Invited talk at AvG Kolleg Aurangabad, 2nd February 2018 Low Carbon Energy Options for India Rangan Banerjee Forbes Marshall Chair Professor Department of Energy Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Kaya Identity Total CO 2 Emissions = (CO 2 /E)(E/GDP)(GDP/Pop)Pop CO 2 /E Carbon Intensity E/GDP- Energy Intensity of Economy
India and World Comparison Year CO 2 /E (kg/gj) E/GDP (MJ/$) GDP/Pop ($/capita) CO 2 /Pop (T/capita) Pop (Billion) CO 2 (GTonne) 2005 56.0 8.31 8930 4.16 6.5 27.0 World 2015 56.0 7.64 10293 4.40 7.3 32.3 2005 64.2 14.97 982 0.94 1.1 1.1 India 2015 89.2 10.09 1752 1.58 1.3 2.1 Data source: IEA Statistics
Options for Low Carbon Reduce Carbon Intensity Renewables Fuel Switching Nuclear Carbon Capture and Storage Reduce Energy Intensity Change Structure of GDP Energy Efficiency Behavioural Changes Increase Sinks- Afforestation
During the last 40 years the share of renewables in the primary energy mix in India? I) Has more than doubled from its earlier value II) Has remained almost constant III) Has decreased significantly IV) Has increased by 10% V) None of the above
Primary Energy Mix Coal Oil and Gas Renewables and Nuclear
Renewable Energy Options Renewable Energy Options Solar Wind Biomass Small Hydro Tidal Energy Solar Thermal Solar Photovoltaic Ocean Thermal Energy Geothermal* Wave Energy
Installed Capacity India (as on 31.12.17) Diesel, 838 Renewables, 62847 Solar, 17052 Hydro (Res.), 41267 Waste to Power, 114 Wind, 32848 Natural Gas, 25150 Nuclear, 6780 Coal, 192972 Biomass / Cogen, 8414 Small Hydro, 4418 333550 MW Total 62847 MW Renewables Source: CEA, GOI, Ministry of Power, India (www.cea.nic.in) Source: MNRE, Govt. of India (www.mnre.gov.in)
World s largest solar power plant 648 MW 46540 Million~ Rs 72 Million/ MW Area 10 km 2 Kamuthi, Tamil Nadu Robotics for automatic panel cleaning Plant built in 8 months http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-is-now-home-to-the-world-s-largest-solar-power-plant-it-s-bigenough-to-power-150-000-homes-266449.html
Tariff Bid Rs/kWh Variation in Solar Price Bids 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Wind farms Wind farm in Satara, Maharashtra Suzlon Wind farm
Solar Thermal Power
Biomass Power 100 kwe Pfutseromi village, Nagaland Arashi HiTech, 1MW gasifier Biogas plant, Pura, Karnataka Kaganti Power Ltd. Raichur Distt. A.P. 7.5 MW
Biomass Cooking and Gasifier Stove Source: www.arti-india.org/
Biomass Cooking and Gasifier Stove Source: www.arti-india.org/
Husk Power Biomass gasification system Engine Gas Cleaning Gasifier Rice husk Monitoring Distribution network End load Remote data monitoring Billing & Payment collection Incense making from ash
1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 451 501 551 601 651 701 751 801 851 901 951 1001 1051 1101 1151 1201 1251 1301 1351 1401 MW Wind speed(m/s) Wind Seasonal and Daily Variation Wind Power Tamil Nadu 2012 3500 3000 Apr Jun Sep Dec 12 10 Variation in Wind speed for a day 2500 2000 1500 1000 8 6 4 2 0 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 HOUR Source: Powergrid 2012 Time(Minutes) 10.01.2016 10.08.2016 Wind speed(m/s) measured at 10m at Chandrodi station, Kutch Gujarat
6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 1 44 87 130 173 216 259 302 345 388 431 474 517 560 603 646 689 732 775 818 861 904 947 990 1033 1076 1119 1162 1205 1248 1291 1334 1377 1420 MW Solar Irradiance(W/m 2 ) Solar PV Variation 180.00 160.00 140.00 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 Charanka (Gujarat) Solar Generation 11/4/2012 13/4/2012 29/4/2012 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Variation in solar Irradiance for a day Time of the Day Time(Minutes) 10.01.2016 10.04.2016 10.08.2016 Source: Gujarat SLDC GHI(W/m 2 )measured at Chandrodi station,kutch Gujarat
GW Indian Duck Curve (with Niti Aayog Scenario) 700 Jan- 2040 600 500 400 300 Projected Load Demand Ramp Rate 250GW/hour 200 Projected Solar PV generation 100 Projected Solar Generation with CSP 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 Time of day (hours)
Standard Fan vs Efficient Fan Standard Fan Efficient Fan Power 70 W 35 W Price Rs. 1300 Rs. 2600 BLDC motor Life : 10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM 350-400 Similar air delivery 230 m 3 /min
LED Price ( ) EESL LED Price reduction 1200 1000 800 https://www.eeslindia.org/en/ujala/about/ 310 204 150 34 2010 2011 2012 Nov-13 Aug-14 Dec-15 2016
TEAM SHUNYA
Issues Equity impacts of alternative strategies Impact on GDP growth Competitive Indian Manufacturing Impact on Employment Innovation Centralised versus decentralized DISCOM deficits and affordable electricity Improved forecasting Demand Response and Storage
What remains unchanged? Income Inequality, Energy and Carbon Inequality Energy as a means to an end Demand for cost effective 24/7 Energy Self Interest, Local, National Multiplicity of Actors, Decision levels Inertia in Institutions
References 1. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), GOI, New Delhi, www.mnre.gov.in 2. Central Electricity Authority, GOI, Ministry of Power, India (www.cea.nic.in) 3. http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-is-now-home-to-the-world-s-largest-solar-power-plant-it-s-bigenough-to-power-150-000-homes-266449.html (last accessed on February 1, 2018) 4. www.arti-india.org/ (last accessed on February 1, 2018) 5. NITI Aayog, Draft Energy Policy, Government of India, http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/new_initiatives/nep- ID_27.06.2017.pdf (last accessed on February 1, 2018) 6. Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), (A Joint Venture Company of PSUs of Ministry of Power, Govt. of India), https://www.eeslindia.org/en/ujala/about (last accessed on February 2, 2018 7. http://www.bridgetoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/bridge-to-india_india-solar-handbook_2017-1.pdf (last accessed on February 1, 2018) Acknowledgement: Jani Das, Ajit Paul, Balkrishna Surve Email: rangan@iitb.ac.in / rangan.banerjee@gmail.com Thank you