Work Analysis and Design

Transcription

1 END 202 Work Analysis and Design Problem Solving Tools 1 Sibel ALUMUR ALEV January 2011

2 Methods engineering A technique for increasing the production per unit time or decreasing the cost per unit output productivity improvement Synonymous terms: Operation analysis, work design, work simplification, corporate engineering

3 Method engineering steps 1. Select project (Pareto, Fish diagram, Gantt, PERT) 2. Get and present data (charts, computations) 3. Analyze data (operation analysis) 4. Develop ideal method (motion, work, equipment design) 5. Present and install method (decision making tools) 6. Develop job analysis 7. Establish time standards (time study) 8. Follow up

4 Method engineering steps

5 Method engineering steps 1. Select project (Pareto, Fish diagram, Gantt, PERT) 2. Get and present data (charts, computations) 3. Analyze data (operation analysis) 4. Develop ideal method (motion, work, equipment design) 5. Present and install method (decision making tools) 6. Develop job analysis 7. Establish time standards (time study) 8. Follow up

6 Project selection The first and perhaps most crucial step is the identification of the problem in a clear and logical form Typically project selection is based on 3 considerations: Economic Technical ca Human

7 Project selection Exploratory tools: 1. Pareto Analysis 2. Fish Diagrams 3. Gantt Chart 4. PERT Charting 5. Job/Worksite Analysis Guide

8 1. Pareto analysis V. Pareto originally observed that in Italy, 80% of the land was owned by 20% of the people Pareto Principle : Rule (80% of the effects stem from 20% of the causes) Customer Complaints: 80% of the complaints come from 20% of thecustomers Sales: 80% of the profits come from 20% of the products Quality Management: 80% of the problems come from 20% of the causes Inventory Management: 80% of the total inventory is found in 20% of the inventory items

9 1. Pareto analysis The aim is to identify the most important factors, defects, or problems How to draw a Pareto chart? Items of interest are identified and measured on a common scale and then ordered in descending order as a cumulative distribution

10 1. Pareto analysis

11 1. Pareto analysis Exercise: Draw a Pareto chart for being late to class.

12 2. Fish diagrams Cause and effect diagrams Developed by Ishikawa in the early 1950s Effect: fish head & Causes: fish bones Principle causes: human, machines, methods, materials, environment, administrative Provides good overview of a problem and its contributing factors Aim is to list all possible causes to help to identify potential solutions

13 2. Fish diagrams

14 2. Fish diagrams Exercise: Draw a fish diagram for public bus lateness.

15 3. Gantt chart Shows the anticipated completion time for various project activities as bars plotted against time on the horizontal axis One can determine which project components are ahead or behind schedule Project based or machine or process based

16 3. Gantt chart

17 4. PERT Charting Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) PERT is a model for project management designed to analyzeandand represent the tasks involved in completing a given project. It is commonly used in conjunction with the critical path method (CPM).

18 4. PERT Charting Steps: 1. Determine the events (tasks) and order them 2. Estimate time for each task (most likely, optimistic, pessimistic) 3. Find the expected time for each task 4. Create a network diagram (activity on arrow AOA or activity on node AON) 5. Find The early start time (ES) The early finish time (EF) The late start time (LS) The late finish time (LF) The slack 6. Determine the critical path

19 4. PERT Charting Example (from Wikipedia): Activity Predecessor Opt. (O) Time estimates Normal (M) Pess. (P) Expected time A B C A D A E B, C F D G E

20 4. PERT Charting Activity on node (AON) network diagram D A F Start C Finish B E G

21 4. PERT Charting Activity on arrow (AOA) network diagram 2 D 5 F A 1 B C E 3 4 G 6

22 4. PERT Charting

23 4. PERT Charting Advantages of PERT It make the dependencies visible It allows to identify the critical path It allows to reduce the project duration with a better understanding Disadvantages of PERT With hundreds or thousands of activities difficult to see the dependence Several pages to print, difficult to read

24 5. Job/Worksite analysis guide Allows to identify the problems within a particular area, department or worksite The analyst walks in the area, observes the worker, the task, the workplace and the surrounding working environment Theanalystalsoindentifies also anyadministrative administrative factors that may affect the worker s behavior or performance

25 5. Job/Worksite analysis guide

26 5. Job/Worksite analysis guide Exercise: Watch the sewing machine video and fill out the guide.