STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT - views, recommendations, findings
|
|
- Harry Parsons
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT - views, recommendations, findings PhD Candidate Gabriela-Felicia UNGUREANU Statistics and Audit Abstract The rapid increase in the size of U.S. companies from the early twentieth century created the need for audit procedures based on the selection of a part of the total population audited to obtain reliable audit evidence, to characterize the entire population consists of account balances or classes of transactions. Sampling is not used only in audit is used in sampling surveys, market analysis and medical research in which someone wants to reach a conclusion about a large number of data by examining only a part of these data. The difference is the population from which the sample is selected, ie that set of data which is intended to draw a conclusion. Audit sampling applies only to certain types of audit procedures. Key words: sampling, sample risk, population, sampling unit, tests of controls, substantive procedures. *** Committee statistical sampling of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants of (AICPA) issued in 1962 a special report, titled Statistical sampling and independent auditors which allowed the use of statistical sampling method, in accordance with Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). During , the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, Auditor s Approach to Statistical Sampling, for use in continuing professional education of accountants. During , the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, Auditor s Approach to Statistical Sampling, for use in continuing professional education of accountants. In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, Audit Sampling, which provides general guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical. Earlier audits included checks of all transactions in the period covered by the audited financial statements. At that time, the literature has not given particular attention to this subject. Only in 1971, an audit procedures program printed in the Federal Reserve Bulletin (Federal Bulletin Stocks) included several references to sampling such as selecting the few items of inventory. Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010
2 The program was developed by a special committee, which later became the AICPA, that of Certified Public Accountants American Institute. In the first decades of last century, the auditors often applied sampling, but sample size was not in related to the efficiency of internal control of the entity. In 1955, American Institute of Accountants has published a study case of extending the audit sampling, summarizing audit program developed by certified public accountants, to show why sampling is necessary to extend the audit. The study was important because is one of the leading journal on sampling which recognize a relationship of dependency between detail and reliability testing of internal control. In 1964, the AICPA s Auditing Standards Board has issued a report entitled The relationship between statistical sampling and Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS) which illustrated the relationship between the accuracy and reliability in sampling and provisions of GAAS. In 1978, the AICPA published the work of Donald M. Roberts, Statistical Auditing which explains the underlying theory of statistical sampling in auditing. In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, named Audit Sampling, which provides guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical. An auditor does not rely solely on the results of a single procedure to reach a conclusion on an account balance, class of transactions or operational effectiveness of the controls. Rather, the audit findings are based on combined evidence from several sources, as a consequence of a number of different audit procedures. When an auditor selects a sample of a population, his objective is to obtain a representative sample, ie sample whose characteristics are identical with the population s characteristics. This means that selected items are identical with those remaining outside the sample. In practice, auditors do not know for sure if a sample is representative, even after completion the test, but they may increase the probability that a sample is representative by accuracy of activities made related to design, sample selection and evaluation [1]. Lack of specificity of the sample results may be given by observation errors and sampling errors. Risks to produce these errors can be controlled. Observation error (risk of observation) appears when the audit test did not identify existing deviations in the sample or using an inadequate audit technique or by negligence of the auditor. Sampling error (sampling risk) is an inherent characteristic of the survey, which results from the fact that they tested only a fraction of the total population. Sampling error occurs due to the fact that it is possible for Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010
3 the auditor to reach a conclusion, based on a sample that is different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would have been subject to audit procedures identical. Sampling risk can be reduced by adjusting the sample size, depending on the size and population characteristics and using an appropriate method of selection. Increasing sample size will reduce the risk of sampling; a sample of the all population will present a null risk of sampling. Audit Sampling is a method of testing for gather sufficient and appropriate audit evidence, for the purposes of audit. The auditor may decide to apply audit sampling on an account balance or class of transactions. Sampling audit includes audit procedures to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions, so all the sample able to be selected. Auditor is required to determine appropriate ways of selecting items for testing. Audit sampling can be used as a statistical approach and a nonstatistical. Statistical sampling is a method by which the sample is made so that each unit consists of the total population has an equal probability of being included in the sample, method of sample selection is random, allowed to assess the results based on probability theory and risk quantification of sampling. Choosing the appropriate population make that auditor findings can be extended to the entire population. Non-statistical sampling is a method of sampling, when the auditor uses professional judgment to select elements of a sample. Since the purpose of sampling is to draw conclusions about the entire population, the auditor should select a representative sample by choosing sample units which have characteristics typical of that population. Results will not extrapolate the entire population as the sample selected is representative. Audit tests can be applied on the all elements of the population, where is a small population or on an unrepresentative sample, where the auditor knows the particularities of the population to be tested and is able to identify a small number of items of interest to audit. If the sample has not similar characteristics for the elements of the entire population, the errors found in the tested sample can not extrapolate. Decision of statistical or non-statistical approach depends on the auditor s professional judgment which seeking sufficient appropriate audits evidence on which to completion its findings about the audit opinion. As a statistical sampling method refer to the random selection that any possible combination of elements of the community is equally likely to enter the sample. Simple random sampling is used when stratification was not to audit. Using random selection involves using random numbers generated by Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010
4 a computer. After selecting a random starting point, the auditor found the first random number that falls within the test document numbers. Only when the approach has the characteristics of statistical sampling, statistical assessments of risk are valid sampling. In another variant of the sampling probability, namely the systematic selection (also called random mechanical) elements naturally succeed in office space or time; the auditor has a preliminary listing of the population and made the decision on sample size. The auditor calculated a counting step, and selects the sample element method based on step size. Step counting is determined by dividing the volume of the community to sample the number of units desired. Advantages of systematic screening are its usability. In most cases, a systematic sample can be extracted quickly and method automatically arranges numbers in successive series. [2]. Selection by probability proportional to size - is a method which emphasizes those population units recorded higher values. The sample is constituted so that the probability of selecting any given element of the population is equal to the recorded value of the item; Stratified selection - is a method of emphasis of units with higher values and is registered in the stratification of the population in subpopulations. Stratification provides a complete picture of the auditor, when population (data table to be analyzed) is not homogeneous. In this case, the auditor stratifies a population by dividing them into distinct subpopulations, which have common characteristics, pre-defined. The objective of stratification is to reduce the variability of elements in each layer and therefore allow a reduction in sample size without a proportionate increase in the risk of sampling. [3] If population stratification is done properly, the amount of sample size to come layers will be less than the sample size that would be obtained at the same level of risk given sample with a sample extracted from the entire population. Audit results applied to a layer can be designed only on items that are part of that layer. I appreciated as useful some views on non-statistical sampling methods, which implies that guided the selection of the sample selecting each element according to certain criteria determined by the auditor. The method is subjective; because the auditor selects intentionally items containing set features him. The selection of the series is done by selecting multiple elements series (successive). Using sampling the series is recommended only if a reasonable number of sets used. Using just a few series there is a risk that the sample is not representative. This type of sampling can be used in addition to other samples, where there is a high probability of occurrence of errors. At the arbitrary selection, no items are selected preferably from the auditor, Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010
5 that regardless of size or source or characteristics. Is not the recommended method, because is not objective. That sampling is based on the auditor s professional judgment, which may decide which items can be part or not sampled. Because is not a statistical method, it can not calculate the standard error. Although the sample structure can be constructed to reproduce the population, there is no guarantee that the sample is representative. If omitted a feature that would be relevant in a particular situation, the sample is not representative. Sampling applies when the auditor plans to make conclusions about population, based on a selection. The auditor considers the audit program and determines audit procedures which may apply random research. Sampling is used by auditors an internal control systems testing, and substantive testing of operations. The general objectives of tests of control system and operations substantive tests are to verify the application of pre-defined control procedures, and to determine whether operations contain material errors. Control tests are intended to provide evidence of operational efficiency and controls design or operation of a control system to prevent or detect material misstatements in financial statements. Control tests are necessary if the auditor plans to assess control risk for assertions of management. Controls are generally expected to be similarly applied to all transactions covered by the records, regardless of transaction value. Therefore, if the auditor uses sampling, it is not advisable to select only high value transactions. Samples must be chosen so as to be representative population sample. An auditor must be aware that an entity may change a special control during the course of the audit. If the control is replaced by another, which is designed to achieve the same specific objective, the auditor must decide whether to design a sample of all transactions made during or just a sample of transactions controlled again. Appropriate decision depends on the overall objective of the audit test. Verification of internal control system of an entity is intended to provide guidance on the identification of relevant controls and design evaluation tests of controls. Other tests: In testing internal control system and testing operations, audit sample is used to estimate the proportion of elements of a population containing a characteristic or attribute analysis. This proportion is called the frequency of occurrence or percentage of deviation and is equal to the ratio of elements containing attribute specific and total number of population elements. Weight Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010
6 deviations in a sample are determined to calculate an estimate of the proportion of the total population deviations. Risk associated with sampling - refers to a sample selection which can not be representative of the population tested. In other words, the sample itself may contain material errors or deviations from the line. However, issuing a conclusion based on a sample may be different from the conclusion which would be reached if the entire population would be subject to audit. Types of risk associated with sampling: Controls are more effective than they actually are or that there are not significant errors when they exist - which means an inappropriate audit opinion. Controls are less effective than they actually are that there are significant errors when in fact they are not - this calls for additional activities to establish that initial conclusions were incorrect. Attributes testing - the auditor should be defining the characteristics to test and conditions for misconduct. Attributes testing will make when required objective statistical projections on various characteristics of the population. The auditor may decide to select items from a population based on its knowledge about the entity and its environment control based on risk analysis and the specific characteristics of the population to be tested. Population is the mass of data on which the auditor wishes to generalize the findings obtained on a sample. Population will be defined compliance audit objectives and will be complete and consistent, because results of the sample can be designed only for the population from which the sample was selected. Sampling unit - a unit of sampling may be, for example, an invoice, an entry or a line item. Each sample unit is an element of the population. The auditor will define the sampling unit based on its compliance with the objectives of audit tests. Sample size - to determine the sample size should be considered whether sampling risk is reduced to an acceptable minimum level. Sample size is affected by the risk associated with sampling that the auditor is willing to accept it. The risk that the auditor is willing to accept lower, the sample will be higher. Error - for detailed testing, the auditor should project monetary errors found in the sample population and should take into account the projected error on the specific objective of the audit and other audit areas. The auditor projects the total error on the population to get a broad perspective on the size of the error and comparing it with tolerable error. For detailed testing, tolerable error is tolerable and misrepresentations Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010
7 will be a value less than or equal to materiality used by the auditor for the individual classes of transactions or balances audited. If a class of transactions or account balances has been divided into layers error is designed separately for each layer. Design errors and inconsistent errors for each stratum are then combined when considering the possible effect on the total classes of transactions and account balances. Evaluation of sample results - the auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether assessing relevant characteristics of the population is confirmed or needs to be revised. When testing controls, an unexpectedly high rate of sample error may lead to an increase in the risk assessment of significant misrepresentation unless it obtained additional audit evidence to support the initial assessment. For control tests, an error is a deviation from the performance of control procedures prescribed. The auditor should obtain evidence about the nature and extent of any significant changes in internal control system, including the staff establishment. If significant changes occur, the auditor should review the understanding of internal control environment and consider testing the controls changed. Alternatively, the auditor may consider performing substantive analytical procedures or tests of details covering the audit period. In some cases, the auditor might not need to wait until the end audit to form a conclusion about the effectiveness of operational control, to support the control risk assessment. In this case, the auditor might decide to modify the planned substantive tests accordingly. If testing details, an unexpectedly large amount of error in a sample may cause the auditor to believe that a class of transactions or account balances is given significantly wrong in the absence of additional audit evidence to show that there are not material misrepresentations. When the best estimate of error is very close to the tolerable error, the auditor recognizes the risk that another sample have different best estimate that could exceed the tolerable error. Conclusions Statistics and Audit Following analysis of sampling methods conclude that all methods have advantages and disadvantages. But the auditor is important in choosing the sampling method is based on professional judgment and take into account the cost / benefit ratio. Thus, if a sampling method proves to be costly auditor should seek the most efficient method in view of the main and specific objectives of the audit. Revista Română de Statistică nr. 5 / 2010
8 The auditor should evaluate the sample results to determine whether the preliminary assessment of relevant characteristics of the population must be confirmed or revised. If the evaluation sample results indicate that the relevant characteristics of the population needs assessment review, the auditor may: require management to investigate identified errors and likelihood of future errors and make necessary adjustments to change the nature, timing and extent of further procedures to take into account the effect on the audit report. Selective bibliography: [1] Law no. 672/2002 updated, on public internal audit [2] Arens, A şi Loebbecke J - Controve Audit An integrate approach, 8 th edition, Arc Publishing House [3] ISA Financial Audit International Standards on Auditing, IRECSON Publishing House, Dictionary of macroeconomics, Ed C.H. Beck, Bucharest, 2008 Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010
STATEMENT OF AUDITING STANDARDS 430 AUDIT SAMPLING
SAS 430 (July (June 97) 05) STATEMENT OF AUDITING STANDARDS 430 AUDIT SAMPLING (Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning before 15 December 2004) * Contents Paragraphs Introduction
More informationStandards on Auditing
Standards on Auditing 1. SA 320 (Revised) Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit 2. SA 530 (Revised) Audit Sampling 1 SA 320 (Revised) Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit 2 Scope:
More informationAuditing Standards and Practices Council
Auditing Standards and Practices Council PHILIPPINE STANDARD ON AUDITING 330 THE AUDITOR S PROCEDURES IN RESPONSE TO ASSESSED RISKS PHILIPPINE STANDARD ON AUDITING 330 THE AUDITOR S PROCEDURES IN RESPONSE
More informationINTERNAL AUDIT IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
INTERNAL AUDIT IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PhD. Candidate Felicia Gabriela UNGUREANU Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest Abstract Internal Audit, compared with verification of transactions and compliance
More informationCopyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Module G Variables Sampling Learning Objectives 1. Define variables sampling and understand when variables sampling
More informationCPA REVIEW SCHOOL OF THE PHILIPPINES M a n i l a. AUDITING THEORY Risk Assessment and Response to Assessed Risks
Page 1 of 7 CPA REVIEW SCHOOL OF THE PHILIPPINES M a n i l a Related PSAs: PSA 400, 315 and 330 AUDITING THEORY Risk Assessment and Response to Assessed Risks 1. Which of the following is correct statement?
More informationAneta Wilk-Lys, Consultant, CFRR
Aneta Wilk-Lys, Consultant, CFRR Vienna 15 March 2016 Audit Training of Trainers Road to Europe: Program of Accounting Reform and Institutional Strengthening EU-REPARIS is funded by the European Union
More informationWATCH WORDS FROM THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS
WATCH WORDS FROM THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS Peer Review 3 NOT DOCUMENTED = NOT PERFORMED Vendor-obtained practice aids, checklists and forms are NOT audit evidence Sources of audit evidence Books, records,
More informationINSTRUCTION ON METHODOLOGY ON PERFORMING FINANCIAL AUDIT AND REGULARITY AUDIT ( Official Gazette of MN, no. 07/15 from 17 th February 2015)
On the basis of Article 38 item 1 point 4 of the Law on the State Audit Institution ( Official Gazette of Republic of Montenegro, no. 28/04, 27/06, 78/06, Official Gazette of Montenegro, no. 17/07, 73/10,
More informationThe Auditor s Responses to Assessed Risks
SINGAPORE STANDARD SSA 330 ON AUDITING The Auditor s Responses to Assessed Risks SSA 330, The Auditor s Responses to Assessed Risks superseded SSA 330, The Auditor s Procedures in Response to Assessed
More informationDATA ANALYTICS : THE FUTURE OF AUDIT
Institut des Réviseurs d Entreprises Institut royal Instituut van de Bedrijfsrevisoren Koninklijk Instituut The purpose of this publication is to demonstrate that data analytics techniques are embedded
More informationInternational Standard on Auditing (Ireland) 500 Audit Evidence
International Standard on Auditing (Ireland) 500 Audit Evidence MISSION To contribute to Ireland having a strong regulatory environment in which to do business by supervising and promoting high quality
More informationPerforming Audit Procedures in Response to Assessed Risks and Evaluating the Audit Evidence Obtained
Performing Audit Procedures in Response to Assessed Risks 333 AU-C Section 330 Performing Audit Procedures in Response to Assessed Risks and Evaluating the Audit Evidence Obtained Source: SAS No. 122.
More informationScope of this SA Effective Date Objective Definitions Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence... 6
SA 500* AUDIT EVIDENCE (Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after April 1, 2009) Contents Introduction Paragraph(s) Scope of this SA...1-2 Effective Date... 3 Objective...
More informationSpecial Considerations Audits of Group Financial Statements (Including the Work of Component Auditors)
Special Considerations---Audits of Group Financial Statements 665 AU-C Section 600 Special Considerations Audits of Group Financial Statements (Including the Work of Component Auditors) Source: SAS No.
More informationSAS Teleconference
SAS 104-111 Teleconference Jan. 15, 2009 Craig Funkhouser, Crowe Horwath LLP craig.funkhouser@crowehorwath.com Ken Goldmann, J.H. Cohn kgoldmann@jhcohn.com 1 Today s Program Historical Background, Review
More informationLOCAL GOVERNMENT CORPORATION
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CORPORATION INDEPENDENT SERVICE AUDITOR S REPORT AND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION NOVEMBER 1, 2014 to NOVEMBER 1, 2015 JOE OSTERFELD, CPA CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT 710 NORTH MAIN STREET -
More informationAnalytical Procedures
Analytical Procedures 493 AU-C Section 520 Analytical Procedures Source: SAS No. 122. Effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after December 15, 2012. Introduction Scope of
More informationMcGraw-Hill/Irwin. Copyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 04 Management Fraud and Audit Risk Learning Objectives 1. Define business risk and understand how management
More informationUS U.S. AAM vs. DTTL AAM A Refresher Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
US 500-12 U.S. AAM vs. DTTL AAM A Refresher 2008 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Objectives Participants will refresh their knowledge on: Applying the AICPA and the PCAOB Standards. Utilizing the U.S. Audit Approach
More informationReporting on an Examination of Controls at a Service Organization Relevant to User Entities Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Reporting on an Examination of Controls at a Service Organization 1621 AT-C Section 320 Reporting on an Examination of Controls at a Service Organization Relevant to User Entities Internal Control Over
More information10-B Service organizations ISAE 3402 Significant issues
IAASB Main Agenda (September 2007) Page 2007 2877 Agenda Item 10-B Service organizations ISAE 3402 Significant issues A. The Framework and ISAE 3000 A.1 The Assurance Framework and ISAE 3000 lay the foundations
More informationAudit Risk. Exposure Draft. IFAC International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. October Response Due Date March 31, 2003
IFAC International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board October 2002 Exposure Draft Response Due Date March 31, 2003 Audit Risk Proposed International Standards on Auditing and Proposed Amendment to
More informationNOVEMBER 2016 PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS AUDIT & ASSURANCE (PAPER 2.3) CHIEF EXAMINER S REPORT, QUESTIONS & MARKING SCHEME
NOVEMBER 2016 PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS AUDIT & ASSURANCE (PAPER 2.3) CHIEF EXAMINER S REPORT, QUESTIONS & MARKING SCHEME EXAMINER S GENERAL COMMENTS The standard of the paper for November, 2016 was high
More informationFOUNDATIONS IN ACCOUNTANCY Paper FAU (UK) Foundations in Audit (United Kingdom)
Answers FOUNDATIONS IN ACCOUNTANCY Paper FAU (UK) Foundations in Audit (United Kingdom) June 2012 Answers Section A QUESTIONS 1 10 MULTIPLE CHOICE Question Answer See Note Below 1 A 1 2 D 2 3 C 3 4 B 4
More informationReport on Inspection of KPMG Auditores Consultores Ltda. (Headquartered in Santiago, Republic of Chile)
1666 K Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20006 Telephone: (202) 207-9100 Facsimile: (202) 862-8433 www.pcaobus.org Report on 2016 (Headquartered in Santiago, Republic of Chile) Issued by the Public Company Accounting
More informationSTATEMENT OF AUDITING STANDARDS 500 AUDIT EVIDENCE
STATEMENT OF AUDITING STANDARDS 500 AUDIT EVIDENCE (Issued January 2004) Contents Paragraphs Introduction 1-2 Concept of Audit Evidence 3-6 Sufficient Appropriate Audit Evidence 7-14 The Use of Assertions
More informationReport on Inspection of PricewaterhouseCoopers Audit (Headquartered in Neuilly-Sur-Seine, French Republic)
1666 K Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20006 Telephone: (202) 207-9100 Facsimile: (202) 862-8433 www.pcaobus.org Report on 2015 (Headquartered in Neuilly-Sur-Seine, French Republic) Issued by the Public Company
More informationSRI LANKA AUDITING STANDARD 300 PLANNING AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTENTS
SRI LANKA AUDITING STANDARD 300 PLANNING AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Effective for all the audits carried out on or after ) CONTENTS Paragraph Introduction 1-5 Preliminary Engagement Activities 6-7
More informationComparison of the PCAOB s Auditing Standards No. 5 and No. 2 (Certain key differences are highlighted by underlining)
Comparison of the PCAOB s Auditing Standards No. 5 and No. 2 (Certain key differences are highlighted by underlining) Topic AS No. 5 AS No. 2 Objective of ICFR Audit Planning the ICFR Audit Integration
More informationAudit of the Acquisition and Payment Cycle: Tests of Controls, Substantive Tests of Transactions, and Accounts Payable. Chapter 18
Audit of the Acquisition and Payment Cycle: Tests of Controls, Substantive Tests of Transactions, and Accounts Payable. Chapter 18 2012 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 14/e, Arens/Elder/Beasley
More informationPaper FAU (UK) Foundations in Audit (United Kingdom) FOUNDATIONS IN ACCOUNTANCY. Monday 18 June 2012
FOUNDATIONS IN ACCOUNTANCY Foundations in Audit (United Kingdom) Monday 18 June 2012 Time allowed: 2 hours This paper is divided into two sections: Section A ALL TEN questions are compulsory and MUST be
More informationIAASB CAG PAPER. IAASB Clarity Project Issues on Exposure of Proposed ISA 500 (Redrafted) and ISA 530 (Redrafted)
Committee: IAASB Consultative Advisory Group Meeting Location: Basel Meeting Date: March 3-4, 2008 Agenda Item C.3.2 IAASB Clarity Project Issues on Exposure of Proposed ISA 500 (Redrafted) and ISA 530
More informationAuditing Standard for Islamic Financial Institutions No. 6
Auditing Standard for Islamic Financial Institutions No. 6 External Shari ah Audit (Independent Assurance Engagement on an Islamic Financial Institution s Compliance with Shari ah Principles and Rules)
More informationMateriality and Risk. Chapter Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 11/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
Materiality and Risk Chapter 9 9-1 Learning Objective 1 Apply the concept of materiality to the audit. 9-2 Materiality The auditor s responsibility is to determine whether financial statements are materially
More informationReport on Inspection of Deloitte LLP (Headquartered in Toronto, Canada) Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
1666 K Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20006 Telephone: (202) 207-9100 Facsimile: (202) 862-8433 www.pcaobus.org Report on 2014 (Headquartered in Toronto, Canada) Issued by the Public Company Accounting Oversight
More informationPART 6 - INTERNAL CONTROL
PART 6 - INTERNAL CONTROL INTRODUCTION The A-102 Common Rule and OMB Circular A-110 (2 CFR part 215) require that non-federal entities receiving Federal awards (i.e., auditee management) establish and
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (NEW ZEALAND) 500
Issued 07/11 Compiled 10/15 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (NEW ZEALAND) 500 Audit Evidence (ISA (NZ) 500) This compilation was prepared in October 2015 and incorporates amendments up to and including
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 315 UNDERSTANDING THE ENTITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT AND ASSESSING THE RISKS OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 315 UNDERSTANDING THE ENTITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT AND ASSESSING THE RISKS OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT (Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning
More informationAICPA Peer Review Program Compliance: Responding to Latest Developments
FOR LIVE PROGRAM ONLY AICPA Peer Review Program Compliance: Responding to Latest Developments WEDNESDAY, MAY 31, 2017, 1:00-2:50 pm Eastern IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR THE LIVE PROGRAM This program is approved
More informationAudits of Grant or Contribution programs May 2001
Office of the Auditor General of Canada Audits of Grant or Contribution programs May 2001 Table of Contents Page 1. Purpose and Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Applicability 1 1.3 Prerequisite 1 1.4
More informationPHILIPPINE STANDARD ON AUDITING 300 PLANNING AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTENTS
PHILIPPINE STANDARD ON AUDITING 300 PLANNING AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2009) CONTENTS Paragraph Introduction
More informationMay 3, To the Jail Board Members and Management Western Tidewater Regional Jail Authority 2402 Godwin Blvd Suffolk, Virginia 23434
A PROFESSIONAL LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS May 3, 2016 To the Jail Board Members and Management Western Tidewater Regional Jail Authority 2402 Godwin Blvd Suffolk, Virginia 23434
More informationPlanning an Audit of Financial Statements
ISA 300 February 2008 International Standard on Auditing Planning an Audit of Financial Statements INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 300 Planning an Audit of Financial Statements Explanatory Foreword
More informationSRI LANKA AUDITING STANDARD 300 PLANNING AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTENTS
SRI LANKA AUDITING STANDARD 300 PLANNING AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after 01 January 2014) * CONTENTS Paragraph Introduction
More informationIAASB Agenda Item (September 2008) Page Agenda Item (MARKED FROM EXPOSURE DRAFT)
IAASB Agenda Item (September 2008) Page 2008 1777 Agenda Item 4-B (MARKED FROM EXPOSURE DRAFT) PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 501 (REDRAFTED) AUDIT EVIDENCE SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTED
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (NEW ZEALAND) 520
Issued 07/11 Compiled 11/13 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (NEW ZEALAND) 520 Analytical Procedures (ISA (NZ) 520) This compilation was prepared in October 2013 and incorporates amendments up to and
More informationChapter 4. Risk Assessment. Copyright 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Chapter 4 Risk Assessment McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. LO# 1 Audit Risk The risk that an auditor expresses an unqualified opinion on materially
More informationEvaluating Internal Controls
A SSURANCE AND A DVISORY BUSINESS S ERVICES Fourth in the Series!@# Evaluating Internal Controls Evaluating Overall Effectiveness, Identifying Matters for Improvement, and Ongoing Assessment of Controls
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (IRELAND) 210 AGREEING THE TERMS OF AUDIT ENGAGEMENTS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING (IRELAND) 210 AGREEING THE TERMS OF AUDIT ENGAGEMENTS MISSION To contribute to Ireland having a strong regulatory environment in which to do business by supervising and
More informationAudit evidence. chapter. Chapter learning objectives. When you have completed this chapter you will be able to:
chapter 9 Audit evidence Chapter learning objectives When you have completed this chapter you will be able to: explain the assertions contained in the financial statements explain the use of assertions
More informationAuditors Moving from Guidance to Requirements: Arriving at the Risk Assessment Standards
Journal of Forensic & Investigative Accounting Vol. 2, Issue 2 Auditors Moving from Guidance to Requirements: Arriving at the Risk Assessment Standards Brian Patrick Green Alan Reinstein * The Auditing
More informationAuditing Standards and Practices Council
Auditing Standards and Practices Council PHILIPPINE STANDARD ON AUDITING 315 UNDERSTANDING THE ENTITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT AND ASSESSING THE RISKS OF MATERIAL MISSTATEMENT PHILIPPINE STANDARD ON AUDITING
More informationAUDIT RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSES TO ASSESSED RISK BY Geoffrey Byamugisha Partner, Ernst & Young. Lessons on Audit Risk. Responding to fraud risk
AUDIT RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESPONSES TO ASSESSED RISK BY Geoffrey Byamugisha Partner, Ernst & Young ICPAU Page 1 COURSE CONTENT Lessons on Audit Risk Identification of audit risk and audit risk assessment
More informationAn EMPIRICAL STUDY OF AUDIT SAMPLING PROBLEMS KAY WARD TATUM, B.B.A., M.S. A DISSERTATION. BUSINESS ADl-HNISTRATION
An EMPIRICAL STUDY OF AUDIT SAMPLING PROBLEMS by KAY WARD TATUM, B.B.A., M.S. A DISSERTATION IN BUSINESS ADl-HNISTRATION Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment
More informationChapter 2. Multiple Choice
Chapter 2 Multiple Choice 2-1. B 2-2. C 2-3. A 2-4. C 2-5. C 2-6. D 2-7. B 2-8. C 2-9. D 2-10. A 2-11. A 2-12. C 2-13. B 2-14. A 2-15. C 2-16. A 2-17. C 2-18. A 2-19. B 2-20. C Discussion Questions 2-21.
More informationMcGraw-Hill/Irwin. Copyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 03 Engagement Planning "Vision without action is a daydream. Action without vision is a nightmare. Japanese
More informationCompilation Engagements
IFAC Board Final Pronouncement March 2012 International Standard on Related Services ISRS 4410 (Revised), Compilation Engagements The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) develops
More informationSAMPLING AND ERROR EVALUATION RSM US LLP. All Rights Reserved.
SAMPLING AND ERROR EVALUATION SAMPLING Sampling Factors to consider when sampling Population size and aggregate balance Tolerable misstatement Expected error Assurance factors Significant risk Reliance
More information) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
1666 K Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20006 Telephone: (202) 207-9100 Facsimile: (202) 862-8430 www.pcaobus.org PROPOSED AUDITING STANDARD RELATED TO COMMUNICATIONS WITH AUDIT COMMITTEES AND RELATED AMENDMENTS
More informationReport on Inspection of KPMG AG Wirtschaftspruefungsgesellschaft (Headquartered in Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany)
1666 K Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20006 Telephone: (202) 207-9100 Facsimile: (202) 862-8433 www.pcaobus.org Report on 2016 (Headquartered in Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany) Issued by the Public Company
More informationGuidance: Transition for Logbooks for RCA Applications under RG 180 Auditor registration (2016)
Guidance: Transition for Logbooks for RCA Applications under RG 180 Auditor registration (2016) In order to register as a Registered Company Auditor (RCA), an applicant must meet the requirements of s.1280
More informationInternal Controls: Need Them, Have Them, Love Them
Internal Controls: Need Them, Have Them, Love Them Tiffany R. Winters, Esquire twinters@bruman.com Brustein & Manasevit Fall Forum 2010 Why Do We Have Internal Controls? The Federal Managers Financial
More informationAudit Evidence This section is effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after December 15, 2012.
Audit Evidence 395 AU-C Section 500 Audit Evidence Source: SAS No. 122; SAS No. 128. See section 9500 for interpretations of this section. Effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending
More informationThe Auditor s Response to the Risks of Material Misstatement Posed by Estimates of Expected Credit Losses under IFRS 9
The Auditor s Response to the Risks of Material Misstatement Posed by Estimates of Expected Credit Losses under IFRS 9 Considerations for the Audit Committees of Systemically Important Banks Global Public
More informationMore-Advanced Statistical Sampling Concepts for Tests of Controls and Tests of Balances
APPENDIX 10B More-Advanced Statistical Sampling Concepts for Tests of Controls and Tests of Balances Appendix 10B contains more mathematical and statistical details related to the test of controls sampling
More informationPlanning an Audit 259
Planning an Audit 259 AU-C Section 300 Planning an Audit Source: SAS No. 122; SAS No. 128. Effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after December 15, 2012. Introduction Scope
More informationASB Meeting January 12-15, 2015
ASB Meeting January 12-15, 2015 Agenda Item 3A Chapter 1, Concepts Common to All Attestation Engagements, of Attestation Standards: Clarification and Recodification Introduction 1.1 This chapter of Statements
More information2016 INSPECTION OF BHARAT PARIKH & ASSOCIATES CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS. Preface
2016 INSPECTION OF BHARAT PARIKH & ASSOCIATES CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS Preface In 2016, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ("PCAOB" or "the Board") conducted an inspection of the registered public
More informationSTANDING ADVISORY GROUP MEETING
1666 K Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20006 Telephone: (202) 207-9100 Facsimile: (202)862-8430 www.pcaobus.org PROPOSAL TO RECONSIDER THE HIERARCHY OF AUDITING STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE NOVEMBER 17-18, 2004
More informationInternal Control and the Computerised Information System (CIS) Environment. CA A. Rafeq, FCA
Internal Control and the Computerised Information System (CIS) Environment CA A. Rafeq, FCA 1 Agenda 1. Internal Controls and CIS Environment 2. Planning audit of CIS environment 3. Design and procedural
More informationThe Board of Directors of the Wirtschaftsprüferkammer: Consideration on the Proportionate (Scaled) Performance of an Audit on the Basis of the ISA
The Board of Directors of the Wirtschaftsprüferkammer: Consideration on the Proportionate (Scaled) Performance of an Audit on the Basis of the ISA Table of Contents 1. Basic Principles and Objectives of
More informationAudit Documentation. HKSA 230 Issued February Effective for audits of financial information for periods beginning on or after 15 June 2006
HKSA 230 Issued February 2006 Effective for audits of financial information for periods beginning on or after 15 June 2006 Hong Kong Standard on Auditing 230 Audit Documentation 1 HKSA 230 HONG KONG STANDARD
More informationThe Role of Analytics in Auditing The Importance of What the Numbers Indicate and Lack to Indicate
The Role of Analytics in Auditing The Importance of What the Numbers Indicate and Lack to Indicate Vienna, November 18, 2013 Atanasko Atanasovski CFRR, consultant Analytic-enabled audits Cost effective
More informationChapter 1 The Demand for Audit and Other Assurance Services Review Questions
Solution Manual for Auditing and Assurance Services 14th Edition by Arens Elder and Beasley Link download full: https://digitalcontentmarket.org/download/solution-manual-forauditing-and-asurance-14th-edition-by-arens-elder-and-beasley/
More informationAuditor Independence. NASD Notice to Members SEC Review of Auditor Independence Rules. Executive Summary. Questions/Further Information
INFORMATIONAL Auditor Independence SEC Review of Auditor Independence Rules SUGGESTED ROUTING The Suggested Routing function is meant to aid the reader of this document. Each NASD member firm should consider
More informationDena Jansen, CPA Partner Maxwell Locke & Ritter LLP
Dena Jansen, CPA Partner Maxwell Locke & Ritter LLP Chapter by chapter Data to improve GAGAS audits Resources 2 Accounting Standards Private Companies FASB AICPA GAAS Public Registrants FASB PCAOB Government
More informationTerms of Engagement 105. Source: SAS No Effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after December 15, 2012.
Terms of Engagement 105 AU-C Section 210 Terms of Engagement Source: SAS No. 122. Effective for audits of financial statements for periods ending on or after December 15, 2012. Introduction Scope of This
More informationCOSO 2013: Updated internal control framework
COSO 2013: Updated internal control framework Athens, 10 October 2013 Background COSO's structure and mission COSO 1 is a joint initiative of five sponsoring organizations - American Accounting Association
More informationIntroduction to Systems Analysis and Design
Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design What is a System? A system is a set of interrelated components that function together to achieve a common goal. The components of a system are called subsystems.
More informationStandard on Assurance Engagements ASAE 3500 Performance Engagements
ASAE 3500 (July 2008) (Amended October 2008) Standard on Assurance Engagements ASAE 3500 Issued by the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board Obtaining a Copy of this Standard on Assurance Engagements
More informationCase Report from Audit Firm Inspection Results
Case Report from Audit Firm Inspection Results July 2014 Certified Public Accountants and Auditing Oversight Board Table of Contents Expectations for Audit Firms... 1 Important Points for Users of this
More informationAuditor Objectivity and Skepticism What s Next?
Auditor Objectivity and Skepticism What s Next? American Accounting Association Annual Meeting August 5, 2013 Auditor Objectivity it and Skepticism i What s Next? Moderator: Cindy Fornelli, Center for
More informationCompilation Engagements
SINGAPORE STANDARD ON RELATED SERVICES SSRS 4410 (REVISED) Compilation Engagements This revised Singapore Standard on Related Services (SSRS) 4410 supersedes SSRS 4410 Engagements to Compile Financial
More informationPost-Conference Auditing and Investigating Fraud Seminar
Post-Conference Auditing and Investigating Fraud Seminar Auditing Track Auditors Fraud Responsibilities 1 of 18 Introduction Differing roles one goal External auditor Internal auditor Fraud examiner 2
More informationPre-Engagement Activities and Audit Planning By: Tariq Mahmood FCA, ACMA
Model Audit Practice Manual Pre-Engagement Activities and Audit Planning By: Tariq Mahmood FCA, ACMA Today s Learnings Pre-Engagement Activities Audit Planning Procedures Completion of Sample Forms (Annexures)
More informationACC 269 Auditing and Assurance Services
ACC 269 Auditing and Assurance Services COURSE DESCRIPTION: Prerequisites: ACC 220 Corequisites: None This course introduces selected topics pertaining to the objectives, theory, and practices in engagements
More informationSRI LANKA AUDITING STANDARD 600 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (INCLUDING THE WORK OF COMPONENT AUDITORS) CONTENTS
SRI LANKA AUDITING STANDARD 600 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AUDITS OF GROUP FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (INCLUDING THE WORK OF COMPONENT AUDITORS) (Effective for audits of group financial statements for periods beginning
More informationPerformance Auditing
Auditing Standard AUS 806 (July 2002) Performance Auditing Prepared by the Auditing & Assurance Standards Board of the Australian Accounting Research Foundation Issued by the Australian Accounting Research
More informationInternational Standard on Auditing (UK) 620 (Revised June 2016)
Standard Audit and Assurance Financial Reporting Council June 2016 International Standard on Auditing (UK) 620 (Revised June 2016) Using the Work of an Auditor s Expert The FRC s mission is to promote
More informationINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 580 WRITTEN REPRESENTATIONS CONTENTS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON AUDITING 580 WRITTEN REPRESENTATIONS (Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2009) CONTENTS Paragraph Introduction Scope of
More informationFREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING Nature and Timing of the Reporting Requirement When must registrants begin to report on internal control over financial reporting?
More informationStandards for Investment Reporting
January 2006 Standards for Investment Reporting 4000 INVESTMENT REPORTING STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO PUBLIC REPORTING ENGAGEMENTS ON PRO FORMA FINANCIAL INFORMATION LIMITED The Auditing Practices Board Limited,
More informationEthics Decision Tree. For CPAs in Government
Ethics Decision Tree For CPAs in Government April 2015 2015 American Institute of CPAs. All rights reserved. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion
More informationChapter [LO 3] Why do the audit standards address qualifications of the user of financial statements in the discussion of materiality?
Chapter 6 Multiple Choice 6-1. C 6-2. B 6-3. D 6-4. B 6-5. D 6-6. B 6-7. C 6-8. B 6-9. A 6-10. D 6-11. A 6-12. B 6-13. C 6-14. D 6-15. C 6-16. C 6-17. A 6-18. C 6-19. D 6-20. C 6-21. C 6-22. C Discussion
More informationSummary of ISAs for ACCA F8 Students. The Essential Knowledge Paul Merison
Summary of ISAs for ACCA F8 Students The Essential Knowledge Paul Merison Overview ISA 200 265 Basic concepts/issues affecting whole audit ISA 300 330 Planning / Controls Assessment ISA 402 580 Evidence
More information3410N Assurance engagements relating to sustainability reports
3410N Assurance engagements relating to sustainability reports Royal NIVRA 3410N ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS RELATING TO SUSTAINABILITY REPORTS Introduction Scope of this Standard ( T1 and T2) 1. This Standard
More informationAN AUDIT OF INTERNAL CONTROL THAT IS INTEGRATED WITH AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: GUIDANCE FOR AUDITORS OF SMALLER PUBLIC COMPANIES
1666 K Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20006 Telephone: (202) 207-9100 Facsimile: (202) 862-8430 www.pcaobus.org PRELIMINARY STAFF VIEWS AN AUDIT OF INTERNAL CONTROL THAT IS INTEGRATED WITH AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL
More informationReporting on Pro Forma Financial Information
Reporting on Pro Forma Financial Information 1509 AT Section 401 Reporting on Pro Forma Financial Information Source: SSAE No. 10. Effective when the presentation of pro forma financial information is
More information