ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: ASIAN LESSONS

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY: ASIAN LESSONS

Environmental Chemistry: Asian Lessons by Vladimir N. Bashkin Moscow State University KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

ebook ISBN: 0-306-48020-4 Print ISBN: 1-4020-1004-4 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this ebook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's ebookstore at: http://kluweronline.com http://ebooks.kluweronline.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xi PART I: ENERGY AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION 1 CHAPTER 1: SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN ASIA 2. Stationary emission sources 3. Emission of pollutants in various Asian countries 4. Transboundary transport of sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the Eurasian continent CHAPTER 2: GREENHOUSE GASES 2. Sources of greenhouse effects in Asia 3. Chemistry of the troposphere 4. Increasing GHG concentrations in the troposphere 5. Regional Asian impacts of global warming 6. International agreements on global climate change CHAPTER 3: URBAN AIR POLLUTION 2. Modern state of urban air pollution in Asia 3. Development of photochemical smog in Asian cities 4. Role of particles in urban air pollution in Asian cities 5. Indoor air quality 6. Urban air pollution and health effects 3 3 3 10 17 25 25 26 30 35 41 43 47 47 47 51 61 69 70

vi CHAPTER 4: ACID DEPOSITION 2. Acid rain monitoring in Asia 3. Chemistry of acid rain 4. Ecological consequences of acid rain in Asia 5. Mitigation of acid rains in Asian countries CHAPTER 5: HAZE POLLUTION 2. Sources and transport of haze pollutants 3. Chemical composition of haze 4. Synergetic effects with other anthropogenic pollutants 5. Human and environmental implications CHAPTER 6: STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION 2. Stratospheric chemistry of ozone 3. Role of chlorofluorocarbons in stratosphere ozone depletion 4. Role of nitrous oxide in stratosphere ozone depletion 5. Consequences of ozone depletion 6. CFCs emission abatement strategy PART II: SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION CHAPTER 7: SOIL POLLUTION 2. Characteristic biogeochemical features of soils and natural ecosystems in Asia 77 77 77 94 99 109 115 115 115 117 125 130 137 137 137 146 151 152 154 161 163 163 163

vii 3. Modern land use in Asia 4. Chemical deterioration of soils CHAPTER 8: FRESHWATER POLLUTION 2. Water resources in the Asian region 3. Hydrochemistry of natural waters 4. Pollution loading and consequences 5. Policies and strategies for abatement of water pollution in Asia CHAPTER 9: POLLUTION OF MARINE WATERS 2. Soluble and solid discharge of pollutants into the Pacific and Indian Oceans 3. Marine water chemistry 4. Consequences of coastal and marine water pollution CHAPTER 10: DRINKING WATERS 2. Purification of freshwater in Asia 3. Chemical, toxicological, and economic aspects of various disinfectants in Asian cities 4. Pollutants in drinking water 5. Bottled drinking water 6. Desalination PART III: TOXIC SUBSTANCES CHAPTER 11: ECOTOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 170 174 185 185 185 189 201 211 217 217 217 221 231 237 237 237 243 252 254 257 261 263

viii 2. Biochemical aspects of toxicant behavior in living organisms 3. Interactions between environmental chemistry, toxicology and ecotoxicological chemistry 4. Effects of toxicants on carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, mutagenesis, and immune system 5. Ecotoxicological properties of principal pollutants CHAPTER 12: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF HEAVY METALS 2. Emission of heavy metals from coal-burning power plants 3. Environmental chemistry of arsenic 4. Environmental geochemistry of mercury 5. Environmental geochemistry of lead CHAPTER 13: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN 2. Biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen 3. Environmental biogeochemistry of nitrogen in the Asian region 4. Nitrate biogeochemical provinces and cancer diseases in the Asian region CHAPTER 14: ORGANIC XENOBIOTICS 2. Pesticides in the Asian countries 3. Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs 4. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) 263 263 268 273 284 297 297 297 308 311 318 327 327 327 334 354 361 361 361 370 374

ix 5. Chlorinated phenols PART IV: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA CHAPTER 15: CRITICAL LOADS 2. Definition of critical load 3. The critical load concept 4. Critical load values of acid forming compounds on ecosystems of Asia 5. Application of critical load approach for calculation of HMs and POPs deposition CHAPTER 16: WASTE TREATMENT 2. Type and sources of wastes in the Asian region 3. Waste treatment in Asian countries 4. Waste recycling 5. Site remediation after waste disposal References Index 379 385 387 387 387 389 389 406 409 409 409 421 434 438 449 463

xi PREFACE Environmental chemistry is becoming an increasingly popular subject in both undergraduate and graduate education in all Asian countries. Courses in ecology, geography, biology, chemistry, environmental science, public health, and environmental engineering all have to include environmental chemistry in their syllabuses to a greater or lesser extent. Humanity s ever growing impact on the Environment, and the consequent local, regional, and global effects demand a profound understanding of the mechanisms underlying the impacts on human health and sustainability of the biosphere. Many textbooks have appeared in recent years aiming to fulfill these requirements; however, most of these deal mainly with examples from the developed countries of North America and Europe. Taking into account the geographical boundaries of environmental pollution, which is especially pronounced in Asia, and the specific peculiarities of pollution in developing countries, this course aims to close this gap by providing regionally oriented knowledge in basic and applied environmental chemistry. The rapid growth in energy production, industrialization and urbanization and a significant increase in agricultural production in Asia have caused a remarkable increase in pollutant (SO2, heavy metals, persistent organic compounds, etc) emissions during the past several decades. The consequences of these growing emissions have been closely connected with enforced pollution loading on human and ecosystems health, which results in actual and potential risk for many sensitive individuals and receptors. Many environmental problems in Asia are closely connected with increasing energy demand and production. Air pollution owing to energy production is an emerging important environmental problem in Asia as a whole and especially in East and Southeast Asia. Ever growing emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and ground-level ozone concentrations in many cities in this region, and the potential synergetic effects of this pollution, have caused considerable concern to the local populations. The haze pollution resulting from forest fires enhances these synergetic interactions. Another large set of environmental problems is related to waste production and utilization. All Asian countries are touched by these consequences of urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development, and there are many specific regional peculiarities in how this problem is solved regarding the air, soil, fresh and marine water pollution, human and ecosystem health. Thus, the requirement for Asian textbook in environmental chemistry is obvious. I have spent more than three years in Asian Universities (Seoul National University and King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok) teaching environmental classes for upper undergraduate and graduate students. Moreover, I have delivered similar lectures in various US (Cornell) and European (Lund, Kiel, Moscow) Universities and this gave me the basis for making comparisons between both regional problems in environmental pollution and chemistry and students abilities to

xii understand these problems. My experience showed me that students are much more interested in local examples, which are very numerous in the Asian region and which are of much more personal concern. For instance, accumulation of PCB and HM in many soils of Korea and Thailand, terrestrial and marine water pollution in many countries, waste problems, urban air quality, greenhouse gases, etc. The above-mentioned peculiarities were been taken into account as I thought about and selected topic for this textbook. Not all required topics have been elucidated to their full extent; preference has been given to the first priority pollutants. For example, heavy metal pollution, chloro-organics, nitrogen, acid rain are of the first concern, and some other topics are of the second or even third priority, let us say, radioactive pollution. Some urgent problems, like soil pollution, are of special concern, and this important topic is directly considered in Chapter 7 and indirectly in many other chapters devoted to specific pollutants (Chapters 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, and in some others where it is related). A similar approach is used for the description of air and water pollution in the Asian region. In general, this textbook progresses towards a critical analysis of the data and how they can be used to solve environmental problems. For example, in Chapter 2 sufficient attention is paid to both sources of GHG pollution, present trends, basic chemistry and physics, and implementation of the international conventions and protocols for abatement strategies. Less attention has been paid to technological approaches, which in general lie outside the scope of this book. Finally, I would like to thank all my students in various universities where I have delivered classes for their great interest in environmental chemistry. My special thanks are due to my colleagues and academics in various Asian (and other) universities who have made numerous valuable comments and remarks about the draft of this book. Vladimir Bashkin, Professor, Moscow State University, Russia and Joint Graduate School of Energy & Environment, King Mongkut s University of Technology Thonbury, Bangkok, Thailand