Lecture 17. Air Pollution. Lecture 17
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1 Lecture 17 Air Pollution Lecture Atmosphere Origin 2. Atmosphere as a Resource 3. Types and Sources of Air Pollution 4. Effects of Air Pollution 5. Controlling Air Pollution 6. Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 7. Acid Deposition 8. Air Pollution Around the World 9. Indoor Air Pollution 1
2 How Did Earth s Atmosphere Form? Very, very young Earth: Atmosphere composed of hydrogen (H 2 ) and helium (He). Like Earth, atmosphere was very warm. These molecules of gas moved so fast they escaped Earth's gravity and eventually all drifted off into space. Young Earth: Volcanoes released gases H 2 O (as steam), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and ammonia (NH 3 ). Carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater. Simple bacteria thrived on sunlight and CO 2. By-product is oxygen (O 2 ). 2
3 Current Earth: Plants and animals thrive in balance. Plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and give off oxygen (O2). Animals take in oxygen (O2) and give off CO2. Burning stuff also gives off CO2. Atmosphere as a Resource Atmospheric Composition Nitrogen 78.08% Oxygen 20.95% Argon 0.93% Carbon dioxide 0.04% Where did the Nitrogen come from? the ammonia molecules in the atmosphere were broken apart by sunlight, leaving nitrogen and hydrogen. The hydrogen, being the lightest element, rose to the top of the atmosphere and much of it eventually drifted off into space. 3
4 Atmosphere as a Resource Ecosystem services: Blocks UV radiation Atmosphere as a Resource Ecosystem services: Moderates the climate Atmosphere about 33 degrees warmer 4
5 Atmosphere as a Resource Ecosystem services: Redistributes water in the hydrologic cycle and other elements in other cycles Types and Sources of Air Pollution 5
6 Air Pollution - Terminology Air Pollution Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high enough concentrations to be harmful Air Pollution Like water, air is an essential resource we take for granted. EPA one in three Americans lives in an area where the air is unhealthy to breath at least part of the year. 12 6
7 Air Pollution - Terminology Two categories 1. Primary Air Pollutant Harmful substance emitted directly into the atmosphere Air Pollution - Terminology 2. Secondary Air Pollutant Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants 7
8 Major Classes of Air Pollutants Particulate Material Nitrogen Oxides Sulfur Oxides Carbon Oxides Hydrocarbons Ozone Particulate Matter Particulate Matter - particles or droplets of dust, soot, oil, metals, asbestos, or other compounds suspended in the air Dangerous! may remain in the lungs and irritate and damage alveoli may also trigger an immune system response contributes to heart disease, lung disease, cancer 16 8
9 Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides Nitrogen Oxides Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature Greenhouse gases that cause difficulty breathing Sulfur Oxides Gases produced by the chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen Causes acid precipitation Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons Carbon Oxides Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Greenhouse gases Hydrocarbons Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH 4 - methane) Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases 9
10 Ozone Ozone is poisonous to most living organisms Stratospheric Ozone Essential component that screens out UV radiation in the upper atmosphere Man- made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it Ozone Tropospheric Ozone Man-made pollutant in the lower atmosphere Secondary air pollutant Component of photochemical smog 10
11 Ozone Damage to Grape Leaves Ozone Damage Rubber and Plastic 11
12 Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution Two main sources Transportation Industry Wildfires fires are also an important source Smog Smog - mixture of pollutants in the lower atmosphere that makes the air hazy 24 12
13 Urban Air Pollution Industrial Smog sulfur oxides and PM Photochemical Smog (ex: Los Angeles below) Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons Smog Industrial Smog - air pollution that forms mostly in cold weather Coal and oil burning Not as big problem anymore (12 %) 26 13
14 Smog Photochemical Smog - thick haze over cities in the summer, sunlight and heat Vehicle exhaust, industry, and other sources combine, producing large amounts of ozone and more than 100 other chemicals 27 Smog Photochemical Smog - sits as a thick haze over cities in the summer, sunlight and heat Problems amplified by temperature inversion 28 14
15 Smog Air Pollution Air Quality Index (AQI ): measure of air pollution issued daily by the EPA five pollutants 100 or higher, air is considered unhealthy for sensitive groups, such as people with asthma 300 or higher, air is considered hazardous 30 15
16 Air Quality Index 31 Effects of Air Pollution 16
17 Effects of Air Pollution Low level exposure Irritates eyes Causes inflammation of respiratory tract Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases Emphysema Chronic bronchitis Health Effects of Pollutants 17
18 Children and Air Pollution Greater health threat to children than adults Air pollution can restrict lung development Children breath more often than adults Children who live in high ozone areas are more likely to develop asthma Controlling Air Pollution 18
19 Controlling Air Pollution Smokestacks with electrostatic precipitator (right) Electrode imparts negative charge on the air pollutants Negatively charged pollutants are then attracted to positively charged walls- fall into collector Controlling Air Pollution Smokestacks with scrubbers (right) Particulate material can also be controlled by proper excavating techniques Cars catalytic converters 19
20 Scrubbers Emissions not controlled- heavily polluted (China) Emissions controlled with scrubbers-only steam expelled (North Carolina) Controlling Air Pollution Phase I Vapor Recovery System for gasoline 20
21 The Clean Air Act 1955 and significant updates in 1990 Authorizes EPA to set limits on amount of specific air pollutants permitted Focuses on 6 pollutants: lead, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone Act has led to decreases in air pollutants Most dramatic is lead - decreased by 98% since 1970 (due to switch to unleaded gasoline) Ozone Depletion 21
22 Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere Ozone Protects earth from UV radiation Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere Ozone thinning/hole First identified in 1985 over Antarctica Occurs annually between Sept and Nov because: Caused by humanproduced bromine and chlorine containing chemicals (Ex: CFCs) 22
23 Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere Hole over Antarctica requires two conditions: Sunlight just returning to polar region Circumpolar vortex- a mass of cold air that circulates around the southern polar region Polar stratospheric clouds form Enable chemical reactions that cause Cl and Br to destroy ozone Effects of Ozone Depletion Higher levels of UVradiation hitting the earth Eye cataracts Skin cancer (right) Weakened immunity May disrupt ecosystems May damage crops and forests 23
24 Recovery of Ozone Layer Montreal Protocol (1987) Reduction of CFCs Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas) Phase out of all ozone destroying chemicals is underway globally Satellite pictures in 2000 indicated that ozone layer was recovering Full recovery will not occur until 2050 Acid Deposition 24
25 Acid Deposition Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions react with water vapor in the atmosphere and form acids that return to the surface as either dry or wet deposition ph scale How Acid Deposition Develops 25
26 Effects of Acid Deposition Declining Aquatic Animal Populations Thin-shelled eggs prevent bird reproduction Calcium is unavailable in acidic soil Forest decline (right) Black Forest in Germany Acid Deposition and Forest Decline 26
27 Managing Acid Deposition Acid deposition is cross boundary issue Pollution in one place, problem in another Air Pollution Around the World 27
28 Air Pollution Around the World Air quality is deteriorating rapidly in developing countries Developing countries have older cars 5 worst cities in world: Beijing, China and New Delhi, India are tied for first; Santiago, Chile; Mexico City, Mexico; Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Case-In-Point Air Pollution in China an India Liaoning Province, China (right) New Delhi, India (left) 28
29 Long Distance Transport of Air Pollutants Global Distillation Effect Indoor Air Pollution 29
30 Indoor Air Pollution Pollutants can be 5 100x greater than outdoors Radon, cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde pesticides, lead, cleaning solvents, ozone, and asbestos Indoor Air Pollution 30
31 Indoor Air Pollution Tobacco and Radon Cigarette smoke Increasing in developing nations Radon Natural form of ionizing radiation Damaging to surface tissues if not diluted with air Trapped in houses 31
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