Study on Innovative Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and the Creation of Employment (May July 2001)
|
|
- Mervin Morrison
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Study on Innovative Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and the Creation of Employment (May July 2001) Presentation Report on The Impact of Innovation on the Skill Level of Jobs in SMEs Study supported by the Innovation Directorate (DG Enterprise, European Commission) Prepared by: Austrian Institute for Small Business Research (IfGH) and Instituto Vasco de Estudios e Investigación (IKEI) Vienna, December 2000 Information about the results of the Innovation Policy study series is available at:
2 The Impact of Innovation on the Skill Level of Jobs in SMEs Content Introduction The Relationship between Technology and Skills Review of Empirical Results Conclusion Content The responsibility for the content of this report lies with the Austrian Institute for Small Business Research (IfGH) A-1040 Vienna, Gußhausstrasse 8 Tel , Fax Internet: ifgh@ifgh.ac.at
3 Preface The Impact of Innovation on the Skill Level of Jobs in SMEs This presentation report is produced in the frame of a research study on Innovative SMEs and the Creation of Employment on behalf of the European Commission, DG Enterprise. The results of the entire project shall together with other assignments strengthen the knowledge base of innovation performers and policies in Europe and will serve to effectively support the analysis, updating and dissemination of priority topics of the new innovation policy of the Commission titled Innovation in a knowledgedriven economy. 1 The topic covered in this report was selected from the results of the first interim report of the project, which contains a comprehensive literature review and analysis of the theoretical and empirical material produced on the relationship between innovative small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and the creation of employment in the 90s in all member states of the European Union plus Norway and the United States. Further steps of the project, which is expected to be finished by September 2001, include the conduction of empirical analyses on the relationship between innovative SMEs and the creation of employment based on data from standard international data sources as well as from national and regional sources. Additionally, personal interviews shall be performed with private market operators, representative bodies, and public bodies from the member states of the European Union in order to present the opinion of key actors on current support initiatives and to make suggestions for possible improvements to be adopted by public authorities in this field. Finally, the project will identify and present some positive examples of employment created by innovative small and medium sized enterprises by means of selected case studies and will draw conclusions and suggestions from corresponding findings towards support policies for innovative SMEs as a tool to create employment. Introduction Technological change has greatly altered the demand for workers skills. Many tasks once carried out manually are now performed by automated equipment. Additionally, as information-based technologies, such as computers and sophisticated machine tools, become more widespread the demand for certain skills may disappear, while the demand for workers able to maintain, use, and develop these technologies rises. There is therefore concern that technological change may increase the polarisation of society by widening the gap in income and employment opportunities between those whose skills have been displaced by new technologies and those who create and use it. The principal reason for the increased concern over how technological change alters the demand for various skills is the sharp decline in the demand for low-skilled workers, combined with an increase in the demand for highly skilled labour observed in most OECD countries. As there is widespread recognition that especially SMEs contribute intensively to employment within the European Union ( 2 ), and furthermore play an increasingly important role in the production and implementation of innovation ( 3 ), the importance of the impact of innovation in SMEs on the skill level of jobs created gets even more striking. With this regard it is the intention of the underlying presentation report to further contribute to the knowledge on the basic linkages between technology and skills, to present recent empirical findings on the impact of innovation on the skill level of jobs, especially with reference to SMEs, and to draw respective conclusions. 1 European Commission (2000a) European Commission (2000b) OECD (1996a)
4 The Relationship between Technology and Skills When new technologies are introduced into production processes, it is generally thought that they reduce the demand for low-skilled workers and increase the demand for high-skilled workers. A theoretical model dealing with the effects of innovation on the skill level of employment does not seem to be available. A positive relation between technological progress and the demand for high-skilled workers at the level of the firm, however, can be explained by reference to at least three arguments ( 4 ): The first is that high-skilled workers adapt more easily to technological change than low-skilled workers. The second is based on the observation that some new technologies perform repetitive tasks traditionally carried out by low-skilled labour or workers without extensive training. The third argument is that computer technologies increase the productivity of high-skilled workers more than of low-skilled workers, so that firms match high-skilled workers with new technologies. However, at the same time, and in addition to this upskilling, technology can also have a deskilling effect, in the sense that it might lower the skills required to perform certain tasks. There is, for example, some recent evidence that information technology reduces middlemanagement jobs, traditionally thought of as skilled ( 5 ). With the development of intelligent software able to perform a variety of functions, information technology can now be used to conduct many information gathering tasks and analyses in addition to simple computation, formerly done by skilled workers. Box 1: What is skill-bias? The notion of bias in technical change derives from the theory of economic growth and originally concerns the capital/labour relationship of production. Technical change is said to be biased (as opposed to neutral), if it entails, under some conditions, changes among factors in the distribution of income. In the current debate the use of this concept has departed from its origin and is applied to the different skill levels of employment. Suppose, for example, that there are two factors, skilled and unskilled labour, each associated with a certain technology. If technological change improves one technology, lets say the one used by skilled workers, more than the one used by unskilled workers then it is called skill-biased. Source: OECD (1996c) Review of Empirical Results The impact of technology on the demand for different skill levels of labour is controversely discussed throughout the literature. Various empirical studies have shown that new technology favours highly skilled labour and substitutes low-skilled labour. 6 A phenomenon called skill biased technological change (see Box 1), which is often considered the main reason for the decline in relative demand for low-skilled labour observed in most OECD countries. However, while most of these studies refer to the aggregate level, only little is known about shifting labour demand due to innovation and technology within individual firms, especially within small and medium sized enterprises. Studies covering this subject have only been conducted in Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands, so far. Falk (1999) is one of the few who analyses the impact of technological innovations on employment of different types of labour (see Box 2) by firm size. In his analysis for the manufacturing sector in West Germany he interviewed about 800 firm managers whether they plan to increase employment of persons with an university degree, of masters and technicians or the total number of employees in the period 1997 to The empirical results suggest that employment expectations differ significantly between innovating and non-innovating enterprises. Results, however, vary by type of innovation measure and the educational qualification required (see Table 1). 4 5 OECD (1996b) See for example OECD (1996b) -2-6 For a comprehensive overview of the most relevant studies see for example OECD (1996c).
5 Table 1: Employment growth expectations for innovating and non-innovating enterprises in West Germany between 1997 and 1999, applying different innovation measures percentages of enterprises with demand for innovation measure university graduates masters/technicians total employment innovating innovating noninnovating noninnovating innovating noninnovating product innovations product and process innovations product and cost red. process inno new products with pos. revenues new market products expected sales growth patent applications Source: Falk (1999) Falk (1999) finds that, in general, innovative firms have higher employment expectations than non-innovative firms. In particular, job creation for university graduates is actually more common in innovative enterprises: between 49 % and 57 % of these firms expect employment to increase, depending on the type of innovation measure. For non-innovative enterprises, only between 21 % and 33 % expect employment of university graduates to increase. Similar to university graduates, employment expectations for masters and technicians differ between innovative and non-innovative enterprises. For new market products, for example, which have proven to be more significant than any other measure of product innovation in determining expected employment probabilities, 39 % of the innovative enterprises plan to create new jobs for masters and technicians for the period 1997 to 1999, compared to only 26 % within the group of non-innovative firms (see Graph 1). Furthermore, Falk (1999) finds that job creation for university graduates is much more likely in medium sized ( employees) and in large enterprises than in both, very small (up to 50 employees) and small (50-99 employees) firms. Expectations for total employment, on the contrary, are clearly negatively related to firm size. The highest employment expectations for masters and technicians can be found in medium sized enterprises Although not taking account for size-class effects, Kaiser (1998) finds in a similar analysis for Germany, that a shift towards highly skilled labour is also present within business related services, an increasingly important sector in most western European economies. The author yields from his investigation of firms belonging to sectors, such as transport, consultancy, software, and other business services evidence for shifting employment patterns in business related services due to the implementation of new technologies. Kaiser (1998) shows that the share of investment in information and communication technologies (IT) in total investment influences expected labour demand quite differently across skill groups: It has a significantly positive impact on highly skilled labour, such as university graduates and a significantly negative impact on skilled labour. Box 2: Skills and how to measure them The term skill refers to the qualifications needed to perform certain tasks in the labour market. In the most general sense, it reflects the level of human capital, and upskilling can be seen as synonymous for human capital development. In empirical work, researchers often use proxies based on education and occupation. Education is usually defined by years of schooling or degree obtained and is not adjusted for quality. Occupations sometimes provide more information on the skills of workers, but measures vary considerably across countries and may be ambiguous. These measures do not necessarily take into account onthe-job-learning and skills associated with the use of new technologies. In practice, most empirical work which attempts to assess the evolution of skills uses crude proxies such as the ratio of production and nonproduction workers, that of blue- and white-collar workers, or the share of the workforce with a higher education. Source: OECD (1996c) -3-
6 Graph 1: Demand for university graduates, masters and technicians, and total employment in West German enterprises, percentages of enterprises university graduates innovating firms Source: Falk (1999), modified masters/ technicians total employment non-innovating firms The author concludes that highly skilled labour is needed to implement new information technologies in a firm, which are then used to replace skilled labour. Investment in information and communication technologies, however, does not seem to influence the demand for unskilled labour. Total investment, in turn, shows a significantly negative effect on the demand for unskilled labour pointing at a substitutive relation between unskilled labour and capital. For unskilled labour, only the total amount of investment, not the distribution of investment across different types of investment seems to matter. Neither total, nor investment in information technologies have found to have a significant effect on the demand for technically skilled labour. Summarising it may be concluded that the larger the share of IT investment in total investment, the higher is the probability of increased employment figures for highly skilled labour, i.e. for university graduates, and the lower is the probability of increased employment figures for skilled workers. Total investment, on the contrary, turns out to be complementary to technically skilled labour and substitutive to unskilled labour. The effect of innovation on the demand for different types of labour and the need for skills has also been analysed in Austria by Leo and Steiner (1995). In their survey carried out in 1990 the authors asked 600 industrial enterprises from the Austrian manufacturing sector whether the demand for different types of labour increased, decreased, or remained constant following the introduction of an innovation. Additionally, firms had to indicate whether these innovations increased, decreased, or did not change the level of qualification of different types of labour. Leo and Steiner (1995) find that looking at the balance of firms which want to increase or decrease employment (= percentage of firms indicating an increase in employment minus percentage of firms indicating a decrease in employment) the introduction of an innovation leads to substantial increases in the demand for technicians (35.3 %), skilled workers (31.5 %), researchers (19.5 %), and high level experts (28.2 %). On the other hand demand declines for workers with on-the-job training (-1.6 %), support workers (-14.8 %), and for typists and similar supporting staff (-9.8 %) (see Graph 2). Both of these effects, the need for additional highly educated employees as well as the expected decline in the number of supporting workers is found to increase with firm size. Box 3: Summary of empirical findings Employment expectations for university graduates, masters and technicians are significantly higher in innovative firms compared to non-innovative firms in manufacturing (Source: Falk (1999)). Job creation for university graduates is much more likely in medium and large sized enterprises than in very small and small firms. The highest employment expectations for masters and technicians are found in medium sized enterprises (Source: Falk (1999)). Investment in information technologies favours university graduates and substitutes skilled labour while total investment complements technically skilled labour and substitutes unskilled labour in business related services (Source: Kaiser (1998)). Innovation tends to increase the need for highly skilled workers (technicians, skilled workers, researchers, and high level experts) and to decrease the need for low-skilled workers (workers with onthe-job training, support workers, and typists and similar support staff). These effects increase with firm size (Source: Leo and Steiner (1995)). The higher the degree of innovativity of a small and medium sized enterprise the higher is the share of technically skilled workers in total employment. Less innovative SMEs, on the contrary, show a comparably higher share of unskilled workers (Source: Lettmayr at al. (1997)). Enterprises with a high R&D-intensity tend to have jobs of better quality. This concerns the share of highly educated personnel, the share of personnel participating in training courses, internal mobility of employees, and employer s judgement whether the firm s employees have attractive labour conditions (Source: Brouwer and Kleinknecht (1994)). -4-
7 Graph 2: Balance of firms that want to increase employment in Austrian manufacturing, balance of firms *) technicians skilled workers researchers high-level experts workers with onthe-job-training support workers typists and supporting staff *) percentage of firms indicating an increase in employment minus percentage of firms indicating a decrease in employment Source: Leo and Steiner (1995) Similar results for Austria are obtained by Lettmayr et al. (1997). Based on survey data from 250 Austrian small and medium sized enterprises from five technology oriented sectors (computer and office machinery, chemical and plastic products, electrical equipment, technical services, and software and telecommunications) the authors find that innovative enterprises offer a significantly higher share of highly skilled technical jobs, e.g. for university graduates, compared to less innovative firms (see Table 2). Regarding the highest skill level of employees there is hardly any difference observable between innovative and non-innovative enterprises. Innovative SMEs, however, seem to employ more frequently university graduates of technical studies. As far as high school graduates and skilled workers are concerned, innovative enterprises (medium and high innovativity) show higher percentages compared to non-innovative enterprises. The most striking differences, however, can be observed for the group of technically skilled workers. The higher the degree of innovativity of an enterprise the higher is the share of technically skilled workers in total employment. Less innovative firms, on the contrary, have a comparatively high share of unskilled workers. An analysis of the impact of innovation on the quality of work has also been conducted by Brouwer and Kleinknecht (1994) for the Netherlands. In this study the quality of work has been proxied by four different indicators: a) the percentage of highly educated personnel b) the percentage of personnel that participated in man power training courses c) the internal mobility of employees (i.e. the probability that a person in a firm moves to a different department or gets a different function) and d) the employer s judgement whether the firm s employees have attractive labour conditions. The results obtained by the authors from panel data of enterprises from all sectors of the Dutch economy (including non-commercial and governmental services) suggest that innovative enterprises with a high R&D intensity (R&D person years as percentage of total employment) tend to have jobs of better quality compared to non-innovative enterprises according to all above indicators. A summary of all empirical findings is given in Box 3. Lettmayr et al. (1997) also find that the qualificational structure of employees in less innovative enterprises hardly changed during the period 1991 to 1996, while in innovative enterprises it underwent a comparatively strong change. The share of unskilled workers decreased distinctly, while the relevance of all other qualificational levels - with the exemption of high school graduates - increased. -5-
8 Table 2: Share of employment within Austrian SMEs by qualification level and degree of innovativity in 1997 qualification highly innovative medium innovative less innovative university graduates of technical studies university graduates of other studies high school graduates skilled workers technically skilled workers low-skilled workers apprentices total Source: Lettmayr et al. (1997) Conclusion It is widely accepted that the development and diffusion of new technologies and innovation are central to the growth of output, productivity and employment within the European Union. More recent evidence suggests that, in particular, new or small firms play an increasingly important role in the production and implementation of innovation, due to their flexibility and capability to quicker respond to changing market conditions. However, despite enormous efforts made in theoretical and empirical research, literature shows that the impact of innovative small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) on employment growth as well as on the skill level of jobs created are far from being clear-cut. While it seems quite well established by recent findings from the first interim report of this project that innovation has a positive (quantitative) effect on employment creation, there exists some evidence that this effect decreases with firm size, meaning that the impact of innovation on employment growth is more pronounced in small and medium sized than in large enterprises, both, in manufacturing as well as in services. The contrary, however, seems to be the case with regard to the (qualitative) impact of innovation on the skill level of employment. In general, the introduction of innovation has shown to improve the qualificational level of employment, in the sense that it favours highly skilled labour and promotes the substitution of unskilled labour. This confirms the existence of a skill bias in technological change. But in contrary to the quantitative impact of innovation on employment, which seems to decrease with firm size, there exists some evidence that the higher demand for highly skilled workers and the lower need for low-skilled workers within innovative firms is more pronounced in larger enterprises than in smaller ones and increases with the size of the enterprise. Thus, summing up empirical findings, it may be concluded that while total employment creation has found to be higher within smaller innovative firms, job creation for highly skilled labour, such as, for example, university graduates seems higher in innovative medium and large sized enterprises. -6-
9 References Brouwer, N.M./Kleinknecht, A.H.: Tech Technologie, werkgelegenheid, winsten en lonen in Nederlandse bedrijven: een microeconometrische analyse (Technology, employment, profits and wages in Dutch enterprises), Research report, Organisation for Strategic Labour Market Research (OSA), The Hague, Falk, M.: Technological innovations and the expected demand for skilled labour at the firm level, Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW), Mannheim, European Commission: Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament, COM (2000a) 567 final, Brussels, 20/09/2000. European Commission: The European Observatory for SMEs, Sixth Report, Luxembourg 2000b. Leo, H./Steiner, V.: Innovation and employment at firm level, in: Publication N 50 of the European Innovation Monitoring System (EIMS), Luxembourg, Lettmayr, Ch./Oberholzner, T./Parger, T./Sheikh, S.: Auswirkungen von innovativen Unternehmen auf die Beschäftigtensituation (The impact of innovative enterprises on employment), Research report, Austrian Institute for Small Business Research (IfGH), Vienna, Kaiser, U.: The impact of new technologies on the demand for heterogeneous labour: Empirical evidence from the German business-related service sector, Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW), Mannheim, OECD: SMEs: Employment, innovation and growth, The Washington workshop, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris: OECD, 1996a. OECD: Technology and industrial performance. Technology diffusion, productivity, employment and skills international competitiveness, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris: OECD, 1996b. OECD: Technology, productivity and job creation, Vol. 2 Analytical report, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris: OECD, 1996c.
L. Lassnigg / P. Steiner Financial Aspects of Apprenticeship in Austria
Financial Aspects of Apprenticeship in Austria Results of an Empirical Study PAPER AT THE EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH (ECER 97) FRANKFURT/MAIN, SEPT. 24-27, 1997 Lorenz Lassnigg / Peter
More informationTechnology and Jobs in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Technology and Jobs in the Fourth Industrial Revolution Melanie Arntz ZEW Mannheim & University of Heidelberg Britta Matthes IAB Nuremberg Terry Gregory ZEW Mannheim Ulrich Zierahn ZEW Mannheim Florian
More informationIDENTIFICATION OF FUTURE SKILLS NEEDS SUMMARY OF THE FINAL REPORT IN MICRO AND CRAFT(-TYPE) ENTERPRISES UP TO 2020
FORSCHUNGSINSTITUT FÜR BERUFSBILDUNG IM HANDWERK AN DER UNIVERSITÄT ZU KÖLN IDENTIFICATION OF FUTURE SKILLS NEEDS IN MICRO AND CRAFT(-TYPE) ENTERPRISES UP TO 2020 SUMMARY OF THE FINAL REPORT 2 3 Identification
More informationOvercoming skill gaps in the ICT and Green Economy sectors
Overcoming skill gaps in the ICT and Green Economy sectors Chapter 2: How to identify skill gaps in SMEs The NEMESI project is co-funded by the Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion DG of the EU Commission
More informationFRASCATI MANUAL 2002 ANNEX ANNEX R&D DEFLATORS AND CURRENCY CONVERTERS
ANNEX R&D DEFLATORS AND CURRENCY CONVERTERS 1 Introduction 1. This annex examines special methods for deflating and converting data on R&D expenditures expressed in national currencies at current prices
More informationVET-EDS What 21st century LMOs are currently actively pursuing and how they interact with policy
VET-EDS What 21st century LMOs are currently actively pursuing and how they interact with policy Quick Introduction 21 st century LMOs engage in numerous different actions and processes. Traditionally,
More informationStandard for In-Company Trainers in ASEAN Countries. Effective In-Company Vocational Training in the Mekong Region
Standard for In-Company Trainers in ASEAN Countries Effective In-Company Vocational Training in the Mekong Region This booklet contains, which is facilitated and compiled under the GIZ Project Effective
More informationLost in consultation or Entering a new debate
Lost in consultation or Entering a new debate Opinion expressed on the consultation paper Towards a Coherent European Approach to Collective Redress 1 At the public hearing on the consultation paper on
More informationSkills Mismatch and Firm Dynamics:
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training Centre for Research in Employment, Skills & Society Skills Mismatch and Firm Dynamics: Integrating skills with the world of work Expert workshop
More informationFacts about The Danish Labour Market
Facts about The Danish Labour Market March 2017 www.investindk.com Content The Danish labour market... 2 Hiring and firing practices... 2 Business culture and working habits... 3 Salary formation... 3
More informationTHE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF DIVERSITY
Fundamental rights & anti-discrimination THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF DIVERSITY European Commission Emplo 2 THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF DIVERSITY A Study on Methods and Indicators to Measure the Cost-Effectiveness
More informationEmployee retention in China
Employee retention in China Knowledge workers and the enterprise - Chinese Employees Perspectives German Chamber of Commerce in China Guangzhou, 21.03.2012 School of International Business, Hochschule
More informationEU KLEMS project on Productivity in the European Union
EU KLEMS project on Productivity in the European Union Bart Los (University of Groningen) 1st KEI Workshop, Tübingen, March 3-4, 2005. This project is funded by the European Commission, Research Directorate
More information3rd ENplus auditors training
3rd ENplus auditors training Vienna, 11/12 October 2012 October 2012 Author: Peter Rechberger AEBIOM The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily
More informationEuropean Association of Electrical Contractors Association Européenne de l Installation Electrique
European Association of Electrical Contractors Association Européenne de l Installation Electrique J. Chantraineplantsoen, 1, B 3070 Kortenberg Tél : + 32 2 253 42 22 Fax : +32 2 253 67 63 E-mail: info@aie.eu
More informationThe Innovation Union Scoreboard: Monitoring the innovation performance of the 27 EU Member States
MEMO/12/74 Brussels, 7 February 2012 The Innovation Union Scoreboard: Monitoring the innovation performance of the 27 EU Member States This MEMO provides an overview of the research and innovation performance
More informationWORKING GROUP II COMBINING LEARNING AT SCHOOL AND AT WORK. Issues paper
WORKING GROUP II COMBINING LEARNING AT SCHOOL AND AT WORK Issues paper MAKING TRANSITIONS WORK Final Conference on the Transition from Initial Education to Working Life 21-23 May in Budapest, Hungary Introduction
More informationEUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL
8.7.2009 Official Journal of the European Union C 155/1 I (Resolutions, recommendations and opinions) RECOMMENDATIONS EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
More informationWomen Entrepreneurs in Mexico: Visibility and the National Statistical System. Gina Zabludovsky ( UNAM) E Mail:
Women Entrepreneurs in Mexico: Visibility and the National Statistical System Gina Zabludovsky ( UNAM) E Mail: ginaza@servidor.unam.mx Paper prepared for delivery at the 2001 meeting of the Latin American
More informationWhich Apprenticeship Training Pays-Off? Determinants of Successful Apprenticeship Training
Which Apprenticeship Training Pays-Off? Determinants of Successful Apprenticeship Training Robert Wagner, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich Thomas Zwick, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich and Centre
More informationCosts and Benefits of Apprenticeship Training*
Costs and Benefits of Apprenticeship Training* * Data taken from the BIBB-report on costs and benefits of apprenticeship in 2009. 14.03.2014 DIHK, Berlin 1. Training motive for companies a. Costs/benefits
More informationWorld Chambers Competition
World Chambers Competition Best education and training project Eskişehir Chamber of Industry Turkey FINALIST 2017 World Chambers Competition For the Category of Best Job Creation and Business Development
More informationTools for Assessing the Responsiveness of Existing Production Operations
Tools for Assessing the Responsiveness of Existing Production Operations Jeremy Matson and Duncan McFarlane Manufacturing Automation & Control Group Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge Mill
More informationEDUCATION POLICY ANALYSIS (Phillip McKenzie, 3 November 2003)
EDUCATION POLICY ANALYSIS 2003 (Phillip McKenzie, 3 November 2003) Purpose of the Series Improving the quality of education is a key policy objective in OECD countries. Major education reforms are underway
More informationREPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
EN EN EN EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 17.12.2010 COM(2010) 762 final REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Ex Post evaluation of the 2009
More informationWork-based learning : a frame of reference for policy making
Work-based learning : a frame of reference for policy making Paolo FEDERIGHI, University of Florence, Italy Cedefop, 21 October 2014 Contents Preliminary Comments 1. WBL: policy challanges Distribution
More informationD2.5 Country Report on Recommendations for Action for Development of EPC Markets
D2.5 Country Report on Recommendations for Action for Development of EPC Markets NORWAY Transparense project This document has been conducted within the framework of project Transparense Increasing Transparency
More informationGENDER, EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING TIME PREFERENCES IN EUROPE
GENDER, EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING TIME PREFERENCES IN EUROPE In 1998 the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions carried out a major survey on Employment Options of the Future
More informationEconomic and Social Council
United Nations Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 19 March 2014 ECE/CES/2014/32 English only Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians Sixty-second plenary session Paris,
More informationResearch, innovation and economic growth. Executive summary
Research, innovation and economic growth Executive summary Research, innovation and economic growth: Executive summary European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Directorate A
More informationCONTINENTAL EUROPEAN VARIETIES OF CAPITALISM EB434 ENTERPRISE + GOVERNANCE
CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN VARIETIES OF CAPITALISM 18 EB434 ENTERPRISE + GOVERNANCE social democracy Historical legacies of war, revolution and class conflict, and organized labor have seen state intervention
More informationHealth and Safety at Work
EUROPEAN COMMISSION DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Social Dialogue, Social Rights, Working Conditions, Adaptation to change Unit: Health, Safety and Hygiene at Work Brussels, 21/03/2007
More informationPrice and volume measures in national accounts - Resources
Price and volume measures in national accounts - Resources by A. Faramondi, S. Pisani 16-20 march 2014 CATEGORY (1) and output for own final use Output for own final use is to be valued at the basic prices
More informationHuman Resources Development, Skills and Labour Mobility Union approaches fostering the acquisition and use of skills
Human Resources Development, Skills and Labour Mobility Union approaches fostering the acquisition and use of skills OECD-ILO-G20-OECD Knowledge Sharing Workshop, Paris 7-8 October 2015 Presentation by
More informationHow to map excellence in research and technological development in Europe
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 12.3.2001 SEC(2001) 434 COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER How to map excellence in research and technological development in Europe TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...
More informationCollective agreements
XIVth Meeting of European Labour Court Judges 4 September 2006 Cour de cassation Paris AUSTRIA Collective agreements National Reporter: Dr. Gerhard Kuras, Supreme Court of Austria Vienna 1. Definitions
More informationWork-Life Balance and Flexible Working Arrangements in the European Union
Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR International Publications Key Workplace Documents 2017 Work-Life Balance and Flexible Working Arrangements in the European Union Eurofound Follow this
More informationOECD SKILLS STRATEGY SEMINAR: FLANDERS
OECD SKILLS STRATEGY SEMINAR: FLANDERS Dirk Van Damme Head of Division OECD Centre for Skills Education and Skills Directorate 30 January 2018 Introductions Before we discuss the potential details of a
More informationREPORT. Thematic Seminar Learning Outcomes. Focus: Labour Market. (session 2 from 3) th September. Bucharest
REPORT Thematic Seminar Learning Outcomes Focus: Labour Market (session 2 from 3) 23-24 th September Bucharest Inhoud 1 Introduction... 4 1.1 Welcome by Carlo Scatoli 4 1.2 Elena Camilletti 4 1.3 Richard
More informationWIND POWER TARGETS FOR EUROPE: 75,000 MW by 2010
About EWEA EWEA is the voice of the wind industry actively promoting the utilisation of wind power in Europe and worldwide. EWEA members from over 4 countries include 2 companies, organisations, and research
More informationTeachers and Trainers in Vocational Education and Training
TTnet Annual Conference Cedefop, Thessaloniki, 7-8 December 2006 Peter Baur DG Education and Culture European Commission Background and context Current and future activities Some questions 2 Mid-term review
More informationDigital Forecasts. Publication. Published in: Business Intelligence Magazine Issue 1/2016 Pages
Publication Digital Forecasts. Published in: Business Intelligence Magazine Issue 1/2016 Pages 22-25 www.bi-magazine.net Walid Mehanna Competence Center Controlling & Finance WMehanna@horvath-partners.com
More informationForces of inequality? The impact of technology and globalisation
University of Urbino From the SelectedWorks of Mario Pianta 2009 Forces of inequality? The impact of technology and globalisation Mario Pianta Leopoldo Nascia Available at: https://works.bepress.com/mario_pianta/27/
More informationMonitoring the Evolution of Education and Training Systems: A Guide to the Joint Assessment Framework
Monitoring the Evolution of Education and Training Systems: A Guide to the Joint Assessment Framework Sara Flisi Valentina Goglio Elena Meroni 2 0 1 4 Report EUR 26840 EN European Commission Joint Research
More information15189/04 DGE/coc 1 DG C II
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 24 November 2004 15189/04 COVER NOTE from: COMPET 197 IND 155 RECH 243 ECOFIN 400 ECO 188 Secretary-General of the European Commission, signed by Ms Patricia BUGNOT,
More informationEuropean inventory on validation of non-formal and. informal learning 2014
European inventory on validation of non-formal and informal learning 2014 Case study Kompetenz mit System (KmS), Austria By Mariya Dzhengozova Cite this report as: European Commission; Cedefop; ICF International
More informationPriorities and strategies of the labour inspectorate for an effective inspection and enforcement of the risk assessment
Seite 1 von 6 Priorities and strategies of the labour inspectorate for an effective inspection and enforcement of the risk assessment E.-F. Pernack, D. Mohr 1), H. Skoruppa 1) Ministerium für Arbeit, Soziales,
More informationWORKING PARTY NO 1 HARMONISATION OF TURNOVER TAXES
EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL TAXATION AND CUSTOMS UNION Indirect Taxation and Tax administration VAT and other turnover taxes TAXUD/2131/07 rev 1 - EN Brussels, May 21, 2007 WORKING PARTY NO
More informationA European Framework for Quality and Effective Apprenticeships
POSITION PAPER POSITION PAPER 2 March 2018 A European Framework for Quality and Effective Apprenticeships KEY MESSAGES 1 2 3 Apprenticeships can simultaneously help young people to enter and remain in
More informationChapter 4. Labour Demand. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Labor Economics, 4 th edition. Copyright 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 4 Labour Demand McGraw-Hill/Irwin Labor Economics, 4 th edition Copyright 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-2 Introduction Firms hire workers because consumers want to
More informationChapter 8 The Labor Market: Employment, Unemployment, and Wages
Chapter 8 The Labor Market: Employment, Unemployment, and Wages Multiple Choice Questions Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. If the price of a factor
More informationToR for the External Evaluation of the AMEDIP project
ToR for the External Evaluation of the AMEDIP project Project: Strengthening African and Middle Eastern Diaspora Policy through South-South Exchange (AMEDIP) 1 Background The AMEDIP project is funded by
More informationinitial aim: to bring metall unions and companies together to face the challenges of the post-second world war period
EMU stands for The EMU was founded in 1954 as IMU in Zürich and changed its name to EMU in 1993 initial aim: to bring metall unions and companies together to face the challenges of the post-second world
More information9821/10 ADD 1 LL/ng 1 DG I
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 17 May 2010 9821/10 ADD 1 CONSOM 46 MI 147 COVER NOTE from: Secretary-General of the European Commission, signed by Mr Jordi AYET PUIGARNAU, Director date of receipt:
More informationFarm structures. This document does not necessarily represent the official views of the European Commission
Farm structures Content 1. EU farms - characteristics and trends... 3 Physical farm size... 4 Economic farm size... 8 Declining farm numbers... 11 Organisational structure... 13 Land ownership... 14 Farm
More informationHow often do you hear that the main
Human Resources Fiona Walsh & Paolo Donzelli Human Resources, Directorate of Resources Management, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Frank Danesy Human Resources, Directorate of Resources Management, ESOC,
More informationIncluding sectoral skills evidence in the Skills Panorama. Practical Framework
Including sectoral skills evidence in the Skills Panorama Practical Framework December 2016 Cedefop, 2016 All rights reserved Please cite as: Skills Panorama (2016). Practical Framework for including sectoral
More information5117/18 TP/cb 1 DG G 3 C
Council of the European Union Brussels, 9 January 2018 (OR. en) 5117/18 COMPET 12 IND 6 MI 11 NOTE From: To: Subject: Presidency Delegations Draft Council conclusions on "EU Industrial Policy Strategy
More informationChapter 3. Labour Demand. Introduction. purchase a variety of goods and services.
Chapter 3 Labour Demand McGraw-Hill/Irwin Labor Economics, 4 th edition Copyright 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-2 Introduction Firms hire workers because consumers want to
More informationTrade and Inequality. Clausen Conference on Global Economic Issues 2017 Bob Koopman Chief Economist, World Trade Organization
Trade and Inequality Clausen Conference on Global Economic Issues 2017 Bob Koopman Chief Economist, World Trade Organization Context Trade has come under increasing fire in some developed countries Mixed
More informationPublished by Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) Advisory Board PO Box 609 Carlton Vic 3053
Published by Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) Advisory Board PO Box 609 Carlton Vic 3053 Tel: (03) 9639 1606 Fax: (03) 9639 1315 Email: aqfab@curriculum.edu.au Website: http: / /www.curriculum.edu.au/aqfab.htm
More informationLIBERALISATION OF THE ELECTRICITY MARKET AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ISSUES: SYNERGY OR CONTROVERSY
LIBERALISATION OF THE ELECTRICITY MARKET AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ISSUES: SYNERGY OR CONTROVERSY Stefan Speck, Vierthalergasse 6, 1120 Vienna, Austria Abstract 1 The adoption of the European Parliament
More informationThe determinants and effects of technological and nontechnological innovations Evidence from the German CIS IV
The determinants and effects of technological and nontechnological innovations Evidence from the German CIS IV Tobias Schmidt 1 Christian Rammer 2 This (shortened) version: 06 September 2006 Abstract In
More informationThe Swedish model and the Swedish National Mediation Office
The Swedish model and the Swedish National Mediation Office The Swedish labour market model means that the labour market parties have primary responsibility for regulating wages and other terms of employment.
More informationPublic Procurement Procedures
Brief 10 September 2016 Public Procurement Public Procurement Procedures CONTENTS Introduction Main types of competitive procedures available When can each of the main competitive procedures be used? Innovation
More informationREPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 19.9.2012 COM(2012) 515 final REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS
More informationEU Strategic Framework on Health and Safety at Work
EU Strategic Framework on Health and Safety at Work 2014-2020 EU North Africa Seminar: Strategies for better Occupational Safety and Health 21 April 2015, Bilbao Dr Zinta Podniece Health, Safety and Hygiene
More informationCOUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Brussels, 19 July 2005 (20.07) (OR. fr) 11341/05 PI 18
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 19 July 2005 (20.07) (OR. fr) 11341/05 PI 18 COVER NOTE from: Secretary-General of the European Commission, signed by Ms Patricia BUGNOT, Director date of receipt:
More informationEconomics of Education (EENEE)
European Expert Network on Economics of Education (EENEE) Origins and Consequences of Changes in Labour Market Skill Needs EENEE Analytical Report No. 4 Prepared for the European Commission Martin Schlotter
More informationThe Dynamics of Traded Industries In Between
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science PAPER OPEN ACCESS The Dynamics of Traded Industries In Between 2008-2014 To cite this article: Ibolya Török and Gergely Török 2016 IOP Conf. Ser.:
More informationG20 Action on Digitalisation -the trade union perspective
DGB Executive Committee Berlin Adopted on 13 March 2017 G20 Action on Digitalisation -the trade union perspective The G20 states generate 80 percent of the global gross domestic product, and according
More informationLCA in decision making
LCA in decision making 1 (13) LCA in decision making An idea document CHAINET LCA in decision making 2 (13) Content 1 INTRODUCTION 2 EXAMPLE OF AN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 2.1 General about the industrial
More informationThe road to Tomorrow s Jobs is not Yesterday s Training
Prof. Dr. Reinhold Weiss The road to Tomorrow s Jobs is not Yesterday s Training Greening of the Economy Auswirkungen auf Beschäftigung und Bildung Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung / Hans-Böckler-Stiftung Berlin,
More informationLegal and Regulatory Aspects of Public Service Broadcasting - Panel Contribution
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Competition DG Information, communication and multimedia Media The Head of Division Bucharest, 19 September 2003 COMP/C2/HU/rdu Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Public Service Broadcasting
More informationCOMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 03.02.2003 COM(2003) 47 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Framework Strategy on Gender Equality - Work
More informationBest practices on physicochemical and substance identity information for nanomaterials
Best practices on physicochemical and substance identity information for nanomaterials Helsinki, 29 May 2012 Annankatu 18, P.O. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland Tel. +358 9 686180 Fax +358 9 68618210
More informationSo, in application of and with reference to the above points, this agreement is concluded between:
Training agreement in the context of European Mobility. Apprentice from Germany benefiting from a mobility in another European Union country during his or her training period in an enterprise. Preamble,
More informationCosts and benefits of apprenticeship: review of available evidence. Manuela Samek Lodovici IRS- Istituto Ricerca Sociale
Costs and benefits of apprenticeship: review of available evidence Manuela Samek Lodovici IRS- Istituto Ricerca Sociale Thessaloniki, November 24-25 2014 Cost - Benefit Analysis A comprehensive cost-benefit
More informationOECD LEED TRENTO CENTRE FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION BROCHURE
OECD LEED TRENTO CENTRE FOR LOCAL DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION BROCHURE THE ORGANISATION The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is a unique forum where governments work together to
More informationTerms of Reference. Scoping Study and Value Chain Analysis for identification of potential clusters for Value Chain Developmentunder BTDP
Terms of Reference Scoping Study and Value Chain Analysis for identification of potential clusters for Value Chain Developmentunder BTDP I. Background Bihar Transformative Development Project (BTDP), an
More informationacknowledgements 2 BIM: ready or not?
2 BIM: ready or not? acknowledgements This project has been delivered with support from CITB-ConstructionSkills Regional Growth Fund. The fund provides financial backing to encourage projects that support
More informationFAQ on the 10th company law directive with regard to the cross-border merger of limited liability companies (2005/56/EC) 1
FAQ on the 10th company law directive with regard to the cross-border merger of limited liability companies (2005/56/EC) 1 Johannes Heuschmid, SEEurope network March 2006 (updated: July 2009) General 1.
More informationPOSITION PAPER TWO YEARS AFTER: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE YOUTH GUARANTEE
POSITION PAPER TWO YEARS AFTER: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE YOUTH GUARANTEE 1 The European Youth Forum has always welcomed the ambition of the Youth Guarantee (YG) to provide all young people, especially
More informationIndependence and powers of independent supervisory authorities
Independence and powers of independent supervisory authorities Dr. Eva Souhrada-Kirchmayer 10 th May 2012 3 rd Annual FRA Symposium on Data Protection Art. 28 of Directive 95/46/EC Supervisory authority
More informationR&D and Innovation in public procurement in Europe
R&D and Innovation in public procurement in Europe CONFERENCE How to stimulate Innovation and R&D through Public Procurement Reyjkavik, 15 November 2007 Prof. Lena J. Tsipouri National and Kapodistrian
More informationFarm Economics brief
Farm Economics brief N 2 EU production costs overview July 211 Contents The effect of the economic crisis on costs and margins Operating costs in the EU groups Highly contrasted costs among the Member
More informationData for Development: DAC Member Priorities and Challenges
Data for Development: DAC Member Priorities and Challenges Valentina Sanna and Ida Mc Donnell OECD DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION WORKING PAPER 35 Authorised for publication by Brenda Killen, Deputy Director,
More informationINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. In support of the G8 Plan of Action TOWARD A CLEAN, CLEVER & COMPETITIVE ENERGY FUTURE
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY In support of the G8 Plan of Action TOWARD A CLEAN, CLEVER & COMPETITIVE ENERGY FUTURE 2007 REPORT TO THE G8 SUMMIT in Heiligendamm, Germany The International Energy Agency,
More informationConference on "Skills and mobility for competitiveness" Brief summary
Conference on "Skills and mobility for competitiveness" 3 December 2013, CEDEFOP, Greece Brief summary The held its conference on Skills and mobility for competitiveness at the CEDEFOP, the European Centre
More informationFarm Management 17th International Farm Management Congress, Bloomington/Normal, Illinois, USA Peer Review Paper
Scenario analysis on farm income of Dutch dairy farmers through 2020; the effect of regionalisation and liberalisation on the future of Dutch dairying. Jeroen van den Hengel 1, Christien Ondersteijn 1,
More informationEuroproms User Guide. Public document. Europroms. PRODCOM Data
Europroms PRODCOM Data Brian Williams 1/18 latest version: 06.02.2008 Table of contents 1. Summary of the PRODCOM regulation... 3 1.1 Introduction... 3 1.2 What data are to be collected?... 3 1.3 Which
More informationPartnerships for Skills and Competitiveness. Comments on the practice cases presented
LEED Forum: Partnerships for Skills and Competitiveness 18 19 February 2008, Vienna Comments on the practice cases presented Roland Schneider, TUAC The Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC) to the OECD
More informationCase T 155/06 Tomra v Commission What exactly are the rules? Alan Ryan Brussels, 21 January 2011
Case T 155/06 Tomra v Commission What exactly are the rules? Alan Ryan Brussels, 21 January 2011 Background Commission Decision March 2006 Tomra is a manufacturer of reverse vending machines Only 57 th
More informationAnticipating skills trends in Austria: The Skills Barometer
Anticipating skills trends in Austria: The Skills Barometer Maria Kargl 3s Unternehmensberatung www.3s.co.at Paris, 28 March 2017 Workshop organized by France Stratégie and DARES Content The Skills Barometer
More informationWorkforce Development Needs Survey Report
The Australian Industry Group Workforce Development Needs Survey Report December 2016 Executive Summary The Australian Industry Group regularly contacts employers about the wide range of their workforce
More informationFinnish working life is the third best in Europe Interim evaluation of the Working Life 2020 project
Finnish working life is the third best in Europe Interim evaluation of the Working Life 2020 project Ramstad, Elise (Tekes) & Mähönen, Erno (MEE) 14 June 2017 1 Introduction Finland has set the goal of
More informationUEAPME position on the Commission s communication New skills for new jobs Anticipating and matching labour market and skills needs
UNION EUROPEENNE DE L ARTISANAT ET DES PETITES ET MOYENNES ENTREPRISES EUROPÄISCHE UNION DES HANDWERKS UND DER KLEIN- UND MITTELBETRIEBE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATON OF CRAFT, SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES
More informationStrategie der EU für intelligentes, nachhaltiges und integratives Wachstum im Bereich der Chemikalienpolitik
Strategie der EU für intelligentes, nachhaltiges und integratives Wachstum im Bereich der Chemikalienpolitik Klaus Berend Leiter des REACH Referats GD Unternehmen und Industrie Loccum, 21 Januar 2014 Overview
More informationCareer Guidance and Post-Secondary Vocational Education and Training
Career Guidance and Post-Secondary Vocational Education and Training A.G. Watts A paper prepared for the OECD Review of Post-Secondary Vocational Education and Training, Skills beyond School December 2010
More informationEnvironmental, economic and employment effects of resource savings in Austria
ESEE 07 Leipzig, June 7, 07 Environmental, economic and employment effects of resource savings in Austria Results of the RESA project Andrea Stocker, Friedrich Hinterberger (SERI) Anett Großmann, Marc
More information