REVIEW OF SANITATION STATUS IN AFRICA FROM THREE PERSPECTIVES (Joint Monitoring Program, Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic, Country Status Reviews) Wambui Gichuri Water and Sanitation Program-Africa
Main Messages We have good data and strong basis to be more strategic One size does not fit all different approaches Focus on national action plans and progress monitoring 2
Delivering Africasan +5.. The partnership AMCOW AFDB UNICEF UNSGAB WSSCC WHO The World Bank WSP Hosts DWAF, City of Durban 3
A key input.assessing the status of sanitation in Africa Three Initiatives: Joint Monitoring Program: UNICEF & WHO Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic: World Bank and AFDB, NEPAD, ADF, DFID, PPIAF, EC Country Status Reviews: African Development Bank and the Water and Sanitation Program 4
Africa is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target In 16 of the 54 countries in Africa, sanitation coverage is less than 25 per cent Percentage of population using an improved sanitation facility, 2006 100 80 0-25% 26-50% 51-75% 76-100% No data Coverage (%) 60 40 20 33 38 66 41 0 1990 2006 2015 Sanitation trend Trend required for MDG target 5
Sanitation Challenges Differ Across Countries Prevalence of open defecation Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Niger Prevalence of traditional latrines CAR, Cote d Ivoire, Congo (Brazza), DRC, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia 10 0 % 100% 80% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Flush T oilet VIP/ San Plat/ Chemical Traditional latrine No facility 60% 40% 20% 0% Flush Toilet VIP/ San Plat/ Chemical Traditional latrine No facility Key policy challenge is large scale behavior change at first rung of the ladder Source: AICD DHS/MICS Survey Database, 2007 Key policy challenge is how to finance upgrading of traditional latrines 6
Capacity and M&E For Planning and Delivery 7
Scaling Up & Sustaining Promising Best Practices, but progress insufficient Dakar, Senegal: 20 % access increase of sanitation within 3 years Southern Region of Ethiopia: access to sanitation increased from 13% (2003) to 88% (2008) Burkina Faso: urban sanitation budget increased by 40% in 2008 Tanzania: funding for sanitation increased to about $10m annually 8
Focus on supporting: Following on from Africasan +5 The ethekwini Declaration Development & implementation of national action plans Monitoring and tracking progress at country level AMCOW to track regional progress Partnerships key! 9
CONDOMINIAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS Key messages from Latin America Francois Brikke
Sanitation in Latin America 3 countries have already reached the MDG (Mexico, Venezuela, Chile) 7 other countries will reach the MDG on time (Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Paraguay, República Dominicana y Uruguay) But, still very poor rural coverage, with for ex. : (Bolivia : 22%; Nicaragua: 34%; Peru: 32%; ) Urban sanitation remains a challenge everywhere for the poor (basic sanitation); for the rich (management of wastes) 11
Condominial: an approach in high demand Widely spread in Brazil, especially in poor areas, but also in higher income areas (Brazilia) Developed in El Alto, Bolivia, Low income areas of Lima Peru Now wide demand at municipal levels in LAC Study tours organized 12
1. The condominial approach has both a technical and a social dimension Technical dimension: it is basically a network of small diameter pipes laid at shallow depth population density (min. 200 people / ha): cost efficiency piped water supply (sufficient wastewater generation) consider additional works! (drainage, solid waste) 13
1. The condominial approach has both a technical and a social dimension Social dimension Condominiums are the neighborhood units It implies some community organization It requires: o close relationships between the service provider and the users o complementary actions (hygiene promotion, sanitary education, participation in construction, O&M) 14
1. The condominial approach has both a technical and a social dimension Conventional system Condominial system 15 Source: Melo, 2006
2. Condominial systems are an effective way to provide sanitation in urban areas Facts from Latin America: an estimated 5 million people (rich + poor) in over 200 towns and cities are served with condominial (or simplified) sewerage in Brazil (Melo, 2007) CAESB (Brasilia) > 120,000 households connected (Neder, 2007) EMBASA (Salvador) > 130,000 households connected (Lima Machado, 2006) CS are gaining ground in LAC (Bolivia, Peru, Honduras, Nicaragua, Ecuador, etc) 16
2. Condominial systems are an effective way to provide sanitation in urban areas Benefits and advantages Cost savings (up to 50% compared to conventional systems) reduced network length due to system layout less excavation savings in materials Higher ownership, contributions, adequate use due to community involvement Higher health benefits high connection rates + good hygiene practices due to social interventions High flexibility Application in structured ( rich ) and unplanned ( poor ) settlements due to various design options, easier construction 17
3. It takes a a good dissemination strategy for a successful start Some perceptions hydraulics do not work (engineers) It s a system for the poor (the population) Resistance to involve communities existing technical norms and standards constitute a barrier 18
3. It takes a a good dissemination strategy for a successful start Dissemination strategy Lead promoter & creation of an enabling environment Where and how to start? get information on the condominial approach get convinced: join a study tour with a vision in mind, seek support from the International Cooperation! Expect resistance to change! (institutional, technical, operational changes) Start with pilot projects, gradually expand Consider a one message approach to avoid misperceptions Adapt technical standards 19
A promising approach, but does not solve it all Treatment of sewerage needs to be planned as well 20
Ready to start? 21
COMMUNITY LED TOTAL SANITATION South Asia Ramesh Mukallah
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THE ECONOMICS OF SANITATION INITIATIVE (ESI) Contributing to Improved Decision Making Almud Weitz Water and Sanitation Program East Asia and Pacific
Why Economics? In East Asia, public spending on sanitation is low Sanitation is not a priority (national or subnational) Sanitation and hygiene still seen as a private matter No single institutional home for sanitation Need to improve effectiveness of public investments Private spending on sanitation limited Consumer demand not stimulated Limited evidence in Asia to stimulate demand and support evidence-based decision making 25
Economic Impact Study Aim: to measure the financial and economic impacts of poor sanitation Results in time for EASAN in 11/2007 Modeling using available secondary data Impacts presented at national and subnational level Assessment of impacts by age, gender and rural-urban Focus on major impacts or impacts which help make the case for sanitation: health, water, environment, tourism, and other welfare (time loss, intangibles) 26
Key Findings Sanitation-related economic losses in 4 countries: 9 billion US$ p.a. US$30 per capita 2% of GDP 27
Cumulative Impact Economic losses (US$ / capita) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Tourism Other welfare Environment Water Health Cambodia Indonesia Philippines Vietnam 28
Health Impacts Health-related economic cost (US$ per capita) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 - Up to a dollar per capita health care costs - Economic costs dominated by premature mortality 12.7 12.2 11.0 Annual cost US$ 4.8 billion 50% of economic cost = indirect disease 2.4 1.6 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.1 Cambodia Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Health care Productivity Premature death 29
Water Impacts W ater-related econom ic cost ( US$ p er cap ita ) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 6.8 5.8 3.2 2.3 2.3 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.1 Cambodia Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Annual cost US$ 2.3 billion Water costs dominated by access to clean drinking water Drinking water costs Domestic use water costs Fish production losses 30
Dissemination 31
Now moving into ESI Phase 2 The Sanitation Options Cost-Benefit Study Aim: to compare the costs and benefits of improved sanitation options in selected country settings Data collection from at least 5 field sites per country Program approaches as well as technical sanitation options Range of sanitation options and target populations Human excreta and hygiene measures 32