Understanding of Inclusions - Characterization, Interactions and Boundaries of Removability with Special Focus on Aluminium melts
|
|
- Erika Benson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 WERKSTOFFWOCHE, Dresden Understanding of Inclusions - Characterization, Interactions and Boundaries of Removability with Special Focus on Aluminium melts Bernd Friedrich IME Process Metallurgy and Metal, RWTH Aachen University Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Bernd Friedrich
2 Motivation Inclusion content is one of the most *Jaguar important quality requirements They effect the mechanical properties and formability *Constellium They must be removed to reach required product qualities
3 Product Defects: Straches on the Surface Example of stringers (scratches on a rolled surface) *Constellium
4 Motivation: Requirements of Metal Purity 3 ppm Alloys without filtration Extrusion 99,7 1 ppm / 1000 ppb 100 ppb Alloys with filtration Computer Discs Foil with filtration 10 ppb 1 ppb / 1000 ppt 100 ppt Non-metallic inclusions Peter Waite, Light Metals ppt
5 Aluminium Production carbides oxides carbides nitrides oxides borides intermetallics furnance treatment electrolysis channel treatment melting furnance oxides billet casting rolling ingot casting *Trimet Aluminium SE oxides oxides
6 Inclusions as a Part of Potential Impurities in Al-Melts Impurities in Al-melts Dissolved elements Inclusions Dissolved gas (H) Dissolved metals Primary: Na, Ca, Li, Mg Secondary: Fe, Si, Cu, Mn Oxides Al 2 O 3 MgO MgAl 2 O 4 SiO 2 Carbides Al 4 C 3 TiC SiC Nitrides AlN Borides TiB 2 AlB 2
7 Non-metallic Inclusions The non-metallic inclusions can vary from <1-500 µm They influence mechanical properties and surface quality They can be devided into endoand exogeneous inclusions Example of inclusions in a thin wall product (wall thickness about 100 µm) If not removed, they will appear as hole in foil, surface defects on sheets, edge cracking in slabs
8 Inclusion Formation by Interactions with Solids with pigments (TiO 2 /Fe 2 O 3 ) 2 Al + Fe 2 O 3 Al 2 O Fe (Al) 2 Al + TiO 2 Al 2 O 3 + Ti (Al) used aluminum beverage cans (UBC scrap) with refractory materials 4Al + 3C = Al 4 C 3 Al + SiO 2 = Si + Al 2 O 3 graphite crucible
9 Type of Inclusions in Al-melts (1) - Oxides Type Morphology Density g/cm 3 Dimensions µm Oxides MgAl 2 O 4 Spinel Particles, skins, flakes 3.60 Dispersoids Oxide skins Dispersoids Oxide skins Al 2 O 3 (Corundum) Particles, skins MgO Particles, skins 3.58 Dispersoids Oxide skins SiO 2 Particles CaO Particles 3.37 <5
10 Type of Inclusions in Al-melts (2) Non-oxides Type Morphology Density g/cm 3 Dimensions µm Carbides Al 4 C 3 Particles, clusters SiC Particles TiC Particles, clusters 4.7 <5 Borides TiB 2 Particles, clusters AlB 2 Particles Nitrides AlN Particles, skins Chlorides CaCl 2, NaCl, MgCl 2 Liquid droplets
11 Formation Mechanisms of Inclusions (1) Simple Oxides 2Al + 3 x O x = Al 2 O 3 Origin: Refractory materials, atmosphere contact with solid or liquid aluminium Mg + 1 x O x = MgO Origin: Reaction between magnesium and oxygen in the melt when the alloy contains more than 2% Mg W. Schneider, Filtration of Aluminum Melts
12 Formation Mechanisms of Inclusions (2) Spinell Oxide 2Al (l) + Mg [Al] + 2O 2(g) Al 2 MgO 4(s) 2Al (l) + Mg [Al] + 2SiO 2(s) Al2MgO 4(s) + 2Si [Al] 3Mg [Al] + 4Al 2 O 3(s) 3Al 2 MgO 4(s) + 2Al (l) Origin: Spinel oxides usually form in alloys with <2% Mg content W. Schneider, Filtration of Aluminum Melts
13 Oxidation of Al-Mg Alloys 1 2 O 2 + Mg 2+ MgO + 2L + Crucible MgO Mg 2+ + O Al + 2e L + Mg 2+ e - MgO Metal channels O 2 Al + 3O Al 2 O 3 Aluminium alloy film Alumina Spinel Bulk aluminum alloy *Venugopalan
14 Continuous Inclusion Generation by Oxidation Inclusion concentration (k/kg) Oxidation behaviour of aluminium melts differs from each other due to different alloying elements. The oxide layer of pure aluminium is stable, but Mg-containing Al 2 O 3 layers cause continuous oxidation of melt because of its instability Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 *M. Gökelma, Master Thesis, IME-RWTH Aachen Increasing inclusion concentration of the Mg-containing Al-alloy melt during three experiment days.
15 Formation Mechanisms of Inclusions (3) Al-carbide 4Al + 3SiC 3Si + Al 4 C 3 Origin: They are formed if the solubility of carbon is above the limit Generation by reactions between - melt and cathode-anode in cells - molten metal and tools - melt and refractory - melt carbon from alloying elements W. Schneider, Filtration of Aluminum Melts
16 Formation Mechanisms of Inclusions (4) Ti-boride/carbide [Ti] + 2[B] TiB 2(s) Origin: Excess of boron can react with titanium during grain refining process 25 µm [Ti] + [C] TiC (s) [Ti] + C (s) TiC (s) [Ti] + Al 4 C 3(s) TiC (s) + Al (l) Origin: grain refining process W. Schneider, Filtration of Aluminum Melts
17 Off-line Inclusion Detection (1) PoDFA Principle off-line Principle: ABB PoDFA (Porous Disc Filtration Apparatus) method is based on optical evaluation of a filter cake which contains the concentrated inclusions to characterise
18 Off-line Inclusion Detection (2) PoDFA Results Al 2 O 3 thin films Al 2 O 3 thin films + Al 2 O 3 and SiC particles *M.Gökelma et al., TMS Light Metals 2016 *ABB
19 On-line Inclusion Detection (1) LiMCA Principle DV= f (particle volume) Principle: *LiMCA CM Brochure, ABB LiMCA (Liquid Metal Clenliness Analyzer) method is based on measuring the voltage difference (which was caused by passing particles) between electrodes and post process the obtained data as particle concentration and size.
20 Inclusion concentration N20 in k/kg On-line Inclusion Detection (2) LiMCA Results Inclusion concentration in k/kg Inclusion size in μm Time in min
21 Interactions and Movement of Inclusions in Al-melts Heat radiation O 2 2Al + 3O = Al 2 O 3 Oxide layer break-off Oxide layer Magnetic field due to inductive heating Convection Brownian motion Resistance heating Refractory lining break off Settling Al-melt Clustering *M.Gökelma et al., Int. Al. Journal
22 Clusters SiC Al 2 O 3 M.Gökelma et al. IMMC 17 International Metallurgy & Materials Congress, 2014
23 Settling - Forces acting on particles The most of the non-metallic inclusions tend to settle in light metals This phenomenon is valid for a spherical particle with higher density than the melt. Melt flow due to stirring or natural convection can easily impact the settling behaviour of a particle. Free settling is just possible in ideal case. In real, many parameters are present such as: surface tension (Al 2 O 3 thin films), melt movement, particle concentration V = 1 (ρ p ρ f ) gd 2 Stoke s equation 18 μ
24 Terminal velocity in mm/s Settling & Floating & Suspending Gravity Force (F G ) - Buoyancy Force (F v ) = Drag Force (F D ) F G = m s.g = ρ particle.v particle.g F v = m f.g = ρ fluid.v particle.g F D = 1/2.ρ fluid.ʋ 2 particle.c D.A Al2O3 spherical particles Al2O3 thin disks with 1:10 thickness to diameter ratio Diameter in µm *M.Badowski et al., TMS Light Metals 2015 Type Density g/cm 3 TiC 4.70 TiB Al 2 O MgAl 2 O MgO 3.58 SiC 3.22 Al 4 C Al-molten 2.35 (700 C) NaCl 2.17 LiCl 2.07
25 Velocity (mm/s) Terminal Velocity under Gravity Influence (settling) 6 5 MgO clusters 4 3 Al 2 O 3 thin discs 2 MgO.Al 2 O 3 thin discs Diameter and edge length (µm) *M. Gökelma, Master Thesis, IME-RWTH Aachen Al 4 C 3 cubic particles Settling velocities of non-spherical particles with different chemistries are shown Shape has also an effect on settling velocity Densities of particles: Al 2 O 3 > MgO.Al 2 O 3 > MgO > Al 4 C 3
26 Clustering by settling Gravitational Gradient: In a fluid, the small particles slowly settle down in the solution and settling velocity increases with increasing size of particle due to higher gravitational forces (F G ) Floating particles Agglomerate *S. P. Mokkapati,
27 Natural Convection by Temperature Gradient (1) In casting and holding furnaces in Aluminium industry, big amount of heat is lost from the surface by radiation which directly affects the melt flow direction and velocity (hydrodynamics).
28 Natural Convection by Temperature Gradient (2) Wall Heating generates natural convection in different directions depending on the location of heating elements. This directly affects the motion of entraining of the suspended particles in melt. *M.Badowski et al., TMS Light Metals 2015
29 Brownian motion - Simulation of Particles Movement Brownian agglomeration is due to disorganized random movement of small inclusions in liquid and lead to collisions per second! Brownian Motion defined by average displacement-squared: *Tian, Irons, Wilkinson < r 2 > = 6 D t D=0.16 micron 2 /second for this particle D is diffusion constant of the particle depends on the size and shape of the particle, and on the viscosity and temperature of the fluid
30 Forced Convection in Aluminium Melts Inductive heating Gas lancing Flotation Mammoth pump Melts are moved by external forces which promotes the inclusion movement. This causes: Collision of particles (clustering) Generation of new inclusions (oxidation) Dragged particles by the melt flow EMP
31 Forced Convection Clustering due to Turbulent Flow Turbulent agglomeration can be understood by two processes which are turbulent inertial agglomeration and turbulent shear agglomeration Two particles in different flow patlines direct collide because of their different travelling velocities *S. P. Mokkapati,
32 Clustering: Attractive Forces *H. Yin,
33 Inclusion Removal Devices in Production-line Casting Unit BP-filter Degasser CF-filter CF-filter Launder Casting Furnace *Hydro Aluminium Rolled Products GmbH
34 LiMCA N20 Counts (k/kg) Limits of Settling in a Casting Furnace 100 Settling Phenomenon of Inclusions in Casting Furnaces *LiMCA CM Brochure, ABB Cast Time (min)
35 Inclusion Removal Methods Type of Refining Effect Melting under salt Salt Refining Removing of Oxides Removal of Li, Na, Ca, Sr, oxides Purging gas treatment Removal of H 2, Li, Na, Ca, Sr, Zn, oxides, nitrides, carbides Chlorination Filtration Vacuum distillation Addition of primary aluminium Removal of Mg Removal of solid particles Removal of Mg, Zn Dilution of all impurity elements
36 Inclusion Flotation by Gas Purging Gas Purging is a well-known process for purification of Al-melts. However it has big influence on heat convection and hydrodynamics of melt. This bath movement caused by gas purging increases the frequency of collision which results clustering. purge gas purge gas
37 Bubble Formation (growth conditions) p g > p atm + p h + p P g : internal gas pressure P atm : atmospheric pressure P h : metallostatic pressure P : pressure forced by surface tension gas/liquid p h p p g p atm individual gas bubbles grow until they reach a specific size and separate bubble size at separation, depends on the diameter of the nozzle and the Reynold number of the nozzle
38 Principle of Inclusion Flotation by Gas Purging Al Inclusions Ar Argon bubbles Ar Inclusions Ar Porous plug
39 Mechanism of Particle Removal by Gas Bubbles Use of interfacial tension of solid liquid (physiochemical technique) Particles to be separated are adhered to fluid Wet particles sink down to the bottom Non-wetted particles are transported to the surface by air bubbles Emerging froth (foam) is separated Molten Aluminium Gas bubble F G
40 Inclusion Flotation by Rotor Injection Fluxing gas mixture Metal in Metal out stirring gas dispersion
41 Technology Effect on Specific Bubble Surface Area spec. gas bubble surface. (m rotor nozzle (high speed) porous plug gas bubble diameter (mm)
42 Gas Purging of Aluminium in Operation 130t gas fired holding furnace with 16 Plug Al-Clean System
43 Gas Purging Results *Zhang
44 Principle of Inclusion Filtration To caster Al melt flow from degassing unit Clean melt Filter Separation of suspended particles: Oxide particles, oxide skin Refractory particles from trough Impurities of grain refiners (TiC, TiB 2 )
45 Filtration Mechanisms Cake filtration Deep bed filtration
46 Filter Systems Deep bed Filter BF Pore size: ~1000µm Ceramic Foam Filter CFF Pore size: ~ 2000µm (30ppi) Röhrenfilter BPF Pore size: ~ 450µm (24grit)
47 Filtrtion Efficiency Influence of Particle Density on Filtration Efficiency Analytical calculation by J. P. Desmoulins et al. 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 Density 4,5 g/cm³ Density 3,3 g/cm³ Density 2,36 g/cm³ 1,0 1,0 0,8 0,8 0,6 0,6 0,4 0,4 0,2 0, Inclusion size [µm] Inclusion size [µm] Inclusion size [µm]
48 Filtration Efficiency (%) Filtration Efficiency of Different Filter Systems CFF 15" 30ppi CFF 15" 50ppi Ceramic Foam Filter CFF 17" 30ppi CFF 17" 50ppi CFF 17" 65ppi CFF 17" 80ppi Bonded Particle Filter BPF 16grit BPF 16grit + CFF 15" 30ppi Non-Connected Filter BPF 24grit + CFF 15" 30ppi NCF CFF 17" 30/50 ppi Bed Filter BF
49 Summary Inclusions exist in all aluminium melts with different morphologies and chemistries which impact the product quality pigments, refractory materials, atmosphere, alloying elements, input materials are the main inclusion generation mechanisms Inclusion movement in melts effect the removal and detection efficiency Future trends: The quality requirements will be higher and melts must be cleaner Particle behaviour in melts must be better understood Detection and removal methods must be improved
50 WERKSTOFFWOCHE, Dresden Thank you for your attention! IME Process Metallurgy and Metal, RWTH Aachen University Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Bernd Friedrich
ASSESSMENT OF SETTLING BEHAVIOR OF PARTICLES WITH DIFFERENT SHAPE FACTORS BY LiMCA DATA ANALYSIS
Light Metals 216 Edited by: Edward Williams TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 216 ASSESSMENT OF SETTLING BEHAVIOR OF PARTICLES WITH DIFFERENT SHAPE FACTORS BY LiMCA DATA ANALYSIS Mertol Gökelma
More informationAl-Foam Production Scrap Source for Recycling?
1 Al-Foam Production Scrap Source for Recycling? Dipl.-Ing. K. Jessen*, Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Friedrich*, Dr.-Ing. G. Rombach** * IME, Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, RWTH Aachen ** Hydro Aluminium
More informationBATH MOVEMENT EFFECT ON AGGLOMERATION OF INCLUSIONS IN ALUMINIUM MELTS
BATH MOVEMENT EFFECT ON AGGLOMERATION OF INCLUSIONS IN ALUMINIUM MELTS Mertol GÖKELMA, Bernd FRIEDRICH IME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany mgoekelma@ime-aachen.de,
More informationINVESTIGATIONS OF THE NATURE OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS IN Al-Mg-Mn ALLOYS
U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol. 75, Iss. 4, 2013 ISSN 14546 3540 INVESTIGATIONS OF THE NATURE OF NON-METALLIC INCLUSIONS IN Al-Mg-Mn ALLOYS Denisa VONICA 1, Petru MOLDOVAN 2, Carmen STĂNICĂ 3, Mihai
More informationMETAL QUALITY COMPARISON OF ALCAN COMPACT DEGASSER AND SNIF AT ALCOA MOUNT HOLLY CASTHOUSE
METAL QUALITY COMPARISON OF ALCAN COMPACT DEGASSER AND AT ALCOA MOUNT HOLLY CASTHOUSE D. C. Chesonis and D. H. DeYoung Alcoa Technical Center Alcoa Center, PA 1569 E. Elder and R. O. Wood Alcoa Mount Holly
More informationSecondary Steelmaking 1 Synthetic slag practice, injection ladle metallurgy, deoxidation
17 Secondary Steelmaking 1 Synthetic slag practice, injection ladle metallurgy, deoxidation Topics to discuss... Secondary steelmaking Synthetic slag practice Injection ladle metallurgy Deoxidation Secondary
More informationDegassing Components Unique Oxidation Resistance Treatment
Page 1/7 CGT Carbon is supplier of Carbon Graphite Materials and their Components including carbon graphite felt, rigid graphite felt, carbon-carbon composite and also quartz crucible. We offer these products
More informationNon-Ferrous-Metallurgy in Aachen -Short Department Presentation B. Friedrich
Non-Ferrous-Metallurgy in Aachen -Short Department Presentation B. Friedrich IME Process Metallurgy and Metal, RWTH Aachen University Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. Bernd Friedrich Our business education in non-ferrous
More informationMechanisms in the Cleaning of Aluminium Melts with Flux Preparations
Mechanisms in the Cleaning of Aluminium Melts with Flux Preparations I. Impurities in the melt Hydrogen and oxides are common impurities in an aluminium melt. Source is the water from the atmosphere, the
More informationLecture 25: Principles of degassing
Lecture 25: Principles of degassing Contents Introduction Principles Side reactions General considerations Fluid flow in degassing Material balance in de gassing Key words: Degassing, gases in steel, ladle
More informationClosing the Materials Loop for g-tial Production Recycling of Contaminated Scrap
Closing the Materials Loop for g-tial Production of Contaminated Scrap Peter Spiess, Bernd Friedrich IME Process Metallurgy and Metal, RWTH Aachen University Abstract The most common processing of γ-titaniumaluminides
More informationDevelopment of a CaO-CaF 2 -slag system for high rare earth contents
Development of a CaO-CaF 2 -slag system for high rare earth contents T. Müller; B. Friedrich IME Process Metallurgy and Metal Aachen University, Germany Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Friedrich Source for Rare Earth:
More informationXC Filter and Optifilter: Two three stage filtration systems compared By John Courtenay and Michael Bryant (both of MQP Limited)
As published in Aluminium International Today, July/ August, 2011 XC Filter and Optifilter: Two three stage filtration systems compared By John Courtenay and Michael Bryant (both of MQP Limited) Background
More informationPrincipals of Billet Making
Billet quality directly controls the quality of extrusions and affects productivity, in term profitability. The quality of billets& cost are the two important considerations for extrusion producers. Day
More informationProcess and Refining Characteristics of ESR using MgO containing Slag Systems
Process and Refining Characteristics of ESR using MgO containing Slag Systems S. Radwitz 1, H. Scholz 2, B. Friedrich 1, H. Franz 2 1 IME Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling, RWTH Aachen University
More information2.7 EXTRA QUESTIONS MS. heat or C (1) 2 (b) electrolysis (1) molten or with cryolite (1) 2 [4]
2.7 EXTRA QUESTIONS MS 1. (a) C + Cl 2 (or in eq n ) (1) heat or 500 1000 C (1) 2 (b) electrolysis (1) molten or with cryolite (1) 2 [4] 2. Equation(s) for iron Fe 2 O 3 + 3C 2Fe + 3CO (1) (3CO) (3CO 2
More informationEXPERIENCE WITH THE SEALED ALCAN COMPACT DEGASSER (ACD)
Aluminium Cast House Technology 2005 Edited by J.Taylor, I. Bainbridge & J. Grandfield EXPERIENCE WITH THE SEALED ALCAN COMPACT DEGASSER (ACD) Martin B. Taylor, Bruno Maltais STAS Inc., 1846 Outarde, Chicoutimi
More informationCharacterisation of Molten Metal Quality Using the Pressure Filtration Technique
Characterisation of Molten Metal Quality Using the Pressure Filtration Technique Copyright 3 American Foundry Society P. G. Enright, I. R. Hughes, J. Pickering N-Tec, Redditch, UK A. Simard, J. Proulx
More informationTopic 2.7 EXTRACTION OF METALS. Extraction of Iron Extraction of Aluminium Extraction of Titanium Recycling
Topic 2.7 EXTRACTION OF METALS Extraction of Iron Extraction of Aluminium Extraction of Titanium Recycling EXTRACTING METALS FROM THEIR ORES Most metals do not occur native. They exist in compounds, usually
More informationTreatment of Aluminum for Improved Foundry Products. Description of Oxide Formation
Treatment of Aluminum for Improved Foundry Products Description of Oxide Formation Aluminum is an extremely reactive metal. Molten aluminum oxidizes rapidly in air or even relatively pure inert gasses
More informationCOOPERATIVE PATENT CLASSIFICATION
CPC C COOPERATIVE PATENT CLASSIFICATION CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY (S omitted) METALLURGY C22 METALLURGY (of iron C21); FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS (production of
More informationEffect of Charge Materials on Slag Formation in Ductile Iron Melts
Effect of Charge Materials on Slag Formation in Ductile Iron Melts C. Labrecque, M. Gagné and E. Planque Rio Tinto Iron & Titanium Inc. Sorel-Tracy, Quebec, Canada ABSTRACT The formation of an oxide slag
More informationGrain Refiner Fade in Aluminium Castings
Proceedings of the 9 th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys (2004) Edited by J.F. Nie, A.J. Morton and B.C. Muddle Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 705 Grain Refiner Fade in
More informationAdvances and Innovations in the Extraction of Aluminum, Magnesium, Lithium, and Titanium
Advances and Innovations in the Extraction of Aluminum, Magnesium, Lithium, and Titanium Donald R. Sadoway Department of Materials Science & Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge,
More informationI Have Inclusions! Get Me the Cheapest and Best Flux for Cleaning My Melt! Is This the Best Driven, Cost-Saving Approach by a Foundry?
1 of 15 I Have Inclusions! Get Me the Cheapest and Best Flux for Cleaning My Melt! Is This the Best Driven, Cost-Saving Approach by a Foundry? R. Gallo Pyrotek Inc. Aurora, Ohio Copyright 2017 American
More informationGENARAL INTRODUCTION TO METALLURGY :Std: XI-CHEMISTRY
GENARAL INTRODUCTION TO METALLURGY :Std: XI-CHEMISTRY 1. What is matrix? The ore is generally associated with rock impurities like clay, sand etc. called gangue or matrix 2. What is mineral? The natural
More informationIron Removal from Titanium Ore using Selective Chlorination and Effective Utilization of Chloride Wastes
Iron Removal from Titanium Ore using Selective Chlorination and Effective Utilization of Chloride Wastes Ryosuke Matsuoka 1 and Toru H. Okabe 2 1 Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
More informationProducing gloss extruded shape products for special applications -Experience from practice-
Producing gloss extruded shape products for special applications -Experience from practice- This paper was presented at the TMS in March 2008, in New Orleans, LA, USA PRODUCING GLOSS EXTRUDED SHAPE PRODUCTS
More informationThe Stand of Horizontal Continuous Casting of Al and its Alloys
A R C H I V E S of F O U N D R Y E N G I N E E R I N G Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences ISSN (1897-3310) Volume 13 Issue 3/2013 113 118 23/3
More informationEffect of Melting and Casting Conditions on Aluminium Metal Quality
Effect of Melting and Casting Conditions on Aluminium Metal Quality Derya DISPINAR, John CAMPBELL Department of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, UK. Abstract A study in a secondary alloy
More informationMaterials engineering. Iron and steel making
Materials engineering Iron and steel making Metals: rarely exist in pure state mostly in ores Ore: Metallic and other compounds, mostly oxides Metallic content: Iron ores: 30-70% Fe Copper ores: 0.1-0.8
More informationRefining grain structure and porosity of an aluminium alloy. with intensive melt shearing
Refining grain structure and porosity of an aluminium alloy with intensive melt shearing Y. Zuo *, H. Li, M. Xia, B. Jiang, G. M. Scamans, Z. Fan LiME (EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Liquid
More informationLecture 21: Evolution of ladle Treatment and Requirements
Lecture 21: Evolution of ladle Treatment and Requirements Contents: Preamble What modifications are required? Basics of gas stirring Mixing time Gas injection rates Choice of stirring energy Key words:
More informationResearch on importance of cleanliness in manufacturing reliable products for automotive
DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/20171120901 7 Research on importance of cleanliness in manufacturing reliable products for automotive Alexandra Dzetzit, and Gheorghe Nagit Gheorghe Asachi Technical University
More informationLecture 23: Injection ladle metallurgy
Lecture 23: Injection ladle metallurgy Contents: Injection of solid powders Desulphurization Mechanism Illustration Alloying with gas injection Heating of steel Keywords: alloying, permanent contact, ladle
More informationHORIZONTAL CONTINUOUS CASTING OF Al AND Al-Si ALLOY IN SEMI-INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS. Tomasz WRÓBEL, Jan SZAJNAR
HORIZONTAL CONTINUOUS CASTING OF Al AND Al-Si ALLOY IN SEMI-INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS Tomasz WRÓBEL, Jan SZAJNAR Silesian University of Technology, Foundry Department, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland, tomasz.wrobel@polsl.pl
More informationInstitute of Industrial Science (IIS) and Okabe Lab.
Institute of Industrial Science (IIS) and Okabe Lab. Ryosuke Matsuoka Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 1 Institute of Industrial Science (IIS) http://www.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ 2 About
More informationQuestion 6.1: Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zinc. Explain. The reduction potentials of zinc and iron are lower than that of copper. In hydrometallurgy, zinc and iron can be used to
More informationGeneral Principle of Isolation of Elements (NCERT)
Question 6.1: Copper can be extracted by hydrometallurgy but not zinc. Explain. The reduction potentials of zinc and iron are lower than that of copper. In hydrometallurgy, zinc and iron can be used to
More informationINTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN COOLING RATE, MICROSTRUCTURE AND POROSITY IN MG ALLOY AE42
INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN COOLING RATE, MICROSTRUCTURE AND POROSITY IN MG ALLOY AE42 Liang Wang 1, Hongjoo Rhee 1, Sergio D. Felicelli 2, Adrian S. Sabau 3, John T. Berry 2 1 Center for Advanced Vehicular
More informationGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
INTEXT QUESTIONS GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS Question 6.1: Which of the ores mentioned in Table 6.1 can be concentrated by magnetic separation method? If the ore or the gangue
More informationInternational Conference on Material Science and Application (ICMSA 2015)
International Conference on Material Science and Application (ICMSA 2015) Effect of Magnesium Addition on the Inclusions Composition in the Cast Microstructure of HSLA Steel Yan LIU 1, a,*, Kai WANG 2,
More informationModelling the Oxygen Content of Titanium during Deoxidation in the Pressure Electroslag Remelting
Modelling the Oxygen Content of Titanium during Deoxidation in the Pressure Electroslag Remelting (PESR) Process Dipl.-Ing. M.Bartosinsi, Dipl.-Ing. J. Reitz, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. B. Friedrich IME Process
More informationCHARACTERISATION OF INTERMETALLIC INCLUSIONS OBTAINED BY DISSOLUTION OF IRON ALLOYING ADDITIVES IN MOLTEN ALUMINIUM. Varužan Kevorkijan *
Association of Metallurgical Engineers of Serbia AMES Scientific paper UDC: 669.13'71 CHARACTERISATION OF INTERMETALLIC INCLUSIONS OBTAINED BY DISSOLUTION OF IRON ALLOYING ADDITIVES IN MOLTEN ALUMINIUM
More informationINTERACTION MECHANISM BETWEEN REFRACTORY AND MELTS IN IRON BATH SMELTING REDUCTION PROCESS
J o u r n a l o f J. Min. Metall. Sect. B-Metall. 46 (2) B (2010) 131-140 M i n i n g a n d M e t a l l u r g y INTERACTION MECHANISM BETWEEN REFRACTORY AND MELTS IN IRON BATH SMELTING REDUCTION PROCESS
More informationMSE 352 Engineering Ceramics II
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana MSE 352 Engineering Ceramics II Ing. Anthony Andrews (PhD) Department of Materials Engineering Faculty of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering
More informationCERAMIC MATERIALS I. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ. Office Hours: Thursday, 09:30-10:30 am.
CERAMIC MATERIALS I Office Hours: Thursday, 09:30-10:30 am. akalemtas@mu.edu.tr, akalemtas@gmail.com, Phone: 211 19 17 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS Ceramic
More informationPoDFA The complete solution for inclusion measurement Inclusion identification and quantification analysis
Measurement & Analytics Measurement made easy PoDFA The complete solution for inclusion measurement The complete solution for inclusion measurement Today s global marketplace has compelled aluminum producers
More informationAssessment of melt cleanliness in A356.2 aluminium casting alloy using the porous disc filtration apparatus technique
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 32 (1997) 5927 5944 Assessment of melt cleanliness in A356.2 aluminium casting alloy using the porous disc filtration apparatus technique Part II Inclusion analysis L. LIU,
More informationCast Steel Filtration Trials Using Ceramic-Carbon Filters
A R C H I V E S o f F O U N D R Y E N G I N E E R I N G Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences ISSN (1897-3310) Volume 14 Issue 4/2014 61 66 12/4 Cast
More informationProperties A Metal B Non- metal Electronic configuration?? Nature of oxides?? Oxidizing or reducing action?? Conduction of heat and electricity??
CLASS: X NCERT (CBSE) SCIENCE: Chemistry Page: 1 Question 1: Compare the properties of a typical metal and a non-metal on the basis of the following. Fill in Column A, B. Properties A Metal B Non- metal
More informationNitrogen Degassing Unit:
Nitrogen Degassing Unit: 1 P a g e INDEX Sr.No Content Page No 1 Degassing Process 3 2 Why Degas 4 3 Degassing Treatment of Alloys 5 4 Process Sketch 5-6 5 Working Principle 7 6 Advantages 8-9 7 Inbuilt
More informationOriginal. DOI: /
Original Elsayed, F.R.; Hort, N.; Salgado-Ordorica, M.; Kainer, K.U.: Magnesium Permanent Mold Castings Optimization Materials Science Forum, Light Metals Technology V (2011) Trans Tech Publications DOI:
More informationWhy do we need new inclusion experimental techniques?
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Engineering - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences 2012 Why do we need new inclusion experimental techniques? Neslihan Dogan
More informationModeling of Fluid Flow, Mixing and Inclusion Motion in Bottom Gas- Stirred Molten Steel Vessel
Modeling of Fluid Flow, Mixing and Inclusion Motion in Bottom Gas- Stirred Molten Steel Vessel Development of a Process to Continuously Melt, Refine, and Cast High-Quality Steel Lifeng Zhang, Brian G.
More informationAluminum and Its Alloys
MATERIAL TEKNIK ( MAT ) Aluminum and Its Alloys Cecep Ruskandi Extraction of Aluminum Aluminum is extracted from Aluminum ores which are Bauxite, Kaolinite, Nepheline. How can we get Aluminum from Aluminum
More informationProduction of -TiAl-Ingots by Aluminothermic Reduction of TiO 2 and Refining by ESR
EMC 2005 September 18 th -21 th, Dresden Production of -TiAl-Ingots by Aluminothermic Reduction of TiO 2 and Refining by ESR Stoephasius, Jan-Christoph; Friedrich, Bernd; IME Process Metallurgy and Metal
More informationEffect of Argon Stirring on Inclusion Flotation Using a Porous Plug
ISC Research Symposium Spring 21 Effect of Argon Stirring on Inclusion Flotation Using a Porous Plug Advisor: Dr. K. Peaslee Andrew O Loughlin April 12, 21 Abstract: This report documents the use of argon
More informationThe formation of an inner slag layer during the dissolution of MgO particles in ladle slag
The formation of an inner slag layer during the dissolution of MgO particles in ladle slag Deyong Wang, Maofa Jiang, Xiaobing Li, Tongsheng Zhang and Chengjun Liu Dept. Ferrous Metallurgy, School of Materials
More informationCERAMIC MATERIALS I. Asst. Prof. Dr. Ayşe KALEMTAŞ
CERAMIC MATERIALS I akalemtas@mu.edu.tr, akalemtas@gmail.com, Phone: 211 19 17 Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department Application Base Classification Advanced Ceramics Ceramic Materials Traditional
More informationProperties and corrosion of alumina-magnesia-carbon refractories
Properties and corrosion of alumina-magnesia-carbon refractories A post-firing expansion of aluminamagnesia-carbon (AMC) refractories can close joints and densify the brick structure. Many positive reports
More informationLecture 42: Self Assessment questions. 1a) Explain the role of a basic oxidising slag in steelmaking. (04)
Lecture 42: Self Assessment questions 1a) Explain the role of a basic oxidising slag in steelmaking. (04) 1b) Carry-over of the basic oxidising slag from the converter is undesirable to the transfer ladle.
More informationChemical reactions and electrolysis
Chemical reactions and electrolysis Higher Revision Questions Name: Class: Date: Time: 95 minutes Marks: 95 marks Comments: Page of 29 (a) Magnesium metal is shaped to make magnesium ribbon. Explain why
More informationAluminium Occurrence
Aluminium Occurrence Aluminium is the most abundant ( 8.13 % ) metallic element in the earth s crust and after oxygen and silicon, the third most abundant of all elements in the crust. Because of its strong
More informationSOLUBILITY OF ALUMINA IN MOLTEN CHLORIDE-FLUORIDE MELTS
SOLUBILITY OF ALUMINA IN MOLTEN CHLORIDE-FLUORIDE MELTS Yanping Xiao Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Kai Tang SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Norway ABSTRACT In secondary aluminum production,
More informationCHAPTER INTRODUCTION
1 CHAPTER-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Aluminium alloys 2 1.2 Aluminium alloy classification 2 1.2.1 Aluminium alloys (Wrought) 3 1.2.2 Heat treatable alloys (Wrought). 3 1.2.3 Aluminum
More informationUnderstanding Pretreatment. WesTech Engineering, Inc. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
Understanding Pretreatment WesTech Engineering, Inc. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Industrial Water Usage Water is required in almost every industry For: Cooling Boiler feed Process Drinking Cleaning In 2005
More informationEffects of slag chemistry and temperature on wetting and penetration of refractories by slags
TRAN, T., XIE, D. and CHENG, Y.B. Effects on slag chemistry and temperature on wetting and penetration of refractories by slags. VII International Conference on Molten Slags Fluxes and Salts, The South
More informationA TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MOLTEN ALUMINUM PROCESSING
A TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MOLTEN ALUMINUM PROCESSING Peter Waite Alcan International Limited Arvida Research and Development Center Jonquière, Québec, Canada G7S 4K8 Abstract In today's context of global
More informationTechnical Note Ref: MH002/01 March 2005
Contents > Abstract > Techniques > Introduction > Method > Results and Discussion > Conclusions Root Cause Analysis of Hot Tearing Using the MetalHealth System Abstract This technical note discusses the
More informationChapter 3: Powders Production and Characterization
Chapter 3: Powders Production and Characterization Course Objective... To introduce selective powder production processes and characterization methods. This course will help you : To understand properties
More information4th Slag Valorisation Symposium, April Conditioning of Lead and Zinc Slags in Pilot Scale SAF for further Utilization
4th Slag Valorisation Symposium, 15-17 April 2015 Conditioning of Lead and Zinc Slags in Pilot Scale SAF for further Utilization Frank Kaußen, Jörn Böhlke, Christoph Kemper, Bernd Friedrich IME Process
More informationEFFECT OF SOME GRAIN REFINERS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM
EFFECT OF SOME GRAIN REFINERS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM Prof. Adnan I.O.Zaid e-mail: adnan_kilani@yahoo.com ABSTRACT It is well established that aluminum and its alloys are grain refined
More informationSlags in Production of Manganese Alloys
Slags in Production of Manganese Alloys Oleg OSTROVSKI 1* and Douglas SWINBOURNE 2 1)School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia 2)School of
More informationElectrochemistry Written Response
Electrochemistry Written Response January 1999 7. Balance the following redox reaction in acidic solution: RuO 4 + P Ru(OH) 2 2+ + H 3 PO 3 (acid) (3 marks) 8. A technician tests the concentration of methanol,
More informationMETALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS Metals are elements whose atoms ionize by electron loss, while non-metals are elements whose atoms ionize by electron gain. Metals are in groups 1, 2 and 3 of the periodic table.
More informationRecycling Technology guidelines of MRI die casting alloys
2008-01-0376 Recycling Technology guidelines of MRI die casting alloys Copyright 2007 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. G. Gertsberg, O. Bar Yosef, B. Bronfin, N. Fantetti, N. Moscovitch Dead Sea Magnesium
More informationFundamental Aspects of Calciothermic Process to Produce Titanium
Materials Transactions, Vol. 45, No. 5 (2004) pp. 1660 to 1664 Special Issue on Recent Research and Developments in Titanium and Its Alloys #2004 The Japan Institute of Metals Fundamental Aspects of Calciothermic
More informationInteraction between Molten Steel and Runner Materials during Steel Ingot Bottom Teeming Process
Submitted to Ironmaking and Steelmaking, October??? 2006 Interaction between Molten Steel and Runner Materials during Steel Ingot Bottom Teeming Process Prof. Lifeng Zhang (correspondence author) Department
More informationAlloy Recovery and Control in Steel Melting
Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine Materials Science and Engineering Faculty Research & Creative Works Materials Science and Engineering 1-1-2005 Alloy Recovery and Control in
More informationDevelopment of Al-TiC Alloys Using Powder Metallurgy as Grain Refiners for Aluminium and Its Alloys
Abdel-Nasser.M. Omran Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Development of Al-TiC Alloys Using Powder Metallurgy as Grain Refiners for Aluminium and Its Alloys
More informationAn Introduction to Powder Metallurgy
An Introduction to Powder Metallurgy F. THÜMMLER Dr.-Ing.habil, FIM Professor Emeritus for Materials University and Nuclear Research Centre Karlsruhe and R. OBERACKER Dr.-Ing., Central Laboratory Institute
More informationSurface formation in direct chill (DC) casting of 6082 aluminium alloys
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS Surface formation in direct chill (DC) casting of 682 aluminium alloys To cite this article: N Bayat and T Carlberg 216 IOP Conf.
More informationResearch on alloying technique of yttrium on AZ91D magnesium alloy
International Conference on Manufacturing Science and Engineering (ICMSE 2015) Research on alloying technique of yttrium on AZ91D magnesium alloy YULEI XU1,2,a and KUI ZHANG1,b * 1 2 State Key Laboratory
More informationI. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. PROPERTY METALS NON-METALS 1.Lustre Metals have shining surface. They do not have shining surface.
Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals on the basis of their properties. Example of some metals are : Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu) Examples of some non-metals are :
More informationGENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCE ISOLATION ISOL ELEMENTS
Unit 6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCE PR OCESSE SSES S OF ISOLATION ISOL OF ELEMENTS I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. In the extraction of chlorine by electrolysis of brine. oxidation of Cl ion to
More informationCharacteristics of dynamically formed oxide films on molten aluminium
Characteristics of dynamically formed oxide films on molten aluminium B. Nayebi and M. Divandari* The characteristics of oxide films formed within a short time of pouring were investigated using samples
More informationnot to be republished NCERT GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCE ISOLATION ISOL ELEMENTS Unit I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I) 1. In the extraction of chlorine by electrolysis of brine. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) oxidation of Cl ion to chlorine gas occurs. reduction of Cl ion to chlorine gas occurs.
More informationTreatment of lead and zinc slags in hollow electrode DC-EAF
Treatment of lead and zinc slags in hollow electrode DC-EAF E. Hecker, B. Friedrich, J. Böhlke IME Process Metallurgy and Metal Aachen University, Germany Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bernd Friedrich Motivation for
More informationMolten Metal-Slag-Refractory Reactions During Converting Process
International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 03 52 Molten Metal-Slag-Refractory Reactions During Converting Process Hady Efendy 1, Mochamad Safarudin 1, Haeryip Sihombing. 2
More informationMetallurgical Influences on Anodising Qualities
Brighter ideas with aluminum Metallurgical Influences on Anodising Qualities ESTAL Congress 21./22.09.2009 Dr. mont. Andreas Tesch Content 1. Who is Novelis? 2. General Influences on the anodising result
More informationEffects of Degassing and Fluxing on the Quality of Al-7%Si and A356.2 Alloys
Materials Transactions, Vol. 46, No. 2 (2) pp. 263 to 271 #2 The Japan Institute of Metals Effects of and Fluxing on the Quality of Al-7%Si and A36.2 Alloys Teng-Shih Shih* 1 and Kon-Yia Wen* 2 Department
More informationPRODUCTION OF ALUMINIUM-SILICON CARBIDE CAST PARTICLE COMPOSITES WITHOUT MAGNESIUM
41 PRODUCTION OF ALUMINIUM-SILICON CARBIDE CAST PARTICLE COMPOSITES WITHOUT MAGNESIUM B.MALLICK, P.C. MAITY AND V.K. SINHA Yational Institute of Foundry & Forge 'T'echnology Hatia, Ranchi-834 003 Abstract
More informationRemoval of Magnesium from Molten Aluminum Scrap by Compound-Separation Method with Shirasu
Materials Transactions, Vol. 51, No. 5 (2010) pp. 838 to 843 Special Issue on Growth of Ecomaterials as a Key to Eco-Society IV #2010 The Japan Institute of Metals Removal of Magnesium from Molten Aluminum
More informationMODELING OF REOXIDATION INCLUSION FORMATION IN STEEL SAND CASTING
MODELING OF REOXIDATION INCLUSION FORMATION IN STEEL SAND CASTING A.J. Melendez 1, K.D. Carlson 1, C. Beckermann 1, M.C. Schneider 2 1 Dep. Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa
More informationRECYCLING PRACTICES OF SPENT MgO-C REFRACTORIES
Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 1, No.2, pp69-78, 2002 Printed in the USA. All rights reserved RECYCLING PRACTICES OF SPENT MgO-C REFRACTORIES Kyei-Sing Kwong and James
More informationTrial on the Applicaton of Capillary Phenomenon of Solid CaO to Desulfurization of Liquid Fe
Title Author(s) Citation Trial on the Applicaton of Capillary Phenomenon of Solid CaO to Desulfurization of Liquid Fe Tanaka, Toshihiro; Ogiso, Yumi; Ueda, Mitsuru; Lee, Joonho ISIJ INternational. 50(8)
More informationThe MetalHealth K-Mould as a Monitoring Tool for Molten Metal Quality. Contents. Abstract. Introduction. Discussion. > Abstract.
Contents > Abstract > Techniques > Introduction > Method > Results and Discussion > Conclusions The MetalHealth K-Mould as a Monitoring Tool for Molten Metal Quality Abstract This technical note discusses
More informationEffect of EMS on Inclusion Removal in Ladle Furnace for Specialty Steel Production
Effect of EMS on Inclusion Removal in Ladle Furnace for Specialty Steel Production Lidong Teng ABB Metallurgy Products, Industrial Automation, ABB AB, Terminalvägen 24, Västerås, SE-721 59 Sweden Phone:
More informationWAT-E Physical and Chemical Treatment of Water and Waste Filtration. Adjunct Prof. Riina Liikanen
WAT-E2120 - Physical and Chemical Treatment of Water and Waste Filtration Adjunct Prof. Riina Liikanen Content / Learning outcomes Overview of granular media filtration Removal and transport mechanisms
More information