Lenin's life in August 1918 prompted the Cheka to launch the Red Terror. Arrests, executions etc. increased in intensity. What was the impact of War Communism on the Russian people? For more information on the impact of War Communism on the Russian people, read the pages on What was life like in Bolshevik cities under War Communism? Task 3: The New Economic Policy (Success Criteria 1) Read page 109 of Access to History, Russia and its Rulers and explain what the differences are between the NEP and War Communism. Why do you think that Lenin took this step? Read and highlight the reading on the following pages. Were you correct? What reasons were based on the need to improve the economy? What reasons were based on opposition?

25 Task 4: The Nepman and other Effects of the NEP (Success Criteria 3) Read page of Access to History: Russia and its Rulers, and the following reading and complete the following tasks. Create a cartoon image of a Nepman Explain what the Scissors Crisis was On lined paper, create a summary of the positive and negative impacts of the NEP. Was it better, or worse than War Communism for the Russian people?

26 Learning Objectives To be able to explain what it was and why Stalin made his Great Turn Success Criteria 1. To explain the reasons for Stalin s Great Turn (Ao1a, knowledge and recall). 2. To have drawn conclusions about the intended effects of the Great Turn on the Russian economy (Ao1b, assessment of consequence and significance within an historical context). 3. To have drawn synoptic links across the period (Ao1b) 4. Target grades B+: Ao1a- wide range of evidence, accurately and relevantly deployed to create judgements. Ao1b- excellent, well supported synoptic judgements may be unexpected but substantiated claims made across the period). (Note: try and do this over ALL tasks) Task 1: What was Stalin s Great Turn? Look at page 156 in your handout (from SHP textbook) and highlight the changes that demonstrate that Stalin had a Great Turn. Write a summary in the boxes below. Changes from the NEP that indicate Stalin began a Great Turn Questions that you need to ask about the Great Turn Task 2: The Reasons for Stalin s Great Turn a) Look at the source on page 116 of the Heinemann Russia and its Rulers book and note down the reasons given by Stalin for the Great Turn. b) Look at page of your SHP handout and read the reasons for the Great Turn. Draw a little crown to indicate where a reason links to Tsarist motives for industrialisation (and write an example). Draw a little Bolshevik symbol to indicate where a reason links to Lenin s work with the economy (and write an example). c) Look at page 154 and 155 of your SHP handout and highlight where the failure of the NEP made a change in economic policy necessary. d) How different was the motives for Stalin s Great Turn from previous governments policies? Why was there continuity in the different needs to industrialise Russia?

27 Learning Objectives To be able to assess the successes and failures of the Five Year Plans. Success Criteria 1. To explain what the aims of the FYPs were (Ao1a, knowledge and recall). 2. To have explained the different methods of the FYPs and assessed their success (Ao1b, assessment of consequence and significance within an historical context). 3. To have drawn synoptic links across the period (Ao1b). 4. Target grades B+: Ao1a- wide range of evidence, accurately and relevantly deployed to create judgements. Ao1b- excellent, well supported synoptic judgements may be unexpected but substantiated claims made across the period). (Note: try and do this over ALL tasks) Task 1: Soviet Economy Posters *All posters are taken from the International Institute of Social History, which can be found at this URL #top. Look at the following posters on the Soviet Economy and see what information you can work out from them about the industrialisation that took place under the Five Year Plans. Help build the gigantic factories, This poster is advertising a state loan to build large factories. Full speed ahead for the fourth and final year of the Five Year Plan!, 1931 With shock labour we will ensure prompt delivery of the giants of the Five Year Plan, 1931 Giants of the Five Year Plan, 1933 Under Lenin's banner for the second Five Year Plan!, 1931 We do like Stachanov! 1936 Azerbaijan cotton workers (Azerbaijan being a Soviet satellite state).

28 Task 2: The Five Year Plans Use the Access to History Stalin and Industrialisation readings (from Stalin and Khrushchev, ) to complete the notes on the Five Year Plans. Key terms to Define Gosplan Homo Sovieticus Gigantomania Stakhanovite Propaganda and the FYPs. Skim read the reading to find all the information that you can on how propaganda was used during the FYPs. Create a propaganda poster that covers ALL of these methods: the plan itself, Homo Sovieticus, Magnitogorsk, the collective will, saboteurs, use of terror, media control, Stakahnovite.

29 Task 3: Successes and Failures of the Five Year Plans *Note, this will also include industrialisation under Khrushchev, who came to power (eventually) after Stalin s death in Create a method of recording the successes and failures of the Five Year Plans. You need to include (tick the box when you have completed: What needs to be included Details of the plans themselves: what the included (1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Five Year Plans) Success of those plans Other factors affecting the plans (e.g. war, shortages, unrest...) Failures of the plans Ao1b: Significance of things that happened with the plans (e.g. impact on Russian industrial growth or development, impact on the Russian people). Ao1b: Evaluation of change and continuity across the other Russian leaders (Alexander II, Alexander III, Nicholas II, Lenin) SYNTHESIS Ao1b: Synoptic Judgement Methods include: mind map, revision cards, revision poster, mixture of pictures and texts, notes that you highlight and annotate, reports... anything you can think of, as long as you can explain it to the group. Use these resources: Access to History, Russia and its Rulers pages Heinemann, Russia and its Rulers pages You will also need Access to History Stalin and Industrialisation readings (from Stalin and Khrushchev, ) that you used in the previous task and the next section The Economy in Wartime. You will also need the information on Khrushchev from the same text. You can use any other resources that you might find. Task 4: The Five Year Plans were the best industrialising Russia ever had. Write your judgement in the box below.

30 Learning Objectives To be prepared for planning and writing industrialisation synoptic essays. Personalised Learning Objectives (to be set by your teacher and based on your previous performance): Success Criteria 1. Ao1a; knowledge and recall of supporting contextual evidence to develop an argument. 2. Ao1b; assessment of consequence and significance within an historical context. 3. To have drawn synoptic links across the period. 4. Target grades B+: Ao1a- wide range of evidence, accurately and relevantly deployed to create judgements. Ao1b- excellent, well supported synoptic judgements may be unexpected but substantiated claims made across the period). Task 1: Essays on the Industrialisation of Russia Confidence Chart: Decide the level of confidence that you have with each of these industrialisation essays by completing the chart below. Essay Title Confident Okay Not confident Essay 1: Explain why the pace and extent of industrialisation were much greater under the communists than the tsars. Essay 2: How different socially and economically was Tsarist Russia ( ) from Communist Russia? ( ) Essay 3: All Russia s rulers tried to modernise Russia. How far do you agree with this view of the period from ? Essay 4: Assess the view that economic change in Russia was more successful under Stalin than any other rule in the period from *Bear in mind that industry will come into essays on the other themes, but these are ones that are focused on industrialisation overall. Task 2: The Essay of Least Confidence Pick the essay that you are least confident on to work on in today s lesson, because this will then mean that you can get help on it. Ideally, you will (as part of your revision) write (or at least plan) all of these essays. Pick apart your essay and state what it is asking you to do using the following boxes. Look at the example, on this question from another theme: The communist rulers were effective autocrats; the Tsars were not. How far do you agree with this view of Russian government in the period from ? Essay Picked: 1, 2, 3, 4. What does it want me to compare/ assess? Is the essay built around a particular ruler/ idea? Is there a key term that needs defining? What is the time period? Nature of governmentcontrol rulers had over people. Level of autocracy of Russian state over the period. Effective: control over people/ media, lack of opposition, ability to do whatever

31 Task 3: The Mark Scheme a) Look at the mark scheme in this handout. b) Look at your target grade. What criteria do you need to get to meet your target grade? Write it inyour own words so we can see what you actually need to do. c) Write your target grade criteria in the boxes below. Target Grade: Ao1a Use of Evidence Ao1a Use of Key Historical Terminology Ao1a Structure Ao1a (Literacy) Written Communication Ao1b Understanding of Key Concepts Ao1b Analysis of Key Concepts Ao1b Links between the periods Ao1b Developed Explanations Ao1b Balanced and Supported Judgements (synoptic) Ao1b Focus and Relevance Ao1b Synthesis (rulers compared and contrasted) Task 4: The Knowledge Required: Use a page of A3 paper to create a plan for your essay. You may plan your essay in any way you wish BUT your plan must include- the rulers you will pair/ group together as doing similar things, the rulers you will contrast with each other (knowledge/ synthesis), your assessment of change and continuity, your assessment of significance of changes and continuities, and the specific historical knowledge that you might use, and crucially how you will meet the target criteria for your essay. Task 5: Write your essay! Timed conditions: 1 hour. Lined Paper Submit for marking.

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