List of contributors Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering

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2 Contents List of contributors Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering ix xi 1 Introduction to the composite and its toughening mechanisms 1 Q.H. Qin 1.1 Basic concepts Historical developments Classification and applications Effective mechanical behavior of composites Toughening mechanisms of composites 27 References 30 Part One Toughening mechanisms for particle-reinforced composites 33 2 Silicon nitride-based ceramic composite materials toughened by rare-earth additives 35 P. Tatarko, M. Kašiarová 2.1 Introduction Preparing Si 3 N 4 -based ceramics and the role of RE oxide additives Toughening of Si 3 N 4 -based ceramics The influence of RE oxide additives on the toughening of Si 3 N 4 -based materials Future trends Sources of further information 67 Acknowledgments 68 References 68 3 Toughening mechanisms in epoxy/graphene platelets composites 73 Q. Meng, S. Araby, J. Ma 3.1 Introduction Graphene and its derivatives Fabrication, structure, properties, and toughening mechanisms of epoxy composites containing GnPs of 10 nm in thickness Fracture mechanisms of epoxy/gnps nanocomposites fabricated by a thermal-sonication approach Toughening mechanism of epoxy composites containing long-chain modified GnPs of ~3 nm in thickness 95

3 vi Contents 3.6 Fabrication, structure, property, and toughening mechanism of epoxy composites containing GnPs, which are reactively modified Conclusions and challenges 108 References Toughening mechanisms in nanoparticle polymer composites: experimental evidences and modeling 113 M. Quaresimin, M. Salviato, M. Zappalorto 4.1 Introduction Discussion on the effect of the scale : micro-mechanisms and nano-mechanisms Micro mechanisms: crack deflection, crack pinnning, and matrix deformation Nano mechanisms: debonding, plastic void growth, and shear banding Modeling the toughening improvements in nanoparticle-filled polymers Conclusions 130 References 130 Part Two Toughening mechanisms for fiber-reinforced composites Toughening mechanisms for the fiber of middle-large-aspect-ratioreinforced composites 137 V. Kompiš, Z. Murčinková, M.Zˇmindák 5.1 Introduction Computational models for materials reinforced by parallel fibers of finite length Computational results, toughening mechanism, and homogenization Conclusions and future trends 157 Acknowledgments 159 References Damage-tolerant composite structures by Z-pinning 161 I.K. Partridge, M. Yasaee, G. Allegri, J.K. Lander 6.1 Introduction Manufacture of Z-pinned polymer matrix composites and effects on mesostructure Structure property relationships Modeling approaches for design of Z-pinned structures Concluding remarks 185 References 187

4 Contents vii 7 Toughening mechanisms for whisker-reinforced composites 191 Y.X. Zhang, H. Tian 7.1 Introduction A green whisker-reinforced cementitious composite Material processing and toughening methods Mechanical properties and testing Effect of parameters on the mechanical properties Application and future trends 207 References Toughening mechanisms for glass fiber-reinforced polyamide composites 211 J. Njuguna, Z. Mouti, K. Westwood 8.1 Introduction Manufacturing conditions Effect of environmental conditions Impact and energy absorption properties Polyamide clay/nanocomposites Applications in the automotive industry Conclusions 227 References 228 Part Three Other toughening mechanisms for composite materials Toughening mechanisms in Zanchor-reinforced composites 235 T. Kusaka 9.1 Introduction Zanchor process and materials Fracture behavior under mode I loading Toughening mechanisms under mode I loading Fracture behavior under mode II loading Toughening mechanisms under mode II loading Conclusions 259 References Interlayer toughening mechanisms of composite materials 263 K. Bilge, M. Papila 10.1 Introduction: interlayer toughening methods Materials, process, and characterization How does the mechanism work? Changes in mechanical behavior Applications and future trends 290 Acknowledgment 290 References 290

5 viii Contents 11 Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-reinforced polymers 295 M.M. Shokrieh, S.M. Ghoreishi, M. Esmkhani 11.1 Introduction Toughening concepts Toughening in polymers Toughening micromechanisms Changes in mechanical properties and performances Future trends Concluding remarks 315 References Toughening mechanisms in dental composites 321 C.B. Emrullahoglu Abi 12.1 Introduction Development of dental composites Future trends 332 References Mechanical behavior of extra-strong CNT fibers and their composites 339 Q.-S. Yang, X. Liu 13.1 Introduction Mechanical performance of CNT composites Mechanical performance of covalent CNT assemblies Mechanical performance of non-covalent CNT assemblies Concluding remarks 367 Acknowledgment 368 References Toughening mechanisms for fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete beams 373 Y.X. Zhang, X. Lin 14.1 Introduction Experimental study of the bond mechanism between FRP and concrete Numerical study of bond mechanism between FRP and concrete Summary and conclusion 391 References 392 Index 393