Chapter 9: PHASE DIAGRAM
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1 Chpter 9: PHASE DIAGRAM ISSUES TO ADDRESS... When we combine two elements... wht is the resulting equilibrium stte? In prticulr, if we specify the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), nd -- the temperture (T ) then... How mny phses form? Wht is the composition of ech phse? Wht is the mount of ech phse? Phse A Phse B Nickel tom Copper tom 1
2 Fe 3 C (cementite) IRON-CARBON (Fe-C) PHASE DIAGRAM (EXAMPLE 1) 2 importnt points - Eutectic (A): L g + Fe 3 C - Eutectoid (B): g + Fe 3 C 1600 d T(ºC) +L (ustenite) B 1148ºC L A g +Fe 3 C 727ºC = T eutectoid L+Fe 3 C 600 +Fe 3 C 120 mm Result: Perlite = lternting lyers of nd Fe 3 C phses (Adpted from Fig. 9.27, Cllister & Rethwisch 8e.) (Fe) 0.76 Adpted from Fig. 9.24, Cllister & Rethwisch 8e C, wt% C Fe 3 C (cementite-hrd) (ferrite-soft) 2
3 EXAMPLE 1 An lloy of eutectoid composition (0.76 wt% C) s it is cooled down from temperture within the g-phse region (e.g., t 800 ºC). Initilly the lloy is composed entirely of the ustenitic phse hving composition of 0.76 wt% C As the lloy is cooled, no chnges will occur until the eutectoid temperture (727 ºC). Upon crossing this temperture to point B, the ustenite trnsforms ccording to: Eutectoid (B): g (0.76 wt% C) (0.022 wt% C) + Fe 3 C (6.7 wt% C) 3
4 EXAMPLE 1 (cont.) The microstructure for this eutectoid steel is slowly cooled through the eutectoid temperture consists of lternting lyers or lmelle of the two phses ( nd Fe 3 C) tht form simultneously during the trnsformtion. Point B is clled perlite. Mechniclly, perlite hs properties intermedite between the soft, ductile ferrite nd the hrd, brittle cementite. 4
5 EXAMPLE 1 (cont.) The lternting nd Fe 3 C lyers in perlite form s such for the sme reson tht the eutectic structure forms becuse the composition of ustenite (0.76 %wt C) is different from either of ferrite (0.022 wt% C) nd cementite (6.70 wt% C), nd the phse trnsformtion requires tht there be redistribution of the crbon by diffusion. Subsequent cooling of the perlite from point B will produce reltively insignificnt microstructurl chnges. 5
6 0.76 Fe 3 C (cementite) Hypoeutectoid Steel (EXAMPLE 2) g g 1600 d T(ºC) +L (ustenite) (Fe) perlite C 0 727ºC 1148ºC L g + Fe 3 C + Fe 3 C L+Fe 3 C C, wt% C (Fe-C System) 100 mm Hypoeutectoid steel Adpted from Figs nd 9.29,Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig dpted from Binry Alloy Phse Digrms, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Msslski (Ed.-in- Chief), ASM Interntionl, Mterils Prk, OH, 1990.) perlite proeutectoid ferrite Adpted from Fig. 9.30, Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. 6
7 EXAMPLE 2 (cont.) Within the + g region, most of the prticles will form long the originl rin boundries. The prticles will grow lrger just bove the eutectoid line. As the temperture is lowered below T e, ll the g phse will trnsform to perlite ccording to: g + Fe 3 C There will be virtully no chnge in the phse tht existed just bove the T e. This tht is formed bove T e is clled proeutectoid (pro=pre=before eutectoid) ferrite. 7
8 EXAMPLE 2 (cont.) The ferrite tht is present in the perlite is clled eutectoid ferrite. As result, two microconstituents re present in the lst microgrph (the one below T e ): proeutectoid ferrite nd perlite 8
9 0.76 Fe 3 C (cementite) g g W = s/(r + s) W g =(1 - W ) 1600 d W perlite = W g W = S/(R + S) T(ºC) +L (ustenite) r perlite (Fe) C 0 s R S W Fe 3 C =(1 W ) perlite EXAMPLE 2 727ºC 1148ºC L g + Fe 3 C + Fe 3 C L+Fe 3 C C, wt% C (Fe-C System) 100 mm Hypoeutectoid steel Adpted from Figs nd 9.29,Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig dpted from Binry Alloy Phse Digrms, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Msslski (Ed.-in- Chief), ASM Interntionl, Mterils Prk, OH, 1990.) proeutectoid ferrite Adpted from Fig. 9.30, Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. 9
10 0.76 Fe 3 C (cementite) HYPEREUTECTOID STEEL (EXAMPLE 3) Fe 3 C 1600 d T(ºC) +L (ustenite) (Fe) perlite C ºC L g +Fe 3 C +Fe 3 C L+Fe 3 C C, wt%c (Fe-C System) Adpted from Figs nd 9.32,Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig dpted from Binry Alloy Phse Digrms, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Msslski (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM Interntionl, Mterils Prk, OH, 1990.) perlite 60 mm Hypereutectoid steel proeutectoid Fe 3 C Adpted from Fig. 9.33, Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. 10
11 0.76 Fe 3 C (cementite) Fe 3 C W g =x/(v + x) W =(1-W g ) Fe 3 C W perlite = W g W = X/(V + X) 1600 d W =(1 - W ) Fe 3 C 800 T(ºC) +L (ustenite) 600 perlite +Fe 3 C (Fe) V EXAMPLE 3 (cont.) v C 0 x perlite X 1148ºC L g +Fe 3 C L+Fe 3 C C, wt%c (Fe-C System) 60 mm Hypereutectoid steel proeutectoid Fe 3 C Adpted from Figs nd 9.32,Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig dpted from Binry Alloy Phse Digrms, 2nd ed., Vol. 1, T.B. Msslski (Ed.-in-Chief), ASM Interntionl, Mterils Prk, OH, 1990.) Adpted from Fig. 9.33, Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. 11
12 PROBLEM For 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C steel t temperture just below the eutectoid, determine the following: ) The compositions of Fe 3 C nd ferrite (). b) The mount of cementite (in grms) tht forms in 100 g of steel. c) The mounts of perlite nd proeutectoid ferrite () in the 100 g 12
13 Fe C (cementite) W Fe 3 C R R + S SOLUTION TO PROBLEM ) Using the RS tie line just below the eutectoid C = wt% C C Fe3 C = 6.70 wt% C b) Using the lever rule with the tie line shown C 0 C C Fe 3 C C Amount of Fe 3 C in 100 g T(ºC) 1600 d g (ustenite) R g +L 727ºC 1148ºC L g + Fe 3 C S + Fe 3 C L+Fe 3 C = (100 g)w Fe3 C = (100 g)(0.057) = 5.7 g C, wt% C C C 0 C Fe C 3 13
14 Fe C (cementite) c) Using the VX tie line just bove the eutectoid nd relizing tht W perlite SOLUTION TO PROBLEM (CONT.) C 0 = 0.40 wt% C C = wt% C C perlite = C g = 0.76 wt% C V V + X C 0 C C g C Amount of perlite in 100 g T(ºC) 1600 d g (ustenite) V X g +L 727ºC 1148ºC L g + Fe 3 C + Fe 3 C L+Fe 3 C = (100 g)w perlite = (100 g)(0.512) = 51.2 g C C g C, wt% C C 0 14
15 T Eutectoid (ºC) C eutectoid (wt% C) ALLOYING WITH OTHER ELEMENTS T eutectoid chnges: C eutectoid chnges: Ti Mo Si W Ni Cr Ni Cr Mn Ti Si Mo W Mn wt. % of lloying elements Adpted from Fig. 9.34,Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig from Edgr C. Bin, Functions of the Alloying Elements in Steel, Americn Society for Metls, 1939, p. 127.) wt. % of lloying elements Adpted from Fig. 9.35,Cllister & Rethwisch 8e. (Fig from Edgr C. Bin, Functions of the Alloying Elements in Steel, Americn Society for Metls, 1939, p. 127.) 15
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