THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE FOAMING THROUGH EXTRUSION USING A BLOWING AGENT
|
|
- Cecilia Holt
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE FOAMING THROUGH EXTRUSION USING A BLOWING AGENT Qingping Guo and Andrew Kenny, EHC Canada, Inc., Oshawa, ON Shahid Ahmed and Ghaus Rizvi, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON Abstract This study investigated a process of making thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) foam using Expancel as blowing agent during an extrusion process. For this purpose, different let down ratios (LDRs) of blowing agent were implemented in TPU. The study employs X- ray micro computed tomography (µct) in order to see effect of the changing LDR on expansion ratio and cellular structure of the foamed TPU. The results reveal that LDRs and pressure significantly influence both the expansion ratio and the morphology of the phases present in the foamed TPU. Also the viscosity of TPU at different LDRs was measured using a custom-made in-situ capillary rheometer, which was mounted to an extruder. different LDRs of blowing agent was measured. Figure 1 shows the schematic of viscosity measurement system. Figure 2 shows 3D drawing of custom-made capillary rheometer. Hopper Side feeder Single Screw Extruder Melt Pump PT - Pressure transducer Figure 1: Viscosity Measurement System PT Adapter Capillary Die Rheometer Introduction Due to excellent physical properties, chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, good adhesion and ease of processing, TPUs find application in a wide variety of industrial applications, such as engineering materials [1-5]. EHC Canada, Inc. is the largest escalator handrail manufacturer in the world and develops custom urethane products for many industries, such as escalator handrails, composite steel belts. EHC Canada mainly extrudes these TPU products. However, because of high TPU cost, a TPU foaming technology was developed at EHC Canada, Inc. for reducing handrail weight and cost. Foamed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was made by introducing a chemical or physical blowing agent into TPU polymer melt during processes such as extrusion. The morphology of foamed TPU not only depends on type and LDR of the blowing agent used, but also on its rheological behavior and the process conditions implemented. Thermoplastic foam processing deals with heterogeneous mixtures of polymer melts and dispersed gas bubbles. A good understanding of rheological behavior of these mixtures is extremely important for optimizing the existing process conditions of handrail production line to employ on a handrail foaming production line. All foamed TPU samples at different LDRs of blowing agent was measured using a custommade in-situ capillary rheometer, which was mounted to an extruder. At the same time, the viscosity of TPU at Figure 2: Geometry of Custom-made Capillary Rheometer The internal structure architecture of a foamed polymer mainly determines its properties including physical, mechanical, thermal and acoustic, and subsequently the end use application. Therefore, analyzing the morphology of foamed polymers is crucial. A 3D imaging technique such as X-ray micro computed tomography (µct), has proved to be superior to 2D imaging techniques as it provides more realistic results. The structures of foamed TPU samples under various processing conditions are studied using 3D CT scanning (SkyScan 1172, Bruker Corp. Belgium). From processing point of view, the measurement of polymer melt viscosity during foaming process is more challenging. Conventional rheological instruments such as a rotational rheometer cannot be helpful because the rheometer must be placed in an enclosed chamber under a sufficiently high pressure, so that formation of bubbles SPE ANTEC Anaheim 2017 / 1175
2 can be suppressed at a specified measurement temperature, and the gaseous component cannot escape from the polymer melt. Similarly, if a plunger type rheometer is used, it must be attached with a high pressure chamber, so that at the die exit the polymer melt with gaseous component can exceed the critical pressure for bubble nucleation. A continuous-flow custom-made capillary or slit rheometer as shown (in Figure 2) was employed in-situ on an extrusion line to measure the viscosity of TPU melts with dispersed gas bubbles [6]. Materials Experimental Several chemical blowing agents (XO-459 from Bergen International, id Endo 80 MFC and id Endo 80 MFC from id additives, Inc., and Expancel from AkzoNobel) were screened to fabricate foamed TPU having a uniform cellular structure and the desired expansion ratio, among those Expancel was found best to meet our requirement. A type of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) of EHC Canada currently using for handrail manufacturing was used for this study. The blowing agent as mentioned in previous discussion was Expancel (Grade: 950 MB 80, make: Akzo Nobel Pulp and Performance Chemicals Inc.). MB Expancel grade consists of thermoplastic particles in the form of dry unexpanded microspheres mixed with a carrier such as EVA Ethylene Vinyl Acetate. Each microsphere consists of a polymer shell, which encapsulates gases such as hydrocarbons: isopentane and isooctane. Upon heating internal pressure of these hydrocarbons increases causing the polymer shell softened that eventually significant increase in volume of the microspheres as shown in Figure 3 [14]. Before to be used, TPU was dried over 4 hours in a dryer (CD400, Conair, US) to ensure moisture content less than 0.03% measured on a high performance analyzer (Computrac Max-2000 XL). Figure 3: Expansion of the Expancel Microspheres[14] Experimental Setup The experimental setup used for making of TPU foam and obtaining experimental viscosity data is shown in Fig. 1. A gravimetric feeder (model: Maguire MGF-ST) was mounted beside the main hopper to setup various LDRs of blowing agent. A TPU grade was tested for foaming and its viscosity at a setting temperature of 180 C and shear rates from 24(1/s) to 110 (1/s) that corresponds to a melt pump speed of 4rpm to 18rpm respectively. The melt pump delivering the polymer melt at a mass flow rate was calibrated. As explained earlier, for polymer melt viscosity measurement the use of capillary rheometer involves two types of end corrections: Bagley and Rabinowitsch. The former calculates the entrance pressure drop on L/D axis and determines the true wall stress, whereas the later determines true shear rate at wall [7-13]. Procedure A brief description of procedure is given as follows: 1. Calibrate the pressure transducers and thermocouples 2. Turn on the extruder and set the setting temperatures for various zones along the extruder, melt pump and capillary die 3. Set the gear pump rpm to control melt flow rate through die 4. Prime the side feeder with blowing agent used, and set the LDR for foaming. 5. Record pressure readout once it gets stable for viscosity calculations 6. Collect foamed TPU samples in a water filled container for characterization on an X-ray CT scanner 7. Under one setting temperature, change flow rate by setting the gear pump to 4, 6, 9, 13, and 18 rpm, repeat step 4 for each flow rate setting. 8. Change the setting temperature, repeat step 3 to 5. Viscosity Calculation The procedure followed for the viscosity calculation is described as: (i) calculation of the wall shear stress using the measured pressure drop from pressure transducers, and the apparent wall shear rate under various flow rate and temperature settings; (ii) Determination of the Bagley correction factor by extrapolating the graph between pressure drop linearity analysis of the pressure profiles obtained at various pressure transducer locations; (iii) true shear rate estimation using Weissenberg- Rabinowitsch correction [1]; (iv) Calculation of viscosity using wall shear stress and true shear rate values. Results and Discussions Blowing Agent LDR Effect on TPU Foaming Foamed TPU was fabricated using Expancel as blowing agent for letdown ratios (LDR) of 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, SPE ANTEC Anaheim 2017 / 1176
3 and 1.0 weight percent at a setting temperature of 180 C. Foamed samples collected under each let down ratio were characterized on an X-ray micro CT. A 3D visualization of the morphology, and the expansion ratios measured, are presented in Fig. 4 to 5. It reveals that increase in blowing agent weight percent results in an increase in the expansion ratio and percent porosity while the bubbles size and distribution are uniform for all samples. (c) 0.7 wt% (a) 0.1 wt% (d) 1.0 wt% Figure 4: X-ray CT images with Expancel (b) 0.4 wt% Figure 5. Blowing Agent LDR Effect on Expansion Ratio SPE ANTEC Anaheim 2017 / 1177
4 Pressure Effect on TPU Foaming foamed polymer. Shown below in Fig. 8 is the graph reflecting change in expansion ratio and percent porosity To see the pressure effect on expansion ratio, foamed TPU samples were collected for three pressure stages: L/D=10, L/D=20, L/D=30, representing low to high pressure conditions in sequence, and characterized with X-ray CT. The CT scan results are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 revealing that an increase in pressure would cause a higher expansion ratio and better distribution of microspheres, higher let down ratios make this effect more visible (Figure 6). An explanation to this trend is that the polymer melt exits the melt pump at a specified volume flow rate (cm 3 /rpm) and it carries dispersed expanded microspheres. When it reaches adapter mounted near to the capillary entrance it gets squeezed to pass through the capillary hole. In this process dispersed microspheres are compressed too by the pressure developed in the adapter. A higher L/D ratio of the capillary die will require a higher pressure in the adapter to let the polymer melt squeeze and pass through capillary hole, which causes the Expancel blowing agent microspheres only could expand a little bit from their original size. After TPU extrudates get out of die, the microspheres can grow much more to full size at atmosphere pressure and room temperature. On the contrary, a lower L/D ratio of the capillary die will require a lower pressure, which causes the Expancel blowing agent microspheres could expand to a little bigger. After TPU extrudates get out of die, the microspheres only can grow a little bit less to full size at atmosphere pressure and room temperature. Therefore, the melt pressure after melt pump has a significant effect on expansion ratio of foamed TPU. If the LDR is pretty low such as 0.1 wt%, the effect may not be that significant. (a) (b) L/D=30 L/D=20 (c) L/D=10 Figure 7. Pressure Effect on Porosity Distribution: a) LD30, b) LD20, c) LD10 Figure 6. Pressure Effect on Expansion Ratio and Porosity Shear Rate Effect on TPU Foaming Foamed samples were also collected to see the effect of changing shear rate on the morphology of versus shear rate for a LDR of 0.4%. It reveals from the graph that shear rate does affect the expansion ratio and percent porosity. However the effect is not that significant as a change in shear rate from 20 (1/s) to 110 (1/s) could cause just little change from 1.07 to in expansion ratio and 6.5 to 9.0 in percent porosity. At higher shear rate(s), viscous heating effect may cause a rise in temperature and bubbles shape of the polymer melt across capillary hole along the length, which can affect the expansion ratio. However, it seems the viscous heating effect for shear rate(s) studied is not that significant. SPE ANTEC Anaheim 2017 / 1178
5 also 3D evaluation of the porosity and expansion ratio. Analysis of X-ray µct results clearly indicates that higher pressure and higher LDR conditions result in higher expansion ration and more uniform distribution of the porosity. Based upon findings of the morphology analysis and viscosity measurements, foaming of TPU can be employed in actual handrail production provided it meets the necessary mechanical performance criteria. This would not only reduce the handrail weight but also the material cost. References Figure 8. Shear Rate Effect on Expansion Ratio and Percent Porosity Blowing Agent Effect on Foamed TPU Viscosity A good understanding of rheological behavior of these mixtures is extremely important to process die design and optimization of process conditions. TPU viscosity was measured using pressure drop data recorded during making of foamed TPU for LDRs ranging from 0.1% to 1.0% and shear rates from 20 (1/s) to 110 (1/s). The viscosity curves obtained are shown in Fig. 9, which reveals that higher LDR results in a lower viscosity of the foamed TPU. Under high shear rate, the viscosity of TPU with various Expancel weight percentages are not significantly different, the extrusion system and processing parameters don t need to be changed if the Expancel percent is less than 1%. Figure 9. Effect of LDR on Foamed TPU Viscosity Conclusions This study concludes that foaming of the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) can successfully be executed using Expancel as blowing agent and extrusion as foaming process. The study reveals X-ray µct is a powerful high precision tool that not only allows 3D visualization of the foamed polymer cellular structure but 1. J. M. Margolis, Engineering Plastics Handbook, McGraw Hill Companies Inc., NY, (2006). 2. N. P. Chermisinoff, Polymer mixing and extrusion technology, Mercel Dekker Inc., NY, (1987). 3. J. H. Kim and G. H. Kim, Effect of rubber content on abrasion resistance and tensile properties of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/rubber blends, macromolecular research, 22(5), , (2014). 4. G. Lu, D. M. Kalyon, I. Yilgor, and E. Yilgor, Rheology and extrusion of medical-grade thermoplastic polyurethane, Polymer engineering and science, 43(12), (2003). 5. H. Ma and Y. Yang, Rheology, morphology and mechanical properties compatiblized poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends, Journal of polymer testing, doi: , (2008). 6. C. D. Han, Rheology and processing of polymeric materials: volume I - polymer rheology, Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, (2007). 7. C.W. Macosko, Rheology: principles, measurements and applications, VCH Publishers, New York (1994). 8. J. Vlachopoulos and J.R. Wagner (eds.), The SPE guide on extrusion technology and troubleshooting, Society of Plastics Engineers, Brookfield CT (2001). 9. Z. Tadmor, and C. G. Gogos, Principles of polymer processing; Wiley: New York, (1979). 10. K. Geiger, Extensive Characterization of rubber compounds with capillary and rotational Rheometry; presentation to Society of Rheology, Montreal, October (1989). 11. J. L. Leblanc, J. P. Villemaire, B. Vergnes and J. F. Aggasant, Plastics rubber process. Appl, II, 53, (1989). 12. J. L. S. Wales, J. L. Den Otter, and H. Janeshitz- Kriegl, Rheol. Acta, 4, 146, (1965). 13. S. L. Cooper and A. V. Tobolsky, Journal of applied polymer science, 10, 1837, (1966). 14. Akzo Nobel, Expancel Microspheres, SPE ANTEC Anaheim 2017 / 1179
Unit 156: Polymer Manufacturing Processes
Unit 156: Polymer Manufacturing Processes Unit code J/615/3315 Unit level 4 Credit value 15 Aim This unit is designed to develop students knowledge and understanding of the main manufacturing processes
More informationEXTRUSION FOAMING OF POLY(STYRENE-CO-ACRYLONITRILE) USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE. fax:
EXTRUSION FOAMING OF POLY(STYRENE-CO-ACRYLONITRILE) USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE Laetitia Urbanczyk 1*, Cédric Calberg 2, Michael Alexandre 1, Christine Jerome 1 and Christophe Detrembleur 1 1 Center
More informationDevelopment of Advanced Structural Foam Injection Molding. Kye Kim. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Development of Advanced Structural Foam Injection Molding Kye Kim A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF APPLIED SCIENCE Supervisor: Park, C.B. Department
More informationThe influence of carbon black types on the processability of Rubber Compounds in green tires
APPLICATION NOTE The influence of carbon black types on the processability of Rubber Compounds in green tires No. LR-82 Author Matthias Jährling Thermo Fisher Scientific, Karlsruhe, Germany Up to 15 percent
More informationSCREW DESIGN BASICS The Processor Point Of View. Andrew W. Christie Optex Process Solutions, LLC
SCREW DESIGN BASICS The Processor Point Of View Andrew W. Christie Optex Process Solutions, LLC www.optexprocesssolutions.com Outline Define the goal Review basic extruder components Discuss process elements
More informationDynisco Laboratory Capillary Rheometer (LCR)
From lab to production, providing a window into the process Dynisco Laboratory Capillary Rheometer (LCR) LCR7000/7001/7002 Series Offering Sophisticated Materials Characterization VERSATILE The new LCR7000
More informationMECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INJECTION MOLDED MICROCELLULAR POLYPROPYLENE (PP)/CARBON FIBER COMPOSITE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INJECTION MOLDED MICROCELLULAR POLYPROPYLENE (PP)/CARBON FIBER COMPOSITE P.Selvakumar and Naresh Bhatnagar * Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute
More informationEffect of Modifying Agent (ACR) on Cell Structure and Mechanical Properties of Extrusion-Foamed PVC Sheet
International Conference on Architectural, Civil and Hydraulics Engineering (ICACHE 2015) Effect of Modifying Agent (ACR) on Cell Structure and Mechanical Properties of Extrusion-Foamed PVC Sheet Mingyi
More informationDevelopments in Small Scale Twin Screw Extruders for Color Development. Charlie Martin, Leistritz Extruson. Abstract. Background
Developments in Small Scale Twin Screw Extruders for Color Development Charlie Martin, Leistritz Extruson Abstract Plastics is a major worldwide industry that plays a role in all facets of modern life,
More informationDynisco ViscoIndicator Online Rheometer. Simplified Rheology for the Masses
Dynisco ViscoIndicator Online Rheometer Simplified Rheology for the Masses Polymer manufacturers need to create new materials and deliver high quality to meet ever changing end-use requirements. Precise
More informationSynergic Effect of a combined use of two Chemical Blowing Agents on the Foaming Efficiency of an Extruded Rigid PVC Compound
International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol:14 No:01 135 Synergic Effect of a combined use of two Chemical Blowing Agents on the Foaming Efficiency of an Extruded Rigid PVC Compound
More informationFlow Behaviour and Viscoelasticity of Polypropylene-Kaolin Composites Extruded at Different Temperatures
Pertanika J. Sci. & Technol. 19 (2): 383 388 (2011) ISSN: 0128-7680 Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Flow Behaviour and Viscoelasticity of Polypropylene-Kaolin Composites Extruded at Different Temperatures
More informationwww.reedychemicalfoam.com FOAMS 2016 Kinetic Nucleators maximize cell distribution in foam extrusion September 14-15, 2016 2 1. Why Use Chemical Foam? 2. CFA types 3. Modern CFA Expectations 4. Nucleation
More informationSolubility of Small-molecule Drugs into Polymer Excipients in Hot Melt Extruded Dosage Forms
ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 22, 204 Solubility of Small-molecule Drugs into Polymer Excipients in Hot Melt Extruded Dosage Forms Johanna Aho, Magnus Edinger, Johan P. Boetker,
More informationThermal and Rheological Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients for Hot Melt Extrusion
Thermal and Rheological Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients for Hot Melt Extrusion Karen Coppens, Mark Hall, Pam Larsen, Shawn Mitchell, P. Nguyen, Mike Read, Uma Shrestha, Parvinder Walia The Dow
More informationMiniLab-Compounder and Reactor
MiniLab-Compounder and Reactor Georgius Isaakides, Dr. A. Frendel, J. Bouton Thermo Haake, Dieselstrasse 4, D-76771 Karlsruhe, Germany Jacques.bouton@thermorheo.com Presented on PPS-17, Montreal Abstract
More informationLCR 7000 Series Capillary Rheometers. Single Bore LCR 7000 Dual Bore LCR 7002
LCR 7000 Series Capillary Rheometers Single Bore LCR 7000 Dual Bore LCR 7002 Comprehensive Polymer Melt Rheology Analysis Qualitest is the leader provider in capillary polymer melt viscosity testing, making
More informationMelt rheology of compatibilized polystyrene/low density polyethylene blends
Polymer International Polym Int 48:1113±1120 (1999) Melt rheology of compatibilized polystyrene/low density polyethylene blends Shi-Ai Xu, Lei Zhu, Jing-Wei Xie and Ming Jiang* Department of Macromolecular
More informationQuantitative Assessment of the Microscopic Structure of Extruded and Injected Low- Density Polyethylene Modified with Microspheres by Image Analysis
Quantitative Assessment of the Microscopic Structure of Extruded and Injected Low-Density Polyethylene Modified with Microspheres by Image Analysis Quantitative Assessment of the Microscopic Structure
More information1/31/ Plastics Processing. Thermoplastics (Tampere)
1/31/2012 1 Plastics Processing Thermoplastics (Tampere) 1/31/2012 2 Plastics processing Micro-scale melt processing Small Scale Processing Pilot Scale Processing Injection Moulding Extrusion Pre- and
More informationEffect of Geometry and Rotational Speed on the Axial Pressure Profile of a Single Screw Extrusion
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. Issue, January. Effect of Geometry and Rotational Speed on the Axial Pressure Profile of a Single Screw Extrusion W.E.
More informationEndex Foam Extrusion General Information Guide
Endex International Innovation for the Future Endex Foam Extrusion General Information Guide Section 01 - Foam Extrusion Foam extrusion, in simple terms, consists of mixing a chemical foaming agent with
More informationTHE EXTUSION FOAMING OF TPEV/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE
18 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS THE EXTUSION FOAMING OF TPEV/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE S. B. Park, C. M. Park, C. H. Choi * Daedeok Research Institute, Honam Petrochemical Corp., Daejeon,
More informationpowder coating pharmaceuticals. The parallel, segmented compounder
The Concept The continuous compounding of polymers, technical ceramics and foodstuffs whilst miing in various additives at specific points along the etruder barrel is an established technique used in the
More informationEFFECT OF SCREW SPEED ON POLYETHYLENE-CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOSITES PRODUCED USING TWIN AND QUAD SCREW EXTRUDERS
EFFECT OF SCREW SPEED ON POLYETHYLENE-CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOSITES PRODUCED USING TWIN AND QUAD SCREW EXTRUDERS Mansour M. Albareeki, Stephen Burke Driscoll, and Carol F. Barry Department of Plastics Engineering,
More informationImproving Thermal Efficiency of Single Screw Extrusion
Improving Thermal Efficiency of Single Screw Extrusion Modified on Saturday, 02 May 2015 12:02 AM by mpieler Categorized as: Paper of the Month Improving Thermal Efficiency of Single Screw Extrusion A.
More informationCRD Mixing Technology
CRD Mixing Technology Chris Rauwendaal Rauwendaal Extrusion Engineering, Inc. (REE) 12693 Roble Veneno Lane, Los Altos Hills, CA 94022-2668 Phone: 1-650-948-6266, fax: 1-650-948-0555 Email: Chris@Rauwendaal.com,
More informationNORDIC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE NETWORK IN FISHMEAL AND FISH OIL COPENHAGEN,
Rheology NORDIC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE NETWORK IN FISHMEAL AND FISH OIL COPENHAGEN, 14-15.11.2018 Tor Andreas Samuelsen & Åge Oterhals Nofima Nutrition and Feed Technology research group, Bergen, Norway
More informationPRESSURE COEFFICIENT OF HIGH SHEAR RATE NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW IN CAPILLARY PIPE
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 8, August 2018, pp. 193 203, Article ID: IJMET_09_07_021 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=9&itype=8
More informationMEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF FLOW BEHAVIOUR FOR MELT BLOWN POLYMER MELT IN VERY WIDE DEFORMATION RATE RANGE
MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF FLOW BEHAVIOUR FOR MELT BLOWN POLYMER MELT IN VERY WIDE DEFORMATION RATE RANGE Martin Zatloukal Jiri Drabek and Mike Martyn 2 Polymer Centre Faculty of Technology Tomas Bata
More informationPredicting sharkskin instability in extrusion additive manufacturing of reinforced thermoplastics. Abstract. Introduction
Solid Freeform Fabrication 2017: Proceedings of the 28th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium An Additive Manufacturing Conference Predicting sharkskin instability in extrusion additive
More informationCELL NUCLEATION IN HIGH-PRESSURE FOAM INJECTION MOLDING
CELL NUCLEATION IN HIGH-PRESSURE FOAM INJECTION MOLDING Raymond K.M. Chu, Lun Howe Mark, and Chul B. Park Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada Abstract
More informationChemical Foaming Alternatives to Azodicarbonamide
Chemical Foaming Alternatives to Azodicarbonamide 2 Foaming Agents What are they and how do you use them? CFA Endothermic & Exothermic Challenges - Regulatory and Technical Case Study: PP Foam Cellular
More informationRheological characterization of polystyrene melts dissolved with supercritical nitrogen fluid during microcellular injection moulding
e-polymers 200, no. 28 http://www.e-polymers.org ISSN 68-7229 Rheological characterization of polystyrene melts dissolved with supercritical nitrogen fluid during microcellular injection moulding Shia-Chung
More informationAPV 2 nd Experts Workshop
APV 2 nd Experts Workshop Hot melt extrusion and its use in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical dosage forms December 1-2, 2009 Modeling of the extrusion process and prediction of scale-up and transfer
More informationInterfacial Instabilities during Coextrusion of LDPEs
1997 Best Paper Interfacial Instabilities during Coextrusion of LDPEs Print (10)» 1999 Best Paper The Effect of Flight Radii Size on the Performance of Single Screw Extruders» 1998 Best Paper The Effects
More informationProducing Foam Sheet using Extrusion
Producing Foam Sheet using Extrusion Compiler: R V Malik-CEO Malik Engineers, Mumbai Assisted by: Mr. Jitendra Malik (T.E Mechanical) Rizvi College, Mumbai-400050 Uses of Foam sheet Foam sheet produced
More informationThe Gneuss Online Viscometer
The Gneuss Online Viscometer A Case Example 1. Introduction In order to ensure product quality and operating efficiency when processing sensitive polymers, it is crucial to monitor certain key processing
More informationIN-SITU POLYMERIZATION OF REINFORCED THERMOPLASTICS
IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION OF REINFORCED THERMOPLASTICS Jim Mihalich Cyclics Corp Abstract Most reinforced thermoplastics are produced from fully polymerized resins which are then introduced to the reinforcement
More informationMECHANOCHEMICAL RECYCLING AND PROCESSING OF WASTE CROSSLINKED POLYMERS: WASTE TIRE RUBBER AND WASTE XLPE FROM CABLE SCRAPS
The 5 th ISFR (October 11-14, 2009, Chengdu, China) MECHANOCHEMICAL RECYCLING AND PROCESSING OF WASTE CROSSLINKED POLYMERS: WASTE TIRE RUBBER AND WASTE XLPE FROM CABLE SCRAPS Canhui Lu*, Xinxing Zhang,
More informationHIGH SPEED TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION FOR BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER BLENDS: ANALYSIS OF COMPATIBILITY AND RHEOLOGY PREDICTION
HIGH SPEED TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION FOR BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER BLENDS: ANALYSIS OF COMPATIBILITY AND RHEOLOGY PREDICTION Bárbara A. Calderón, Margaret J. Sobkowicz, Department of Plastics Engineering, University
More informationBinder Optimization for the Production of Tungsten Feedstocks for PIM
Binder Optimization for the Production of Tungsten Feedstocks for PIM Travis E. Puzz, A. Antonyraj, and Randall M. German Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems Mississippi State University James J. Oakes
More informationPolymers and plastics
Polymers and plastics Also available at www.malvern.co.uk Determining extrusion and die swell properties of polymers Introduction Traditional methods of measuring viscosities of polymer melts include melt
More informationSME 2713 Processing of Polymers - 2
SME 2713 Processing of Polymers - 2 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Extrusion process 3. Injection molding process 4. Blow molding process 5. Rotational molding 6. Thermoforming 7. Compression molding 8. Transfer
More informationMicro-CT based local strain analysis of porous materials: potential for industrial applications
Micro-CT based local strain analysis of porous materials: potential for industrial applications G. Pyka 1, M. Speirs 2, E. Van de Casteele 1, B. Alpert 1, M. Wevers 1, 1 Department of Materials Engineering,
More informationLead Technical Article. Fundamental Approach to Screw Design. the material forward down the barrel.
Fundamental Approach to Screw Design By Jeffrey A. Myers, President of Barr Inc. Introduction The single stage extruder screw remains as the most widely used piece of equipment in the processing industry
More informationIndustrial aspects of polymer processing
Course MP10 Lecture 2 Industrial aspects of polymer processing Ben, I just want to say one word to you, just one word plastics Dr James Elliott 2.1 General model of polymer processing Overview of the various
More informationHigh Gas Barrier Materials with Multilayer Morphology for Packaging Applications
High Gas Barrier Materials with Multilayer Morphology for Packaging Applications Guojun Zhang guojun.zhang@aschulman.com A. Schulman, Inc. 1183 Home Ave, Akron, OH 44310, USA Abstract Multilayer films
More informationPROCESSING THERMOFORMABLE LOW-DENSITY FOAM
PROCESSING THERMOFORMABLE LOW-DENSITY FOAM Jim Throne, Consultant Dunedin, FL 34698 Abstract Low-density thermoplastic foams primarily heat by volumetric absorption of incident infrared energy and are
More informationMICROPELLETIZATION AND THEIR APPLICATION TO MANUFACTURE POROUS PLASTIC PARTS
MICROPELLETIZATION AND THEIR APPLICATION TO MANUFACTURE POROUS PLASTIC PARTS Christian Schäfer and Tim A. Osswald, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Polymer Engineering Center (PEC), USA Florian Ammon,
More informationRecyclability of Flame Retarded Polycarbonate: Comparison of Non-halogenated to Halogenated Flame Retardants
Recyclability of Flame Retarded Polycarbonate: Comparison of Non-halogenated to Halogenated Flame Retardants David Statler Jr., Evan Stajduhar, and Rakesh K. Gupta Department of Chemical Engineering, West
More informationRHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ROSAND RH7 & RH10 RHEOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS BACKED WITH RHEOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ROSAND RH7 & RH10 RHEOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS BACKED WITH RHEOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE ADVANCED, POWERFUL FLOOR STANDING CAPILLARY RHEOMETERS FOR RESEARCH AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Since its
More informationHow Will It Mold? Brand-New Test Method Relates Material, Mold & Machine. feature mold design
feature mold design How Will It Mold? Brand-New Test Method Relates Material, Mold & Machine By John Beaumont, Beaumont Technologies Inc. "Can I mold that part with this material in this machine?" It s
More informationRHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ROSAND RH2000 RHEOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS BACKED WITH RHEOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ROSAND RH2000 RHEOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS BACKED WITH RHEOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE ADVANCED BENCH-TOP CAPILLARY RHEOMETERS FOR RESEARCH, PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY CONTROL The RH2000
More informationFluoroguard. General Overview. Polymer Additive
General Overview Fluoroguard is a range of colorless, odorless, and chemically inert polymer additives based on fluorinated synthetic oil. Fluoroguard is designed for a variety of uses in gears, bushings,
More informationATYPICAL TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING SYSTEMS FOR POLYOLEFINS
ATYPICAL TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING SYSTEMS FOR POLYOLEFINS Charlie Martin, Leistritz Extrusion, 175 Meister Avenue, Somerville, New Jersey 08876, U.S.A. Abstract Plastics is a major worldwide industry
More informationTHE ROLE OF CO 2 IN ENHANCING POLYMER EXTRUSION PROCESSES
THE ROLE OF CO 2 IN ENHANCING POLYMER EXTRUSION PROCESSES Hongbo Li, Xiangmin Han, Maxwell J. Wingert, L. James Lee, Kurt W. Koelling, David L. Tomasko* Department of Chemical Engineering The Ohio State
More informationSolidification Process(2) - Polymer Processing (Chapter 8, 12)
Solidification Process(2) - Polymer Processing (Chapter 8, 12) Seok-min Kim smkim@cau.ac.kr Plastic Products Plastics can be shaped into a wide variety of products: Molded parts Extruded sections Films
More informationBy Dr. Robert Marsh, Bohlin Instruments, 2003
A R H E O L O G I C A L V I E W P O I N T O F T H E R M O P L A S T I C M E L T S By Dr. Robert Marsh, Bohlin Instruments, 2003 Introduction Rheology is the science of studying the flow and deformation
More informationA Multi-Physics Study of the Wave Propagation Problem in Open Cell Polyurethane Foams
A Multi-Physics Study of the Wave Propagation Problem in Open Cell Polyurethane Foams Martino Dossi, Mark Brennan, Maarten Moesen Huntsman Polyurethanes Comsol Conference, 18-2 October 217, Rotterdam Huntsman
More informationEXTRUSION OF ELASTOMER FILM, EFFECTS OF ELASTOMER DESIGN ON CHILL ROLL STICKING
EXTRUSION OF ELASTOMER FILM, EFFECTS OF ELASTOMER DESIGN ON CHILL ROLL STICKING Mary Ann Jones, Todd Hogan, and Sarah Gassner, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI Abstract Sticking of plastic webs to
More informationFoaming Polystyrene with Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and HFC-134a
Foaming Polystyrene with Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and HFC-134a Foaming Polystyrene with Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and HFC-134a Caroline Vachon * and Richard Gendron Industrial Materials Institute, National
More informationCO-ROTATING TSE: FLEXIBILITY IN PLASTIC RECYCLING
CO-ROTATING TSE: FLEXIBILITY IN PLASTIC RECYCLING PRESENTATION SCHEME Intruduction Extruder design flexibility Process flexibility Advanced Recycling examples INTRODUCTION Plastic recycling extrusion process
More informationBoron nitride based processing aids
Korea-Australia Rheology Journal Vol. 15, No. 4, December 2003 pp. 173-178 Boron nitride based processing aids Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos* and Nimish Rathod Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering,
More informationNotes. Plastic Behavior In The Compounding Twin Screw Extruder. Lesson 4. I. Screw Terminology. A. Length to Diameter Ratio (L/D ratio)
Plastic Behavior In The Compounding Twin Screw Extruder Lesson 4 I. Screw Terminology Screw Terminology A. Length to Diameter Ratio (L/D ratio) 1. The L/D ratio is the length of the flighted portion of
More informationA REVISED APPROACH TO RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR AND PROCESSING PARAMETERS OF POLYCARBONATE COMPOUND WITH DISPERSION
1 A REVISED APPROACH TO RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR AND PROCESSING PARAMETERS OF POLYCARBONATE COMPOUND WITH DISPERSION Jamal Al-Sadi, Higher Colleges of Technology (HCT-ADMC), Shakhbout Bin Sultan Street, Abu
More informationAbstract. Experimental. Introduction. for the polymer showing the lowest crystallinity is very advantageous for a number of applications.
Elastic Nonwoven Fabrics from Polyolefin Elastomers by S. Srinivas, C. Y. Cheng (Consultant), N. Dharmarajan, and G. Racine ExxonMobil Chemical, 52 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 7752 Abstract Vistamaxx Specialty
More informationSTUDY OF RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF REPROCESSING POLYAMIDE 6
STUDY OF RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF REPROCESSING POLYAMIDE 6 M.A. Peydró, D. Juárez, J.E. Crespo, F. Parres Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Alcoy (Spain) mpeydro@mcm.upv.es
More informationMixing conditions of polymer and ceramic powder determined by ultrasound
International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 2009. 6, 3: 239-244 Mixing conditions of polymer and ceramic powder determined by ultrasound C. C. Cheng * Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Hsiuping
More informationEFFECTS OF PROCESSING METHOD AND FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF WOOD-PLASTIC COMPOSITES
FPCM-9 (8) The 9 th International Conference on Flow Processes in Composite Materials Montréal (Québec), Canada 8 ~ 1 July 8 EFFECTS OF PROCESSING METHOD AND FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND
More informationAnalysis of Empirical Viscosity Models of Polymer Flow in PVC Extrusion Process
Copyright 2010 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Analysis of Empirical Viscosity Models of Polymer Flow in PVC Extrusion Process Bekir Cirak Department
More information3 Introductory Fluoropolymer Coating Formulations
3 Introductory Fluoropolymer Coating Formulations 3.1 Introduction While there are relatively few commercial fluoropolymers, there are thousands of fluoropolymer paint formulations. Previous volumes of
More informationDynamar TM Polymer Processing Additives (PPA s)
3M TM Specialty Additives Energy & Advanced Materials Division People Technology - Future Dynamar TM Polymer Processing Additives (PPA s) 1 Dyneon 2012 What are Dynamar TM PPA s? Dynamar TM polymer processing
More informationEXTRUSION 15/03/17. Extrusion. Polymer Types. Extrusion. The extruder is the most important piece of machinery in the polymer processing industry.
petrochemical reactors and plants Plastic processing technology map reactor and plant continuous mixer big pelletizer (CIM) compounding machine pellet EXTRUSION high functional domestic twin-screw extruder
More informationRheograph 25 / 75 / 120 High Pressure Capillary Rheometers. certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001:2000 GFT
Rheograph 25 / 75 / 120 High Pressure Capillary Rheometers certified according to DIN EN ISO 9001:2000 GFT 011-9-09 2 Tensile Tester Extruder Elastomer Testing Capillary Rheometers On-Line Systems Melt
More informationJONCRYL ADR POLYMERIC CHAIN EXTENDER FOR CONDENSATION THERMOPLASTICS General Information. Key Features & Benefits
JONCRYL Key Features & Benefits Increased IV and Mw of polyesters Upgrades recycled PET and PA Upgrades quality of PET and polyesters Enhanced hydrolytic stability of PET, PC POLYMERIC CHAIN EXTENDER FOR
More informationADHESION ADDITIVE INFLUENCE ON PA6 NANO POLYMER COMPOSITES PROPERTIES. Jiří HABR, Petr LENFELD, Jiří BOBEK, Luboš BĚHÁLEK
ADHESION ADDITIVE INFLUENCE ON PA6 NANO POLYMER COMPOSITES PROPERTIES Jiří HABR, Petr LENFELD, Jiří BOBEK, Luboš BĚHÁLEK Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic, EU jiri.habr@tul.cz, petr.lenfeld@tul.cz,
More informationELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE EXTRUDED FILAMENTS OF POLY ANILINE/POLYMER BLENDS. Department of Materials Engineering
ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE EXTRUDED FILAMENTS OF POLY ANILINE/POLYMER BLENDS M. Zilberman and A. Siegmann Department of Materials Engineering M. Narkis* Department of Chemical Engineering Technion - Israel
More informationJoncryl ADR Functional Additives. Functional Additives. Polymeric Chain Extender for Food Contact Applications. Technical Information Joncryl
Technical Information Joncryl Technical Information Joncryl TI / EV/BX 001 e March 2014 TI / EV/BX 001 e March 2014 Page 1 of 6 Page 1 of 6 Functional Additives Functional Additives Joncryl is a registered
More informationBENZYL PHTHALATES. Fast fusing plasticizers. Santicizer 160, 261A and 278
Polymer Additives BENZYL PHTHALATES Fast fusing plasticizers Santicizer 16, 261A and 278 Flooring and carpet-backing Building and automotive sealants Coated fabrics and other flexible PVC Foamed PVC Paints
More informationELIMINATION OF COPOLYMER IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PLASTISOLS USING HIGH-SOLVATING DIBENZOATE PLASTICIZERS
ELIMINATION OF COPOLYMER IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PLASTISOLS USING HIGH-SOLVATING DIBENZOATE PLASTICIZERS Deirdre K. Newton, William D. Arendt, and Emily L. McBride Emerald Kalama Chemical, LLC - Kalama,
More informationChapter-1 INTRODUCTION
1 Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 2 CHAPTER 1 Chapter 1: Introduction S. No Name of the Sub-Title Page No. 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Work background 3 1.3 Study Objectives 5 1.4 Research Methodology 5 1.4.1 General
More informationIn the world market for 25 years...
In the world market for 25 years... for the regeneration of plastics Since 1988 Gamma Meccanica S.p.A. has designed and produced machines and plants to recycle plastics. Continual technological improvements
More informationELONGATIONAL FLOW IN MULTIPLE SCREW EXTRUDERS
ELONGATIONAL FLOW IN MULTIPLE SCREW EXTRUDERS J. E. Loukus and A. C. Halonen M. Gupta GS Engineering Plastic Flow, LLC Houghton, MI 4993 Houghton, MI 4993 Abstract Flows of a low-density polyethylene in
More informationTAILORING THE RHEOLOGY OF AQUEOUS ACRYLIC PSA-DISPERSIONS
TAILORING THE RHEOLOGY OF AQUEOUS ACRYLIC PSA-DISPERSIONS Dr. Norbert Willenbacher, Dr. Lars Börger and Dr. Dieter Urban, Polymer Research, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany INTRODUCTION
More informationCEAST SmartRHEO Series. Capillary Rheometer Systems
CEAST SmartRHEO Series Capillary Rheometer Systems CEAST SmartRHEO Series All Things Flow Plastics are amazing materials with the unique ability to flow when heated to relatively low temperatures. They
More information3.5.7 Flow Through Simple Dies
152 3 Fundamentals of Polymers isothermal spinning of a Newtonian fluid and predicted the critical draw ratio of 20.210. Below the critical draw ratio, any disturbance along the filament is dampened out
More informationPreparation and Tribological Characterization of Linear Low Density Poly-Ethylene Sea Shell (LLDPE/Sea Shell) Bio Composite
5 th International & 26 th All India Manufacturing Technology, Design and Research Conference (AIMTDR 214) December 12 th 14 th, 214, Preparation and Tribological Characterization of Linear Low Density
More informationA study of size and frictional effects on the evolution of melting Part II: Twin screw extruder
Korea-Australia Rheology Journal Vol. 13, No. 2, June 2001 pp. 89-95 A study of size and frictional effects on the evolution of melting Part II: Twin screw extruder D.S. Kim, B.K. Lee, H.S. Kim*, J.W.
More informationProcessing of Non Metals Prof. Dr. Inderdeep Singh Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Processing of Non Metals Prof. Dr. Inderdeep Singh Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 5 Polymer Matrix Composites: Processing Lecture -
More informationPROCESSING MICA BASED PIGMENT MASTERBATCH
PROCESSING MICA BASED PIGMENT MASTERBATCH Robert Roden, STEER Engineering Prakash Hadimani, STEER Engineering Dr Pradeep Bakshi, STEER Engineering Abstract Many effect pigments used in thermoplastics such
More information5.1 Essentials of Polymer Composites
5 Polymer Composites Polymer modification can follow from the mixing of two or more macromolecular compounds or their filling with reinforcing materials of inorganic or organic substances. It enables the
More informationTECHNICAL DATA SHEET GRIVORY G 16
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET GRIVORY G 16 General product description Grivory G 16 is a low viscosity amorphous copolyamide. It is suitable for injection - stretch blow moulding, injection blow moulding, extrusion
More informationSolutionProvider. Donglin Chem
HMW Processing Aid PVC Foam Regulator Melt Strength and Melt Elasticity are Two critical elements that are critical in the development of an effective rigid cellular foam PVC formula. When the balance
More informationISO ASTM ISO ASTM 294-1,2,3 D3641 D4703 D6289
ISO ASTM ASTM D955 D3641 D4703 D6289 D256 D4812 D6110 D638 D695 D785 D790 D882 D1043 D1044 D1822 D1894 D1938 D2990 D3763 D4065 D4092 D4440 D5023 D5026 D5045 D5083 D5279 D1239 D1693 Measuring Shrinkage
More informationBASICS ELASTOMER TESTING FOR MORE THAN 45 YEARS! Elastomer testing VISCOSITY, RHEO-KINETICS, CAPILLARY RHEOMETRY, VULCAMETRY
ELASTOMER TESTING BASICS Elastomer testing ELASTOMER TESTING FOR MORE THAN 45 YEARS! VISCOSITY, RHEO-KINETICS, CAPILLARY RHEOMETRY, VULCAMETRY ELASTOMER TESTING FOR DETERMINATION OF THE PROCESSING BEHAVIOR
More informationJournal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology https://www.watchpub/jaast/index.htm
Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology https://www.watchpub/jaast/index.htm INFLUENCE OF FOOD EXTRUDER DIE DIMENSIONS ON EXTRUDED PRODUCTS EXPANSION Kehinde Adedeji Adekola. Department
More informationIn-situ microfibrillar PP PA6 composites: rheological, morphological and mechanical properties
Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 40, No. 5, September 2017, pp. 971 982 DOI 10.7/s12034-017-1469-y Indian Academy of Sciences In-situ microfibrillar PP PA6 composites: rheological, morphological and mechanical
More informationSoft, Processable SEBS Polymers for Compounds
Back to Index Soft, Processable SEBS Polymers for Compounds Dale Handlin Ph.D., Ching Ting Ph.D., Ziv Cheng, and Parashar Davé TSRC-Dexco Polymers, Plaquemine, LA, USA Abstract Two of the important trends
More information