International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2005 Volume 20

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1 International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2005 Volume 20 Edited by Gerard P. Hodgkinson The University of Leeds, UK and J. Kevin Ford Michigan State University, USA

3 International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2005 Volume 20

5 International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2005 Volume 20 Edited by Gerard P. Hodgkinson The University of Leeds, UK and J. Kevin Ford Michigan State University, USA

6 Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (þ44) (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or ed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (þ44) Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA , USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop #02-01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International review of industrial and organizational psychology Chichester; New York; Wiley, c1986 v.: ill.; 24cm. Annual. ISSN ¼ International review of industrial and organizational psychology 1. Psychology, Industrial Periodicals. 2. Personnel management Periodicals. [DNLM: 1. Organization and Administration periodicals. 2. Psychology, Industrial periodicals. W1IN832UJ] HF dc AACR 2 MARC-S Library of Congress [8709] British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN (hbk) ISBN (ppc) Project management by Originator, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk (typeset in 10/12pt Plantin) Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

7 CONTENTS About the Editors List of Contributors Editorial Foreword vii ix xi 1. Mergers and Acquisitions: An Update and Appraisal 1 Susan Cartwright 2. Social Identity in Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Concepts, Controversies, and Contributions 39 S. Alexander Haslam and Naomi Ellemers 3. Personality in Industrial/Organizational Psychology: Not Much More than Cheese 119 Jose M. Cortina and Michael J. Ingerick 4. Organizational Justice across Human Resource Management Decisions 149 Stephen W. Gilliland and Layne Paddock 5. Contributions of Industrial/Organizational Psychology to Safety in Commercial Aircraft 177 Don Harris and Lauren Thomas 6. Emotion in Organizations: A Neglected Topic in I/O Psychology, but with a Bright Future 221 Neal M. Ashkanasy and Claire E. Ashton-James 7. Burnout and Health Review: Current Knowledge and Future Research Directions 269 Arie Shirom, Samuel Melamed, Sharon Toker, Shlomo Berliner, and Itzhak Shapira Index 309 Contents of Previous Volumes 325

9 ABOUT THE EDITORS Gerard P. Hodgkinson Leeds University Business School, The University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK J. Kevin Ford Department of Psychology, 129 Psychology Research Building, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI USA Gerard P. Hodgkinson is Professor of Organizational Behaviour and Strategic Management at the University of Leeds UK. He earned his BA, MSc, and PhD degrees at Wolverhampton Polytechnic and the Universities of Hull and Sheffield, respectively. He has published over 40 articles and chapters and two books on topics of relevance to the field of industrial and organizational psychology and in 2001 he was elected a Fellow of both the British Psychological Society and the British Academy of Management, in recognition of his pioneering contribution to the psychology of strategic management as an emergent field of study. This and related work on managerial and organizational cognition is currently being taken forward ( ) through the award of a Fellowship of Advanced Institute of Management Research (AIM), the UK s research initiative on management, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Engineering and Physical Research Council (EPSRC). He is the Editor-in- Chief of the British Journal of Management and an Editorial Board Member of the Academy of Management Review, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Organization Science. A practising chartered occupational psychologist, he has conducted numerous consultancy assignments for leading private and public sector organizations. Further information about Gerard and his work can be found at the following addresses: (1) (2) J. Kevin Ford is a Professor of Psychology at Michigan State University. His major research interests involve improving training effectiveness through efforts to advance our understanding of training needs assessment, design, evaluation, and transfer. Dr Ford also concentrates on understanding change dynamics in organizational development efforts and building continuous learning and improvement orientations within organizations. He has published over 50 articles and chapters and four books relevant to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Currently, he serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Applied Psychology and Human Performance. He is an active consultant with private industry and the public sector on training, leadership, and organizational change issues. Kevin is a Fellow of the American

10 viii ABOUT THE EDITORS Psychological Association and the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. He received his BS in psychology from the University of Maryland and his MA and PhD in Psychology from the Ohio State University. Further information about Kevin and his research and consulting activities can be found at

11 CONTRIBUTORS Neal M. Ashkanasy Claire E. Ashton-James Shlomo Berliner UQ Business School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, AUSTRALIA School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, AUSTRALIA Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizman St, Tel Aviv 64239, ISRAEL Susan Cartwright Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, Booth Street West, Manchester, M15 6PB, UK Jose M. Cortina Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA Naomi Ellemers Department of Psychology, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, THE NETHERLANDS Stephen W. Gilliland Department of Management & Policy, University of Arizona, McClelland Hall 405, AZ, USA Don Harris School of Engineering, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK S. Alexander Haslam School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK Michael J. Ingerick Samuel Melamed Layne Paddock Itzhak Shapira Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA National Institute of Occupational & Environmental Health, Tel Aviv University, Lowestein Hospital, PO Box 3, Raanana 49100, ISRAEL Department of Management & Policy, University of Arizona, McClelland Hall 405, AZ, USA Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizman St, Tel Aviv 64239, ISRAEL

12 x CONTRIBUTORS Arie Shirom Faculty of Management, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39010, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, ISRAEL Lauren Thomas School of Engineering, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK Sharon Toker Faculty of Management, Tel Aviv University, POBox 39010, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, ISRAEL

13 EDITORIAL FOREWORD This is the 20th volume of the International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In keeping with previous volumes in the series we have commissioned chapters on a range of topics at the cutting edge of the industrial, work, and organizational psychology field, from some of the world s leading researchers. A number of central topics covered in the present volume (e.g., burnout, the psychology of mergers and acquisitions, and emotions in the workplace) have been surveyed in earlier volumes in the series, but such is the scale of developments currently taking place in these areas that we considered it timely that these topics should be revisited. Topics new to the series in the present volume include a thought-provoking chapter on the contribution of I/O psychology to aviation safety, an issue of considerable and growing importance at the present time. There is no question that during its first two decades the International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology has become firmly established as the most prestigious series of annual volumes in the field of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, the ultimate ambition of the series Founding Editors, Cary L. Cooper and Ivan T. Robertson. Under their careful stewardship, from its inception the series has attracted a great many thoughtful, state-of-the art reviews, spanning the entire field, from personnel selection and assessment to work motivation and job design, training and development, organizational development and change to cognitive processes in organizations, stress and well-being, careers and career development, workplace bullying, the prevention of violence at work, and advances in research methods. We were both highly delighted when we received our respective invitations to assume the editorship of this series. Under our editorship the International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology will continue to commission authoritative and scholarly reviews that comprehensively survey developments across the entire range of topics that comprise the field of industrial, work, and organizational psychology. Continuing the ethos of the series Founding Editors, our aim is to publish chapters that will appeal to academic researchers, educators, and practising applied psychologists and other professionals seeking to gain insights into the behaviour of individuals and groups and up-to-the-minute assessments of the underlying evidence base for psychological tools, techniques, and processes that purport to enhance human effectiveness and well-being in workplace settings. Future volumes will include surveys of developments in organizational learning, task analysis, socialization in organizational contexts, the costing of human

14 xii EDITORIAL FOREWORD resources coping with workplace stress, qualitative research methods, attribution theory and international management, among other topics, with contributions from around the globe. GPH JKF November 2004

15 Chapter 1 MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: AN UPDATE AND APPRAISAL Susan Cartwright Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester INTRODUCTION The underperformance of Mergers & Acquisitions (M&As) has been a significant cause for concern since the 1960s (Kitching, 1967) and has provoked continuing research attention. In an earlier volume of this publication, Hogan and Overmeyer-Day (1994) presented a comprehensive review of the current literature relating to the psychology of M&As. The literature they cited was drawn predominantly from US sources and reflected the concentration of interest and activity in this field at that time. In this review the literature was usefully conceptualized as falling into four main research categories which in broad terms considered inputs, process, impact on employees, and performance outcomes: (i) Studies which examine the pre-merger or exogenous variables such as: objectives, relative size, parent characteristics (e.g., past experience), culture, and target characteristics (e.g., prior performance and organizational or cultural fit). (ii) Studies which focus on the integration or acculturation process and/or consider variables such as identity, communication, speed of change, control mechanisms, and human resource interventions. (iii) Studies which assess emotional and behavioral outcomes such as stress-related variables, affective variables (e.g., commitment and staff turnover), and absenteeism. (iv) Studies which attempt to measure ultimate performance outcomes using objective measures like stock price or subjective measures like managerial assessment. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2005 Volume 20 Edited by G. P. Hodgkinson and J. K. Ford. # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Applied EI The Importance of Attitudes in Developing Emotional Intelligence

Applied EI Applied EI The Importance of Attitudes in Developing Emotional Intelligence Tim Sparrow and Amanda Knight Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex